mutiny which broke out ere his death; but though, in Justin M'Carthy's words, 'he was a man of commanding energy and indomitable courage, with the intellect of a ruler of men and the spirit of a conqueror,' he was also of a most sensitive conscience, and entered on the Sikh and Burmese wars and embarked on a policy of annexation against his will. See the articles INDIA, OUDH, PEGU, PUNJAB, SIKHS; the Duke of Argyll's India under Dalhousie and Canning (1865); and Captain Lionel Trotter's Dalhousie in the 'Statesmen' series (1889).

Dalias, a town in the Spanish province of Almeria, at the foot of the Sierra de Gador, with a pop. of about 9500, who are employed chiefly in mining and smelting.

Dalkeith, a town of Midlothian, 6 miles SE. of Edinburgh, on a tongue of land between the North and South Esks. There is a large corn exchange (1855); of nearly a dozen places of worship the only old one is the parish church, collegiate once, of which Norman Macleod was for three years minister. The chief glory of the place is Dalkeith Palace, a seat of the Duke of Buccleuch (see SCOTT). Standing near the end of the High Street, in a beautiful park of 1035 acres, it is a Grecian edifice, built in 1700 by Sir John Vanbrugh for Monmouth's widowed duchess. The castle, its predecessor, was the seat first of the Grahams, and then of the Douglases from the 14th century till 1642, when the ninth Earl of Morton sold it to the second Earl of Buccleuch. Dalkeith thus has memories of the Regent Morton (the 'Lion's Den' the castle was called in his day), of General Monk (1654-59), and of visits from James IV., James VI., Charles I., Prince Charles Edward, George IV., and Queen Victoria. It is the scene, too, of Moir's Mansie Wauch. Pop. (1841) 4831; (1881)

6931.

Dallas, capital of Dallas county, Texas, on Trinity River, 265 miles NNW. of Houston by rail. It is a flourishing place, with colleges for boys and girls, a medical institute, a number of flourmills and grain-elevators, several foundries, and manufactures of woollens, soap, &c. Pop. (1880) 10,358; (1890) 38,067.

In

Dallas, GEORGE MIFFLIN, an American diplomatist and statesman, was born in Philadelphia, July 10, 1792. His father, A. J. Dallas (1759 1817), was a distinguished lawyer of West Indian birth and Scottish descent, who filled with credit the positions of secretary of the treasury and acting-secretary of war under President Madison. The younger Dallas graduated at Princeton College in 1810. In 1813 he was admitted to the bar, and soon after entered the diplomatic service. 1831 he was sent to the United States senate by the Pennsylvania legislature. He was United States minister to Russia from 1837 to 1839, and in 1844 was elected vice-president of the United States. In 1846 his casting-vote as president of the senate repealed the protective tariff of 1842, though he had previously been considered a Protectionist. His course on this question aroused much indignation in Pennsylvania. He was sent to Great Britain as United States minister at St James's from 1856 to 1861. He died at Philadelphia, December 31, 1864. His principal published writings were posthumous; they include a very readable and entertaining Series of Letters from London (1869), and a Life of A. J. Dallas (1871). His life was marked by assiduous devotion to official duties, which left him little leisure to look after his own

private interests, and he lived and died a poor

man.

Dalles. See COLUMBIA RIVER. Dalling, LORD. See BULWER.

DALMATIC

Dalmatia, a narrow strip of Austrian territory extending along the Adriatic Sea, and bounded on the N. by Croatia, on the E. by Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Area, 4940 sq. m.; pop. (1886) 510,372. The coast of Dalmatia and numerous adjacent islands is everywhere steep and rocky, and the chief towns, all of which are on the coast, are Zara, Sebenico, Lissa, Spalato, Brazza, Ragusa, and Cattaro. The country is mountainous, chiefly dry moorland, with numerous small lakes and rivers, most of which dry up in summer. The highest mountain is Orjen, near Cattaro, 6235 feet. The climate is uncertain; mean temperature about 60°; rainfall about 28 in. The Bora (q.v.)

wind is much dreaded.

About one-ninth of the

land is arable, and produces wheat, barley, oats, maize, rye, and potatoes. Wine and olives are also produced. Nearly half of the land is in pasture, and wood occupies about a third. The islands shipbuilding. are not very fertile, but supply good timber for Cattle-rearing, seafaring, and the fisheries are the chief industries. The annual The exports consist principally of wine, oil, value of the exports and imports is £1,500,000. brandy, hides, wool, wax, honey, and fruits. Of the whole population, it is computed that about 55,000 are Italians, 1000 Albanians, 1000 Germans, 500 Jews, and the remainder consists of Southern Slavonians-chiefly Dalmatians and Morlaks. The Dalmatians are a fine race of men, bold and brave as seamen and soldiers, and formerly were the main support of the military power of Venice.

In ancient times Dalmatia was a considerable kingdom, and, after many unsuccessful attempts, of Augustus. On the fall of the Western Empire, was first subjugated by the Romans in the time Dalmatia, which had formed the most southern part of the province Illyricum, was captured by the Goths, from whom it was taken by the Avari (490), who in their turn yielded it to the Slavonians about 620. The state founded by the Slavonians continued until the beginning of the 11th century, when King Ladislaus of Hungary incorporated a part of Dalmatia with Croatia, while the other part, with the title of duchy, placed itself under the protection of the Venetian republic. The Turks afterwards made themselves masters of a small portion; and by the peace of Campo-Formio (1797), the Venetian part of Dalmatia, with Venice itself, became subject to Austrian rule. When Austria, in 1805, had ceded this part of Dalmatia to Napoleon, it was annexed to the kingdom of Italy; afterwards (1810) to Illyria. Since 1814 Dalmatia forms part of Austria; the commune of Spizza being added by the Congress of Berlin in

1878.

See Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro (1848); Paton, Highlands and Islands of the Adriatic (1849); Wingfield, Tour in Dalmatia (1859); Yriarte, Les Bords de l'Adriatique (1878); Freeman, Sketches from the Subject and Neighbouring Lands of Venice (1881); Henri Cons, La Province Romaine de Dalmatie (1882); and Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnaro, and Istria (1887 L

Dalmatian Dog, or CARRIAGE-DOG, a variety of dog closely resembling in size and shape the modern pointer. It is often kept in stables, becomes attached to the horses, and may be seen running after carriages. Its colour should be white with black spots not more than an inch in diameter regularly distributed over its body, including its ears and tail. Its origin is uncertain: the name Dalmatian is probably altogether misleading; and it is supposed that it may have been dog exists. brought from India, where a very similar kind of

Dalmatic (Dalmatica), the deacon's robe in the Roman Catholic Church. The most ancient form of the dalmatic is exhibited in the annexed

DALMAU

woodcut, after an early Christian painting on a wall in the catacombs at Rome. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the Chasuble (q.v.). Dalmau, a city of Oudh, on the left bank of the Ganges, 60 miles NW. of Allahabad, with a magnificent Hindu temple. Pop. 5367. Dalmellington, an Ayrshire village, near the river Doon, 15 miles SE. of Ayr by rail. In its vicinity are many active collieries and ironworks. Pop. of the village alone (1881) 1437. Dalri'ada (‘the home of the descendants of Riada), the ancient name of a territory in Ireland, comprehending what is now called the Route, or the northern half of County Antrim. Its inhabitants were Scots of Gaelic race living in the midst of a Pictish population, and a number of them crossed over to Argyll in 498 and founded there another kingdom of Dalriada. More than twenty kings of this state are enumerated before Kenneth MacAlpin, who, about 843, united under one sceptre the Dalriads or Scots and the Picts, and thus became the first king of Alban, which about two centuries afterwards began to be known as Scotia or Scotland.

Dalmatic.

Dalry, a town of Ayrshire, on the Garnock, 23 miles SW. of Glasgow. Pop. (1851) 2706; (1881) 5010, this growth being due to the establishment of neighbouring ironworks in 1845.-For the skirmish at Dalry, near Tyndrum, see BRUCE.

Dalrymple, ALEXANDER, hydrographer, was a younger brother of Sir David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes, and was thus a member of an old and illus trious Scottish family (for its chief members, see STAIR and HAILES); he was born at New Hailes, near Edinburgh, 24th July 1737. At fifteen he i sailed for Madras as writer in the East India Company's service, and after a few years' dreary work began to attract the notice of his superiors by his industry and intelligence. In 1759 he made, a voyage of observation among the eastern islands, and after returning to Madras in 1762, was sent to open up the trade with Sulu, reaching Canton

late in 1764. In 1775 he went to Madras as a member of council, but was recalled two years after on an unfounded charge of misconduct. He became hydrographer to the East India Company in 1779, and to the Admiralty in 1795, and died, three weeks after his summary dismissal from the latter office, 19th June 1808.

Dalrymple, SIR JAMES, was the second son of Sir James Dalrymple, baronet, afterwards first Viscount Stair. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1675, and ultimately became one of the chief clerks of the Court of Session, and a Nova Scotia baronet in 1698. He was a sound antiquary, and his work entitled Collections concerning the Scottish History preceding 1153 i Edin. 1705) is still of value. Dalton, JOHN, chemist and physicist, was born 6th September 1766, at Eaglesfield, near Cocker. mouth, in Cumberland, and was the son of a Quaker weaver. He received his early education at a,

Quaker school in his native place, and, after 1781, in a boarding-school kept by a relative in Kendal, of which three years later he and a brother became the proprietors. Here his love of mathematical and physical studies was first developed. He wrote several mathematical essays, and in 1787 commenced a journal of meteorological observations, which he continued throughout his whole life, recording in all 200,000 observations. He collected butterflies, and gathered a great hortus siccus and herbarium. In 1793 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and the physical sciences in New Col lege, Manchester: after the removal of the college to York in 1799, he supported himself in Manchester by private tuition. In 1803 he lectured at the Royal Institution. His Meteorological Observations (1793), dealing largely with auroras, contained the germs of many of his future discoveries. In 1794 he first described the phenomena of colour-blindness, observed by him in his own case and that of his brother, and often called Daltonism. In 1808-10 he published his New System of Chemical Philo sophy, to which he added the first part of a second volume in 1827. In 1817 he was appointed presi dent of the Manchester Philosophical Society. He was also a member of the Royal Society, and an associate of the Paris Academy, and of several other foreign societies. In 1833 he received a pension of £130, afterwards raised to £300. In the same year Dalton's friends and fellow-townsmen collected £2000, to raise a statue to his honour, which was executed by Chantrey, and placed at the entrance of the Royal Institution in Manchester. Oxford gave him its D.C.L., and Edinburgh, LL.D. He was twice a vice president of the British Association. In 1837 he had a shock of paralysis, and he died, universally respected, at Manchester, July 27, 1844. His chief physical researches were on the constitution of mixed gases, on the force of steam, on the elasticity of vapours, and on the expansion of gases by heat. chemistry, he distinguished himself by his develop ment of the atomic theory, as also by his researches on the absorption of gases by water, on carbonie acid, carburetted hydrogen, &c. Dalton was unquestionably one of the greatest chemists that any intuitive, he had precisely the faculties requisite country has produced. Profound, patient, and for a great scientific discoverer. His atomic theory elevated chemistry into a science. In his habits, served, but kindly, and distinguished by his truthDalton was simple; in manners, grave and refulness and integrity of character. He never found time to marry. See the Lives of him by Dr dale (1874); and the article ATOMIC THEORY, Angus Smith (1836), Dr Henry (1854), and Lons

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Dalton-in-Furness, a town of Lancashire, 16 miles WNW. of Lancaster, communicating with the sea by a canal (31⁄2 miles). It has extensive malting and ironworks; and the ruins of Furness Abbey (q.v.) are in the vicinity. Romney was a native. Pop. (1861) 2812; (1881) 13,339.

Daltonism. See COLOUR BLINDNESS, Dalyell, or DALZELL, THOMAS, a Scottish general famed for his zeal in the repression of the Covenanters, was born about 1599, the son of Thomas Dalyell of Binns, Linlithgowshire. Enter ing the army at an early age he was made a general major of foot by Charles II. in 1650; and excluded from Cromwell's Act of Grace, he entered the service of Russia and distinguished himself in the wars against the Tartars and Turks. At the request of Charles II. he was permitted to return home, and in 1666 was appointed commander inchief in Scotland with the view of repressing the Covenanters. On 28th November he defeated them at Rullion Green, in the Pentlands, and, in Burnet's

words, acting the Muscovite too grossly,' made his name a byword of terror. A very devoted royalist, he is said never to have shaved his beard after the execution of Charles I. He died 23d August 1685. Dam. See WEIR, COFFERDAM.

Damages, in Law, are the pecuniary reparation due for loss or injury sustained by one person through the fault or negligence of another. Where a sum ascertained in amount is due, the action is one not properly for damages, but of debt. But where the sum is not ascertained, as where an injury has been done to a man's character or property, the action can in general only be for damages the amount of which the injured party estimates, and which is determined by the judgment of the court or verdict of a jury. When parties to a contract agree that if the contract be broken, a specified sum of money shall be paid, this sum is spoken of as liquidated damages, a sum agreed upon to save the trouble of ascertaining the actual damage done. Nominal damages are those given to a plaintiff who establishes his right, but has not shown that he has suffered actual loss. Exemplary or vindictive damages are given not only to compensate the injured party, but to punish the offender, as in actions for damages by fraud, seduction, and the like. Damages ultra are additional damages claimed by a plaintiff over and above those paid into court by a defendant. Every person is liable in damages for injuries caused by culpable neglect or ignorance. Professional persons are liable to make reparation of loss occasioned through their want of ordinary skill in their calling. Railway companies and steamboat owners liable for injuries to person or property caused by the fault of themselves or their servants. The principal rules according to which damages are awarded are, that the damage is measured by the actual pecuniary loss, when ascertainable; that the injury suffered must be the immediate consequence of the faulty act or omission; and that all the parties concerned in committing a wrong are liable each for the full amount of damages to the injured

party.

are

In the United States, the same general principles apply as in England. But the tendency of modern legislation, instead of restricting actions for damages to cases in which the restitution of property and the enforcement of rights are involved, is gradually being extended to cases involving civil injury arising from criminal negligence. This has been made necessary from the great powers granted corporations by law. Damages for the infringe ment of patents and copyrights may by act of congress be double or treble the verdict of a jury, at the discretion of the court. See COSTS, LIABILITY. Daman', an outlying portion of the Punjab, extending along the right bank of the Indus, and as far back as the Suliman Mountains.

Daman', a Portuguese settlement and port in the province of Gujarat, on the Gulf of Cambay, 100 miles N. of Bombay. The settlement consists of Daman proper (22 sq. m.), and the parganá of Nagar Havili (60 sq. m.), to the east. Pop. (1881) of the former, 21,622; of the latter, 27,462, nearly all Hindus. The climate is generally healthy, the soil moist and fertile. The magnificent teak forests of Nagar Havili provide excellent timber for shipbuilding, for which Daman has some celebrity. The port, guarded by two forts, stands at the mouth of the Daman-Ganga, a deep, navigable stream, with a bar at its mouth, while outside is an excellent roadstead. Although the Portuguese have held Nagar Havili since 1780 only, Daman has been occupied by them since 1558. It formerly was noted for its weaving and dyeing, and exported its own fabrics to the

DAMASCENING

coast of Africa, besides large quantities of opium to China. The opium trade, however, has been stopped, and the chief industry, beyond the weaving of cotton cloth, and of bamboo mats and baskets, is now the deep-sea fishing, in which about 4500 men are engaged.

Daman. See HYRAX.

Daman-i-Koh ('skirts of the hills'), a tract of hilly country in Bengal, reserved for the Santals and other primitive races. Area, 1366 sq. m.; pop. (1881) 353,413.

Dam'araland, a territory in the west of South Africa, between Namaqualand and Ovampoland proper, extending from the Atlantic to about 19 45' E. long. Behind the waterless coast region (100 miles) rises a mountain district, with peaks over 8500 feet above the sea; and farther inland stretch wide prairies. The mountains are rich in minerals, especially copper; vegetation is confined to their valleys, and to the prairie region, which in the north enjoys a fine rainfall. The produce of the Damaras, properly Herero, a Bantu (q.v.) stem, interior consists of ivory, feathers, skins, &c. The number about 80,000, of whom 50,000 five in the mountain district; they are nomads, and own large flocks and herds. The Hawkoin, or Hill Damaras, in the north-east, however, who are a much lower this part of the coast is Walvisch Bay (q.v.), which type, now speak Hottentot. The only harbour in properly belongs to Namaqualand; it was annexed to Cape Colony in 1884. In the same year the desert region along the coast was made a German protectorate.

Damascening, or DAMASKENING, is a name which is given (1) to the watered or striated structure seen in certain sword-blades and other weapons, and (2) to the ornamental incrustation with gold and silver of steel and iron surfaces. The term in both its applications originates from the city of Damascus, whence the crusaders brought into Europe swords and other weapons of remarkable strength, elasticity, and keenness of edge, the surfaces of which were beautifully striated with waved dark and light lines. The hilts of such weapons, and the whole surface of defensive armour from the same source were in many cases elaborately ornamented with incrusted gold, and hence of the metal, and to its ornamental treatment. It one term came to be applied to the peculiar structure is probable that even in the crusaders' times the making of the so-called Damascus blades and the they remain characteristic of that country, the art of damascening were Persian, and to this day practice having spread thence eastward into India, while the Persians still supply the Turks on the west with their best and most highly ornamented weapons. The production of a watered or damascened surface is illustrated by the manufacture of Damascus twist' barrels for sporting-guns. The metal for the barrels is prepared from rods of iron and steel, piled alternately and forged and welded together into a single solid rod of small section. Three of these composite rods are used in forming a barrel. They are separately twisted in contrary directions till each has the appearance of a fine threaded screw, then they are welded together into a solid ribbon, which in its turn is spirally wound and welded by the edges till the requisite length and bore of barrel are formed. The result of the intertwisting of fine laminae of steel and iron is a beautifully damascened surface which shows itself when the barrel has been treated with acid. The incrustation of arms, armour, and other objects of steel and iron with gold, and more rarely with silver, is extensively practised in the Northwest Pr of India, as well as in Persia. In India it 1 as Kuft work or Kuftgari. The

.