Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade

administration artisans barbarians became beginning bishops Bruges burg burghers Byzantine Byzantine Empire capital Carolingian Carolingian Empire castellan cause centers characteristic Charlemagne Church city law civilization clergy coasts commerce commune Constantinople Count of Flanders course demesnial disappeared Duurstede economic eleventh century emperors enjoyed established everywhere existed fact favor feudal Flanders France Frankish Empire Gaul gave Ghent Godric Gregory of Tours importance industry inhabitants invasions Italy jurisdiction land latter little by little Lombardy market-tolls markets Marseilles Medieval Cities Mediterranean merchants Merovingian MICHIGAN Middle Ages middle class midst Moslem municipal naturally needs ninth century nobility Norsemen Omer organization origin peace peasants political population port portus prestations princes profit proof proprietors region religious Rhine rôle Roman Russian seigneur serf serfdom shores social society soil Spain status tenth thirteenth century tion took towns trade tribunal tury twelfth century Venice Western Europe