meanings. I met the grocer, and he cheated me; I met the particular grocer, who at some past time had cheated me.

Octave Thanet makes the proper distinction in her sketch, called "The People that we Serve." "Martha heard it from her husband that had been in the war," implies that the woman had more than one husband; that had been in the war, being the phrase to distinguish this husband from her other husbands.

That is used instead of who or which.

I.

After all and similar antecedents, when the relative clause is restrictive. "All that knew his virtues respected him."

II. After who, used interrogatively. "Who that heard him was not impressed?"

III. After an adjective or an adverb in the superlative degree. "This is the best workman that I have." "She is the most beautiful woman that ever came to Cape May." "John is the brightest boy that comes to this school."

IV. When reference is made to antecedents which separately are represented by who and which. "The driver and the cart that were so picturesque, disappeared from the scene.

V. After the word, same and very, when the relative clause is restrictive. "This is the same house that we passed yesterday."

VI. After it, used indefinitely. "It was not she alone that was to blame."

The relative which follows a collective noun denoting unity. "The regiment, which was belated on the plains."

What is sometimes improperly used for the conjunction that. "Who know, but what he may die very soon?" (Say but that.)

May, can, might, could. Can is used to express power or possibility; may to express permission or probability. A similar distinction should be made between could and might.

May I speak to my seat-mate?

Can man change a natural law?

I can do that for you.

I wish I could help you.

(Not can.)

My mother said I might give you the book. Do not say: Can I eat this candy? (May.) May mortal man be more just than God? (Can.)

Mother said I could go.

(Might.)

I wish I might do more for the poor, but I have not the means.

Since, ago.

(Could.)

Reckoning towards the present time, we use since. Reckoning from the present,

we say ago.

"It is now a year since she was married." "Just a year ago to-day, she was married."

Lie and lay. The transitive form is lay, laid, laying, laid. (To place.)

The intransitive lie (to recline) is, lie, lay, lying, lain.

Lay down the book; he laid it down; he was laying down the law; he laid the bundle on the table.

I shall lie down for an hour; he is lying down; he had lain down to rest; Lake Champlain lies between New York and Vermont; the ship had to lie to on account of the calm; the trouble lies like a stone on his heart; his talent lies in the direction of art; they were lying in wait for the soldiers.

He was lying down after laying down the carpet; he laid his book on the table, and lay down on the sofa for a nap; this rain laid the dust, and the troops who had lain in wait for supplies were ordered to proceed; the hen lays an egg every day, and the boy that is lying on the grass takes it.

Set and sit.

Set is commonly active, and means to place in position.

Sit is usually neuter: Sit, sat, sitting.

Set the jar on the table; set his broken arm; set the trees in straight rows; set about your work; set down the dates you wish to remember; he set aside one-tenth of his income for charity.

Sit down for a moment; he sat on the sofa; he is sitting on the veranda; he sat on the committee; John is sitting on the jury; Mary sat up until ten, to finish the book; the court is now sitting; I set the hen on ten eggs; Kate is as

cross as a sitting hen; Jack, your coat does not sit well.

Raise and rise. Transitive, raise, raised, raising.

Intransitive, rise, rose, rising, risen.

Raise the window; he had raised the window; he is raising cattle in the west; he raised a good corn crop.

I rise very early; he rose late this morning; the sun is rising from a cloud; he had risen late on the day of the accident; Mother rises with the lark.

Flee, fly, flow.

To escape: flee fled, fleeing.

To soar in the air: fly, flew, flying, flown.
To glide like a river: flow, flowed, flowing.

They are fleeing from the stricken city; the people had fled; flee for your life: the river flows through the meadow; the river flowed very rapidly during the spring rains; the Nile overflowed its banks; and the Dee is flowing as calmly as ever: the bird cannot fly; it flew away; the swallows are flying southward; the bird had flown.

NOTE. The Century Dictionary permits the use of fly in the sense of flee.

Some nouns of multitude.

We speak of a fleet of ships; a flock of sheep; a bevy of girls; a pack of wolves; a gang of thieves; a host of angels; a shoal of porpoises; a herd of cattle; a troop of children; a covey of partridges;

a galaxy of beauties; a horde of barbarians; a heap of rubbish; a drove of oxen; a mob of anarchists; a school of whales; a congregation of worshippers; a corps of engineers; a band of robbers; a swarm of locusts; a crowd of people. We say the army; a regiment, a company, a squad, a corps, or a battalion of soldiers.

CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL CAUTIONS.

ETIQUETTE IN SPEECH.

Good form prescribes certain expressions and forbids others, and these distinctions are usually outside of any grammatical rule.

In speaking of superiors the name should be repeated, and not a pronoun substituted. "President Cleveland was one of the speakers; the President was looking very well,"—not he was looking well.

"The Archbishop administered confirmation; his Grace is quite feeble,"—not he is feeble.

One might safely follow the rule, never to use he or she, when a noun, without undue awkwardness, can be substituted.

I beg your pardon, is a little phrase which does duty on many occasions: when passing before