next, and the boys below. On all Double Feasts the Choir is ruled by four, who, in Principal Doubles, may be any persons the Precentor chooses to name, provided that they be at least Canons. In other Doubles, the first two, called Principals, are the Canons appointed for the week; the other two, called Secondaries, may, at the discretion of the Precentor, be persons holding stalls in the second bench.* In Simple Feasts there are two Rulers only: their office lasts fifteen days, when the table runs by the week (except at Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide), the principal of the first week becoming the second in the next. On certain of these days, however, a third Ruler is added, of the superior grade, and these are marked in the Kalendar as Triple Invitatories. Rulers wear silk copes of the colour of the season over a surplice, and have silver staves allotted to them as emblems of office; the following are the days they must all be of the highest rank:-Christmas Day and the two next days, the Epiphany, Easter Day, Easter Monday, Ascension Day, Whitsun Day and the following Monday, the Assumption, the Dedication Day of a Church, and Feast of a Place. On the remaining Doubles, two will be of the highest grade, and two of the second. The Choir has Rulers also in and on certain Octaves. See sect. vii.

VI. OF FERIAL MASSES.

I Ferias are of four kinds · Principal Ferias, i.e., Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, the Vigil of Whitsun Day, and Ash-Wednesday.

Greater Ferias, i.e., all days from Passion Sunday to Maundy Thursday.

Lesser Ferias, ie., all days from Ash-Wednesday to Passion Sunday, the first and third Rogation Days, and the third week in Advent.

Inferior Ferias, i.e., All days in Advent, except the third week. 2. If Doubles or Simples occur on the first of these four classes, they are transferred, or in the case of untransferables passed over.

If they occur on the second class they are passed over, if

*Bench, grade, form, are used indifferently throughout this translation for the same thing.

These two latter are not in the Registrum, but, clearly, should be added to the other Principal Doubles.

A list given in the Registrum, but it is so imperfect a one that no doubt remains in the translator's mind that in enumerating some Doubles it meant to include all the remainder.

Simples; if Doubles, the Service is of the Feast, with a Memorial of the Week Day.

If they occur on the third class, the Mass of the Feast is said after Terce, and the Mass of the Fast after Nones, both at the High Altar, except in places where there is only one Mass; then the Feast is commemorated at the Mass of the Feast.

If they occur on the fourth class, there is always a Memorial of the Week Day.

3. Besides the above four classes there are Vigils. The Vigils falling under the following rule are those of the Epiphany, Ascension Day; SS. Andrew, Thomas, John the Baptist, Peter and Paul, James, Lawrence; the Assumption, S. Bartholomew, the Nativity of Our Lady, S. Matthew, SS. Simon and Jude, All Saints, and the Ember Days. If a Vigil (other than the Vigils of Christmas, Easter, and Whitsun Day) occur on a Feast of Nine Lessons, or Three with Rulers, then the Mass of the Feast is said after Sexts in the Chapter-house, and the Mass of the Feast after Terce. In small places, however, the Service was of the Feast, with a Memorial of the Fast, as was always the case with Feasts of Three Lessons. The Fast of a Vigil is kept on the Saturday if the Feast fall on the Monday.

4. If an Ember Day and a Vigil occur, the latter has a Memorial. If an Ember Day and a Feast occur, the same rule applies as in the case of Vigils.

VII. OF OCTAVES AND OCTAVE DAYS.§

1. Of the Octave there is a Service or a Memorial every day for eight days, at Christmas and the four following Feasts, the Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day,* Whitsun Day, Corpus Christi; the Dedication Day of a Church (out of LXX. to Easter), the Feast of the Place, the Feast of Relics; and the Feasts of the Visitation, Assumption, Nativity of Our Lady, and the Feast of the Name of JESUS. On all the above the Octave and Octave Day are celebrated with Rulers of Choir, as also S. Andrew's Day if not in Advent.

2. If any Feast occur in the Octaves of any of the above,

On certain Vigils the rule of Lent, “both Masses at High Altar," seems to have prevailed, conf. Vigils of S. Lawrence and the Assumption.

See Defensorium Directorii, 1488, Bodleian Lib.

§ The authority for this section is a comparison of the scattered rubrics in the Missal, illustrated by the Breviary, Reg. S. Osmundi, etc.

These four Feasts may be regarded either as having Days in the Octave with Rulers or not.

+ Query. If the Dedication had anything but a Memorial during Advent, exsept Octave Day with Rulers? Conf. Sarum Breviary.

there is a Memorial of the Octave, and the Service is of the Feast, except in the case of those marked with an asterisk, in the Octaves of which no Feast can be celebrated.*

No Feast can be translated into the Octaves of Christmas, Epiphany, or Ascension Day.

3. If a Feast with Rulers and an Octave Day occur, the Mass of the Octave Day is said in the Chapter-house, and the Mass of the Feast at the High Altar. If the Feast be a Sunday, however, it is sometimes translated, according as there are few or many Sundays after Trinity. It appears, however, that on the Octave Day of the Ascension, Simples were translated.

4. If an Octave Day and a Vigil occurred, the rule of Feasts and Vigils is applicable. (See above.)

5. The Feasts of SS. Peter and Paul, and S. Andrew (in Advent), and the Dedication in LXX. to XL., have an Octave Day with Rulers of Choir, though they have none in the Octave.

6. The Feasts of S. John Baptist, Relics, S. Lawrence, S. Martin, and the Dedication, in Lent, have Octaves and Octave Days without Rulers of Choir; on the last there is only a Memorial at Mass, and no second Mass in the Chapter-house. In the case of the former, a Day in an Octave and an Octave Day with Rulers was superior to the Octave Day, and the Mass of the Octave was either said in the Chapter-house, or else a Memorial of it was made at the other Mass.

7. According to YORK Use, S. William and the Feast of the Chains of S. Peter had Octaves with Rulers, while it agreed with Hereford in including S. Agnes amongst those which had Octaves without Rulers.

8. According to HEREFORD Use, the Feasts with solemn Octaves and Octave Days (i.e., with Rulers) were Christmas and four following days, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension, S. Ethelbert, Whitsun Day, Trinity, Corpus Christi, Peter and Paul, the Assumption, and Nativity of B.V.M., S. Thomas of Hereford and his Translation, also principal Feast of each Church.§

Those with simple Octaves (i.e., without Rulers) were S. Agnes, Nativity S. John Baptist, S. Lawrence, S. Martin, S. Andrew.

*With regard to this statement there is some difficulty: thus Feasts of Three Lessons are allowed to be celebrated in the Octave of the Name of JESUS; whereas in the Octaves of the Epiphany, Ascension Day, Assumption, and Nativity, there was clearly only a Memorial of them, but this may have been due to the fact that it seemed optional to celebrate that Feast either with or without Rulers.

† See Gradual and Missals '97, '2, '13, '26.

See Sarum Breviary.

§ To these the Hereford Breviary adds the Name of Jesus.

VIII.-OF VOTIVE MASSES AND COMMEMORATIONS.

I. On Saturdays when there is no Double Feast, or one with Rulers, Octave, or Octave Day with Rulers, Vigil or Ember Day, and provided it be out of Lent, there is a Commemoration of the B.V.M., according to the season, as is set forth in the Missal. This Commemoration will not supersede any Sunday Mass unsaid, owing to its having fallen within some Octave with Rulers.

HEREFORD Use forbade the Commemoration of Our Lady in Advent or LXX., as well as in Lent; and such was also the original rule both in Sarum and in York, until the days of Cardinal Kempe, though in the printed Missals the latter adopted the new custom.

2. The first vacant ferial day in every week, but preferably on Monday, the Commemoration of the Saint of the place is said. Next after this, the Mass commonly called Salus Populi (for the welfare of all our brethren and sisters living) is said. If Tuesday is not vacant, then some other day is taken. After this, in cathedrals, the Saint of the diocese had a Commemoration. The other Votive Masses are said ad libitum in the following order: -Sunday, of the Trinity; Monday, of Angels; Tuesday, Salus Populi; Wednesday, of the Holy Ghost; Thursday, of the Blessed Sacrament; Friday, of the Holy Cross, of the Five Wounds, or of the Crown of our Lord; Saturday, of Our Lady. 3. According to YORK Use, there was a Commemoration of S. William on Tuesday; there was also a Commemoration of SS. Peter and Paul, and of All Saints. The Commemorations were probably said in the same order as Sarum.

4. According to HEREFORD Use, these Commemorations were said-on Sunday, of the Trinity; on Monday, of Angels; Tuesday, of S. Ethelbert; Wednesday, of Salus Populi; Thursday, of S. Thomas of Hereford, or of the Holy Ghost; Friday, of the Holy Cross Saturday, of the B.V.M.; there was also a Commemoration of Apostles.

IX. OF MASSES FOR THE DEAD.

1. In the Cathedral Church of Salisbury there is a daily Mass for the faithful departed (they may have two, the other being for Bishops in the Chapter-house). That this could not be carried on in the country parishes is manifest; hence, it is probable that a Mass was said for them on the first vacant day in every month.

2. On All Souls' Day only one Collect is said.

* See Defensorium Directorii.

X.-OF MEMORIALS.

1. If an ordinary Sunday fall on a Double, there is no Memorial of it at Mass; but on Feast of Nine Lessons, not Doubles, there is.

2. There is a Memorial of Ferias in Advent, Lent, Ember Days, Rogations, and Vigils; but in Cathedrals, and where there are many clergy, if a Feast fall on these, there is generally first a Mass of the Feast.

3. There is no Memorial of a Votive Mass.

4. The order of the Breviary is generally kept in regard to Memorials.

5. When there are many Collects, the first and the last only are chanted aloud. Before the first is said, The Lord be with you, and Let us pray; and Let us pray before the second, and so before the P. Comm.; but not again. (For the number of Collects, see sect. xiv.)

XI. OF THE OFFICE OR INTROIT.

1. The OFFICE is repeated three times on Sundays, Feasts, and Octaves with Rulers, in all Commemorations of Our Lady, and in the Feast of the Place. First the Office, then the Psalm, then the Office again, then the Glory, then the Office again.

2. When there are no Rulers, first the Office, then the Psalm and Glory, and then the Office is said again.

3. On Passion Sunday and till Easter Day, with the exception. of Maundy Thursday (if the Bishop celebrates), and Easter Eve, there is no Glory, etc., to the Office, and the latter is only repeated

once.

4. In Eastertide, Alleluia is added at the end of the Office.

XII.-OF THE KYRIES.

1. Three KYRIES, three Christe Eleisons, and again three Kyries are always said before all Masses, except on Good Friday.

2. In some of these are interpolated versicles or farces,* but the form is retained as above (except in one instance where there are ten instead of nine petitions). These are said in the following order :-On Principal Doubles, O Divine Creator; on Doubles, any of the succeeding eight appointed; on the Epiphany, Whitsun Day, and Corpus Christi, O Lord, Fountain; on Michaelmas Day, O Lord, King; on Holy Cross Day and the Invention, O Light.

3. At the daily Mass of Our Lady in her Chapel, if a Feast (except on the two days before Easter), one of these Kyries is *See pages 279-83.