LYON-LYON COURT.

and silver lace, chemical products, drugs, liquors, daily practice in the Lyon Office. Questions have earthenware, are also important articles of manufac- been raised as to how far the decisions of the Lycn ture. The trade of L. is chiefly in its own manufactures and in the products of the vicinity; the arms and silk ribbons of St. Etienne, and the wines of CôteRôtie, Hermitage, and St. Peray. Pop. (1862) 318,803; (1866) 323,954; (1872) 279.785.

LYON KING-AT-ARMS-LYSANDER.

the Lord Lyon has a jurisdiction connected with the Australian, has recently been discovered, and has executive part of the law: he appoints all messen- been named in honour of the late Prince Albert. gers-at-arms, superintends them in the execution

of their duty, takes cognizance of complaints against them, and fines, suspends, or deprives them for malversation.

LYON (or LORD LYON) KING-AT-ARMS, the chief heraldic officer for Scotland, whose title is derived from the lion rampant in the royal escutcheon. The Scottish King-at-arms has, unlike his brother-kings of England, from an early period exercised jurisdiction independently of the constable and marshal, holding office directly from the Sovereign by commission under the Great Seal. In early times, he was occasionally designated the Lord Lyon; but the now prevalent custom of so calling him, seems to have arisen from the circumstance that, since 1796, the office has been held by a peer. According to Nisbet, the Lyon has precedence of all knights and gentlemen not being officers of state, or senators of the College of Justice.

Since the Union, he has ranked next to Garter; Clarencieux and Norroy follow; then Ulster; but it has sometimes been maintained that, within Ireland, Ulster has place next after Lyon. The regalia of the Lyon, worn on solemn occasions, consist of a crown of gold, an embroidered crimson velvet robe with the national arms, a triple row of gold chains, with a medal, exhibiting the royal bearing on the one side, and St Andrew's Cross on the other. At other times, the badge is worn suspended by a broad green ribbon.

The official arms of the Lyon King-at-arms are argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an escutcheon of the second, on a chief azure a saltire of the first. Lyon is king-at-arms to the order of the Thistle (q. v.). See LYON COURT.

LYONNAIS, a former province of France, was bounded on the W. by Auvergne, and on the S. by Languedoc. Its territory coincides nearly with the present departments of Rhone, Loire, Haute-Loire, and Puy-de-Dôme.

LYRE, the oldest stringed instrument of the Egyptians and Greeks. There are many different kinds and sizes of the lyre, each having its own peculiar name, such as the Lyre da Braccio, Lyre da Gambe, Lyre Guitare, &c.

Lyre-Bird (Menura superba).

The lyre-shaped feathers of the tail are compara. tively short.

LYRIC (from the Gr. lyra, a lyre), the name given to a certain species of poetry, because it was originally accompanied by the music of that instrumeut. Lyric poetry (see EPIC POETRY) concerns itself with the thoughts and emotions of the composer's own mind, and outward things are regarded chiefly as they affect him in any way. Hence it is characterised as subjective, in contradistinction to epic poetry, which is objective. Purely lyrical pieces are, from their nature, shorter than epics. They fall into several divisions, the most typical of which is the song, which is again subdivided into sacred (hymns) and secular (love-songs, war-songs, comic songs, &c.).

LYS, or LEYE, a tributary of the Scheldt, rises in France near the little town of Lysbourg, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, and flows in a northeastern direction, joining the Scheldt at Ghent in Belgium after a course of 100 miles. The L. once formed the boundary between France and Germany.

LYRE-BIRD, or LYRE-TAIL (Menura), a genus of birds, of which the best known species (M. superba) is a native of New South Wales, where it is generally called the LYRE PHEASANT. The proper place of this genus has been much disputed by ornithologists, the best placing it among the Insessores, near to thrushes and wrens, others among Gal- LYSA'NDER, a famous Spartan warrior and linaceous Birds, with megapodes. The large feet naval commander, of extraordinary energy and and habit of scraping resemble the latter; the form military skill, but not less remarkable for the of the bill, the bristles at the base of the bill, cunning, revenge, and ambition by which he was its general structure and musical powers, connect characterised. He spent part of his youth at the it with the former, to which it was unhesitat- court of Cyrus the Younger, and in 407 B. C. was ingly referred by Cuvier. It is a bird about the appointed to the command of the Spartan fleet, size of a pheasant, frequenting the brush, or sparsely-wooded country, in the unsettled parts of New South Wales, but retreating from the more inhabited districts. It is extremely shy and difficult to approach. It is by far the largest of all song-birds. It possesses the power of imitating the song of other birds. The tail of the male is very remarkable and splendid, the twelve feathers being very long, and having very fine and widely separated barbs; whilst, besides these, there are two long middle feathers, each of which has a vane only on one side, and two exterior feathers, curved like the sides of an ancient lyre. The L. makes a domed nest.-A second species (M. Alberti), also

from which time he constantly prosecuted the design of overthrowing the Athenian power, in order to exalt that of Sparta. He defeated the Athenian fleet at the promontory of Notion; and being again intrusted with the management of the fleet, after the defeat of his successor, Callicratidas (405 B. C.), he was again victorious. He swept the southern part of the gean, and made descents upon both the Grecian and the Asiatic coasts. He then sailed north to the Hellespont, and anchored at Lampsacus. An immense Athenian fleet soon made its appearance at Egospotami, on the oppo site side of the straits, amounting to 180 ships, Of these, 171 were captured by L. a few days after

LYTHRACEÆ-LYTTON.

The blow to Athens was tremendous. Everywhere, Aram, and after that ceased for a period to convulse her colonial garrisons had to surrender, and Spartan the libraries. About this time, he succeeded Campinfluence predominated. Finally, in 404 B. C., he bell as editor of The New Monthly Magazine, and took Athens itself. His popularity now became contributed to its pages a series of papers which so great, especially in the cities of Asia Minor, that were afterwards collected under the title of The the Spartan ephors dreaded the consequences, Student. In 1833, he produced his England and especially as they knew how ambitious he was. the English. In 1834, he returned to fiction, and Every means was taken to thwart his designs, published in an illustrated form The Pilgrims of the until finally it would appear that he had resolved to Rhine. This was followed by The Last Days of attempt the overthrow of the Spartan constitution; Pompeii, a work of a higher class than any of his but this scheme was prevented by his death at the former productions. Rienzi followed in the same battle of Haliartus in the Baotian war (395 B. C.). splendid vein, and received the same admiration. LYTHRA'CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous His next work was a play in five acts, The Duchess plants, consisting of herbaceous plants, with a few of La Vallière, which was put on the stage in 1836, shrubs; the branches frequently four-cornered. The and failed. Ernest Maltravers came the year after, leaves are generally opposite, entire, and sessile. which, as containing his views on art and life, The flowers are solitary or clustered, regular or has ever been a favourite with his more thoughtful irregular, and either axillary, racemose, or spiked; Rise and Fali, full of research and splendid readers. In the same year, he published Athens; the calyx tubular, the petals inserted into the calyx, very deciduous, sometimes wanting. The stamens are inserted into the tube of the calyx below the petals, sometimes equal to them in number, sometimes twice or thrice as many. The ovary is superior, generally 2-6-celled. The fruit is a membranous capsule with numerous seeds.-There are about 300 known species, natives of tropical and temperate, or even of cold climates. Some of them are occasionally applied to medicinal uses, upon account of astringent, narcotic, or febrifugal properties. Among those thus employed is the PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria), introduced into the U. States from Europe, and growing about the margins of ponds and streams, with beautiful leafy spikes of purple flowers; a decoction of either the root or the dried leaves of which is sometimes advantageously used in diarrhoea. The Henna (q. v.) of Egypt is produced by Lawsonia inermis, a plant of this order. The leaves of another (Pemphis acidula) are said to be a common pot-herb on the coasts of the tropical parts of Asia. The leaves of Ammania vesicatoria, an East Indian aquatic plant, are very acrid, and are sometimes used as blisters.

rhetoric. Leila and Calderon appeared in 1838. His next efforts were in the difficult walk of the drama, in which he had formerly failed. He produced The Lady of Lyons and Richelieu, both of which remain among the most popular of modern English plays. L.'s next important work was Zanoni, which was published in 1842, and in the same year appeared his poem entitled Eva, which is little read now. Other poems were issued about this time-The New Timon in 1846, and King Arthur in 1848, neither of which has been successful, although in. the former there are couplets turned with the grace and art of Pope; and the latter contains noble passages of sentiment, and much glittering description. His next novels were The Last of the Barons, Harold, and Lucretia, The Cartons, a domestic novel, appeared originally in Blackwood, and was followed by My Novel, which is in several respects the finest thing he wrote. Subsequently, he published What will He do with It? (a novel, in which his earlier style is reverted to), and a clever poem entitled St. Stephen's. In 1861, 4 Strange Story appeared, and in 1863 he

contributed to Blackwood a series of essays under the title of Caxtoniana. L. also published The Last Tale LYTTLETON, GEORGE LORD, son of Sir Thomas of Miletus (1866); a translation of Horace's Odes; Lyttleton of Hagley, in Worcestershire, was born in and Walpole, a comedy. His last works were, The 1708-1709, and educated at Eton and Christ- Coming Race (1871), Kenelm Chillingly (1873), The church, Oxford. He entered parliament in 1730, Parisians (1873), and Pausanins, the Spartan (1876). held several high political offices, was raised to the At the age of 26, L. entered parliament as mempeerage in 1759, and died in 1773. L. had once a ber for St Ives, and attached himself to the Reconsiderable reputation as an author. His best form party. known works are Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St Paul (1747), Dialogues of the Dead (1760), and History of Henry II. (1764).—He had a son, THOMAS, LORD LYTTLETON, who died young, and who was as conspicuous for profligacy as his ather for virtue.

LYTTON, SIR EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON BULWER, Bart., the youngest son of General Bulwer of Woodalling and Haydon Hall, Norfolk, was born in 1805, and received his education at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1826, and M.A. in 1835. He was distinguished as an English writer and as a politician, and his achievements in these diverse fields may be noticed separately.

His first publication was a poem on Sculpture, which gained the Chancellor's prize for English versification at Cambridge in 1825. In 1826, he published a collection of miscellaneous verse, entitled Weeds and Wild Flowers, and in the year following, a tale in verse with the title O'Neill, or the Rebel. In 1827, his first novel, Falkland, was published anonymously. Next year, he published Pelham, which astonished the critics by its cynicism and its icy glitter of epigram. The Disowned, Devereux, and Paul Clifford followed in rapid succession. In 1831, he broke into more passionate and tragical regions in Eugene

In 1832, he was returned as member for Lincoln, and held that seat till 1841. In 1838 he received his baronetcy from the Melbourne administration, ostensibly for brilliant services rendered to his party as a pamphleteer. In 1844, he succeeded, on the death of his mother, to the Knebworth estates, and in 1852 was returned to parliament, and attached himself to the party headed by Lord Derby. During the late Derby administration he held the post of Colonial Secretary. He did not shine as a debater, but several of his parliumentary speeches were eloquent and telling. In 1856 he was chosen Lord-rector of the University of Glasgow, and in 1866 was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton.

Of English men of letters, L. was perhaps the most versatile, and the most generally successful. He wrote novels, dramas, criticism, history, poems, political pamphlets, and each of these he wrote well, several supremely well. If he failed at all, he failed as a poet, and his failure may be accounted for to some extent from his having chosen models which ran counter to the prevailing taste. On his novels, however, his reputation must ultimately rest. These have become part and parcel of English literature, and may now be considered as among its permanent glories. L. died Jan. 18, 1873.

M

MAA'STRICHT, or MAESTRICHT (called by the Romans Trajectum ad Mosam, to distinguish it from Trajectum ad Rhenum, now Utrecht), is a MAC, or M', a Gaelic prefix occurring frequently very old and important fortified town, capital of the in Scottish names, means son,' and is probably province of Limburg, kingdom of the Netherlands. allied to the Gothic magus, a son, a boy, the femi Pop. in 1869, 28,679. M. is on the left bank of the nine of which is magaths (Ger. magde, a inaid). The river Mass, which separates it from the town of root is probably the Sanscrit mah, to grow (sec G). Wijk, the connection being maintained by a stone In Welsh, magu means to breed. The Welsh form bridge, 500 feet in length, resting on nine arches, of Mac is Map, shortened into 'ap or 'p, as Ap and defended by small fortified islands. The Richard, whence Prichard.

town was founded in the 5th c., the seat of the MACADAM, JOHN LOUDON, was born in Scotbishop being transferred thither after Attila had land in 1756, and passed his youth in the United plundered Tongres, in 451. It is 15 miles north States. On his return, he was appointed manager of Liége, 18 west of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aken), and of a district of roads in Ayrshire, and originated pleasantly situated in a hilly district. The streets and successfully practised the system of roadmaking are broad, and the houses regularly and well now known by his name. In 1819, he was sumbuilt, giving an air of beauty and respectability moned to England, and was appointed by parliament

MACAO-MACARONIC VERSE.

MACARO'NI (originally lumps of paste and cheese squeezed up into balls; from It. maccare, to bruise or crush), a peculiar manufacture of wheat, in fact, almost to Genoa; it is now, however, made which for a long time was peculiar to Italy, and, all over Italy, and at Marseille and other places in the south of France. Strictly speaking, the name macaroni applies only to wheaten paste in the form of pipes, varying in diameter from an ordinary quill up to those now made of the diameter of an inch; but there is no real difference between it and the fine threadlike vermicelli, and the infinite variety the name of Italian pastes, are used for soups. of curious and elegant little forms which, under

to superintend the roads in the Bristol district, by successive aggressions, have become wholly inde which were in a most deplorable condition. In pendent of the Chinese. The Typa anchorage lies 1827, he was appointed general surveyor of the between two small islands about three miles off metropolitan roads; and in reward of his exertions to the southern end of the peninsula. Large vessels render them efficient, received a grant of £10,000 cannot approach nearer the shore than six miles. from government. His system rapidly became There is an inner harbour on the west of the town, general throughout England, and was also intro- the resort of small vessels and junks. After the duced into France with great success. M. died at rise of Hong-kong, the commerce of M. almost Moffat, in Dumfriesshire, in 1836. The principles of entirely disappeared; but efforts have been made to his system, which is known as Macadamising, are revive its commerce by making it a free port. The as follow: For the foundation of a road, it is not value of the exports, in 1866, was $3,768,007, the im necessary to lay a substratum of large stones, pave- ports, $8,012,809, chiefly opium and specie. ment, &c., as it is a matter of indifference whether the substratum be hard or soft; and if any preference is due, it is to the latter. The metal for roads must consist of broken stones (granite, flint, or whinstone is by far the best); these must in no case exceed 6 ounces each in weight, and stones of from 1 to 2 ounces are to be preferred. The large stones in the road are to be loosened, and removed to the side, where they are to be broken into pieces of the regulation weight; and the road is then to be smoothed with a rake, so that the earth may settle down into the holes from which the large stones were removed. The broken metal is then to be carefully spread over it; and as this operation is of great importance to the future quality of the road, the metal is not to be laid on in shovelfuls to the requisite depth, but to be scattered in shovelful after shovelful, till a depth of from 6 to 10 inches, according to the quality of the road, has been obtained. The road is to have a fall from the middle to the sides of about 1 foot in 60, and ditches are to be dug on the field-side of the fences to a depth of a few inches below the level of the road.' This system, which at one time threatened to supersede every other, is calculated to form a hard and impermeable crust on the surface, thus protecting the soft earth below from the action of water, and so preventing it from working up through the metal in the form of mud. Strange to say, it has succeeded admirably in cases where a road had to be constructed over a bog or morass, but in some other circumstances, it has been found deficient. See ROADS.

Only certain kinds of wheat are applicable to this manufacture, and these are the hard sorts, which contain a large percentage of gluten. At present, the Italian manufacturers prefer the wheats of Odessa and Taganrog; but they also employ those of their own country grown in Sicily and in Apulia. The wheat is first ground into a coarse meal, from which the bran is removed-in that state it is called Semola (see also SEMOLINA); during the grinding, it is necessary to employ both heat and humidity, to insure a good semola. The semola is worked up into a dough with water; and for macaroni and vermicelli, it is forced through gauges, with or without mandrels, as in wire and pipe-drawing; or for pastes, it is rolled out into very thin sheets, from which are stamped out the various forms of stars, rings, &c.

The manufacture of this material is of great of home consumption, and is exported to all parts of importance to Italy, where it forms a large article the world. In Genoa alone, nearly 170,000 quintals of wheat are annually consumed in this manufac

ture.

$400,000.

MACAO', a Portuguese possession on the coast of China, in lat. 22° 12′ N., and long. 113° 35′ E., on the western part of the estuary of the Canton or Pearl River, Hong-kong being about 40 miles distant, on the opposite side of the same estuary. The which are whitest in colour, and do not burst or The finest qualities of macaroni are those settlement, which is about eight miles in circuit, is break up in boiling; it should swell considerably, on a small peninsula, projecting from the south- and become quite soft; but if it does not retain its eastern extremity of the large island of Hiang-shan. form when boiled, it has not been made of the best Its position is very agreeable, nearly surrounded wheat. Some makers flavour and colour it with with water, and open on every side to the sea- saffron and turmeric, to suit certain tastes, but this breezes, having a good variety of hill and plain, is limited to very few. and a large island adjacent, on which are pleasant the U. States of preparations of breadstuffs, chiefly In 1869 the imports into rambles, to be reached by equally pleasant boat-macaroni and vermicelli, amounted to upwards of excursions. It is one of the most salubrious parts east of the Cape of Good Hope, and during the monopoly of the East India Company, it was a favourite place of resort for Englishmen from India. The population was estimated, in 1864, at 100,000, of whom 10,000 were Europeans. The Portuguese obtained their footing in 1560, under the pretext of erecting sheds for drying goods, introduced under the appellation of tribute, and alleged to have been damaged in a storm. These sheds gradually gave way to substantial edifices, and finally to forts. Thus the first foreign colony in China was established. The Chinese, however, held, until recently, a lien upon the place, requiring of the Portuguese 500 taels ground-rent, retaining also jurisdiction over their own people. The privileges obtained by England through the treaty of Nankin, were subsequently extended to the Portuguese, who,

MACARO'NIC VERSE is properly a kind of humorous poetry, in which, along with Latin, words of other languages are introduced with Latin inflections and construction; but the name is sometimes applied to verses which are merely a mixture of Latin and the unadulterated vernacular of the author, of which a very clever specimen are the lines of Porson on the threatened invasion of England by Bonaparte, entitled Lingo drawn for the Militia (see Wheatley's Anagrams, &c.). Teofilo Folengo, called Merlino Coccajo, a learned and witty Benedictine, who was born at Mantua in 1484, and died in 1544, has been erroneously regarded as the inventor of macaronic poetry; but he was the first to employ the term, selected with reference to the mixture of ingredients in the dish