a Christian resident at Rome to whom St. Paul sends greeting (Rom. 16:14). Irenæus, Tertullian, and Origen agree in attributing to him the work called The Shepherd, but this is greatly disputed. He is celebrated as a saint, in the Roman calendar, on May 9.

light, suddenly appearing as a sensuous apparition). The author of this baptized heathenism, according to the uniform testimony of Christian antiquity, is Simon Magus, who unquestionably adulterated Christianity with pagan ideas and practices, and gave himself out, in pantheistic style, for an emanation of God. This heresy, in HER'MES (Gr. 'Epuns, her-mace', i. e., the the 2d century, spread over the whole Church, Greek Mercury), a man mentioned (Rom. 16:14) as east and west, in various schools of gnosticism." a disciple in Rome. "According to the Greeks he (3) Syncretistic Heresy. As attempts had al- was one of the seventy disciples and afterward ready been made, before Christ, by Philo and Bishop of Dalmatia" (Calmet, Dict., s. v.). others to blend the Jewish religion with heathen HERMOG'ENES (Gr. 'Epuoyévns, her-mog. philosophy, especially that of Pythagoras and en'-ace, Mercury-born), a disciple in Asia Minor Plato, so now, under the Christian name, there ap-mentioned by the apostle Paul, along with Phygelpeared confused combinations of these opposing lus, as having deserted him, doubtless from fear

systems, forming either a paganizing Judaism or a Judaizing paganism, according as the Jewish or the heathen element prevailed.

"Whatever their differences, however, all these three fundamental heresies amount at last to a more or less distinct denial of the central mystery of the Gospel-the incarnation of the Son of God for the salvation of the world. They make Christ either a mere man or a mere superhuman phantom; they allow, at all events, no real and abiding union of the divine and human natures in the person of the Redeemer."

of the perils of the connection (2 Tim. 1:15). Nothing more of him is known.

HER MON (Heb. 2, kher-mone', the peak), a mountain which formed the northernmost boun

dary (Josh. 12:1) of the country beyond the Jordan (11:17), which Israel conquered from the Amorites (Deut. 3:8). It must, therefore, have belonged to Anti-Libanus (1 Chron. 5:23; comp. Deut. 4:48; Josh. 11:3, 17, etc.). It is identified with the present Jebel es-Sheik, i. e., Sheik's Mountain, situated thirty miles S. W. of Damascus and forty miles N. E. of the sea of Galilee. Its height is about nine thousand and thirty-five feet above the Mediterranean sea. In Deut. 4:48 it is called Mount Sion, i. e., a high mountain, being by far the highest of all mountains in or near Palestine. The ancient inhabitants of Canaan had sacred places on the high mountains and the hills. We need not wonder, then, that Hermon should have been selected for the altar and the sacred fire. HER'MAS (Gr. 'Epuas, her-mamas', Mercury), Hermon was the religious center of primeval Syria.

Heresy disturbed the unity of doctrine and of fellowship in the early Church, which was there fore forced to exclude those holding false doctrine from its communion. Once excluded, they formed societies of their own. This was the case with the Novatians, Gnostics, Donatists, etc. (Hist. Christ. Church, p. 88, sq.). HERETIC. See HERESY.

HERITAGE. See INHERITANCE.

See Schaff

Its Baal sanctuaries not only existed, but gave it "Idumæan;" Josephus, Ant., xiv, ch. 8, § 5; Wars, a name, before the Exodus (Josh. 11:17). From i, ch. 10, 3). They occupied a southern district nearly every prominent point in Palestine the of Palestine known as Nageb, located between the mountain is visible, but it is when we leave the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea and southward. hill country of Samaria and enter the plain of By conquest John Hyrcanus brought the IdumæEsdraelon that Hermon appears in all its majesty,ans into Palestine about B. C. 130, and as they shooting up on the distant horizon behind the conformed to the Jewish rite of circumcision they graceful rounded top of Tabor. It was probably embraced the Jewish religion. However, the Jews this view that suggested to the Psalmist the words regarded the Idumæans with considerable suspicion 'The north and the south thou hast created them: and prejudice, calling them but "half Jews" Tabor and Hermon shall rejoice in thy name (Ant., xiv, ch. 15, § 2; xx, ch. 8, § 7). Josephus (Psa. 89:12)'" (McC. and S., Cyc.). The Psalmist records that Herod was appointed procurator of also speaks (Psa. 133:3) of the “dew of Hermon." Galilee when only fifteen years of age (Ant., xiv, The snow on the mountain condenses the vapors ch. 9, § 2); but probably the age of twenty-five during the summer so that abundant dews descend was intended (see Whiston's note in loco). upon it while the surrounding country is parched. Antony gave Herod a tetrarchy (Ant., xiv, ch. 13, One of its tops is actually called Abu-Nedy, i. e., §§ 1 and 2; War, i, ch. 12, § 5), and afterward "father of dew." he persuaded the Roman Senate to make Herod a king (Ant., xiv, ch. 14, § 4). The great Roman historian Tacitus affirms that Herod was placed on the throne by Mark Antony, and that Augustus [Cæsar] enlarged his privileges (Hist., v, 9). But Herod did not succeed in asserting his royal rights over Palestine until he had captured Jerusalem, B. C. 37. Nevertheless, his coronation by Cæsar was made an occasion of great magnificence (Wars, i, ch. 20, § 3).

Mark

2. Architecture. Herod had a passion for ostentatious display in the direction of magnificent architecture and monuments, as had also all his ruling descendants after him. Jerusalem, as the metropolis of the land, was the recipient from him of much munificence in the way of architectural monuments. To conciliate the Jews, who

address proposed to reconstruct their ancient temple which Solomon had originally built, though it

It is now quite generally accepted that one of the southern peaks of Hermon was the scene of the transfiguration. "In many points it fits the narrative of the gospels better than Tabor" (Schaff-Herzog, s. v.). Kitto says: "There can be no doubt that one of the southern peaks of Hermon was the scene of the transfiguration. Our Lord traveled from Bethsaida, on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee, to the coasts of Cæsarea Philippi; thence he led his disciples 'into a high mountain apart, and was transfigured before them.' Afterward he returned, going toward Jerusalem through Galilee (comp. Mark 8:22-28; Matt. 16: 13; Mark 9:2-13, 30-33). For many centuries a monkish tradition assigned this honor to Tabor, but it is now restored to its proper locality." HER'MONITES (Heb. 2, kher-mo-had been alienated by his cruelties, he with much neem'), properly "the Hermons," with reference to the three summits of Mount Hermon (Psa. 42:6). has been shrewdly suspected that he entertained HER'OD. This was not a personal name, but the sinister motive to possess himself of the pubthe family or surname. It belonged alike to allic genealogies collected there, especially those rethe generations of the Herodian house as known lating to the priestly families, unto whom they were to the Scriptures. Much confusion has arisen of paramount importance and interest. from not having cognized this simple fact. Hence some have even questioned the inerrancy of Luke in that he called Herod Antipas "Herod," when Josephus uniformly calls him "Antipas." But the point assumed is itself a mistake. For Luke mentions him as "Herod," and "Herod the tetrarch," and as "Herod the tetrarch of Galilee" in the same chapter (3:1, 19); and Josephus repeatedly calls him "Herod the tetrarch," and "Herod the tetrarch of Galilee," and "that Herod who was called Antipas" (Ant., xviii, ch. 2, § 3; ch. 7, § 1; ch. 9, § 5 and 6; War, ii, ch. 9, § 1). The identification therefore is perfect as regards the per-sixty cubits (Ant., xv, ch. 11, § 1), and the whole son, the official title, the political geography; and Luke's mention is strictly historical. All the descendants of Herod the Great down to the fourth generation, who were identified with the government of Palestine and are mentioned, in the New Testament, are known in history by the surname Herod Herod Archalaus, Herod Antipas, Herod Philip II, Herod Agrippa I, and Herod Agrippa II. I. HER'OD THE GREAT, B. C. 37-4.

It is said that he thereby hoped to destroy the genealogy of the expected Messiah, lest he should come and usurp his kingdom. However that may be, he endeavored to make the Jewish nation understand that he was doing them a great kindness without cost to them, and he promised that he would not attempt to build them a new temple, but merely restore to its ancient magnificence the one originally built by David's son. For the restoration made by Zerubbabel upon the return of Israel from the captivity of Babylon seems to have fallen short in architectural measurement, in height some

was becoming marked with decay. To this end Herod took down the old temple to its very foundations, and engaged one thousand wagons to draw stones and ten thousand skilled workmen to teach the priests the art of stonecutting and carpentering.

The temple proper which he erected was one hundred cubits in length and twenty cubits in height. It was constructed of white stone, each 1. History. The father of Herod the Great one being twenty-five cubits long and eight in was named Antipater. He was of Idumæan blood. height. Surmounting this structure was a great The Idumæans were of the Edomite stock, the de- white dome adorned with pinnacle of gold, sugscendants from Esau (see Smith's Bible Dict.,gestive of a mountain of snow as seen from afar

HEROD

(Ant., xv, ch. 11, §§ 2 and 3). The Jewish tradi- forth and slew all the male children that were at tion holds that "the temple itself was built by Bethlehem" (Matt. 2:13, 16). One of Herod's the priests in one year and six months, when they most infamous crimes in the purpose was, when he celebrated its completion with Jewish feast and was on his deathbed, to command that "the prinsacrifices; but that the cloisters and outer inclo- cipal men of the entire Jewish nation "should sures were eight years in building." However that come to his presence, whom he then shut up in the may be, additions were made continuously from hippodrome and surrounded them by soldiers, and year to year; so that though Herod began the re-ordered that immediately after his own death, building B. C. 20, as a whole it was literally true that the temple was "built (kodoμa) in forty and six years," when the Jews so asserted to Jesus (John 2:20). But the end was not yet, for the work was really continued until A. D. 64, just six years before the final destruction of the temple by the Roman soldiers of Titus. Even then, when the Romans under Vespasian made incursion into Palestine in 64, Herod's great grandson, Herod Agrippa II was making expensive preparations to "raise the holy house twenty cubits higher" (War, v, ch. 1, § 5).

HEROD

thither, and he turned aside into the parts of ch. 5, § 4). The occasion referred to by both evanGalilee" (Matt. 2:22). (For criticism on the ex-gelists and historian, in which so much interest pression "Archælaus was reigning," see HEROD centers, was a festive party of the nobles of the ANTIPAS, 8).

III. HERʼOD ANʼTIPAS (B. C. 4-A. D. 39). This prince was the full but younger brother of Archælaus (Ant., xvii, ch. 1, § 3).

land who assembled at the tetrarch's palace to celebrate the anniversary of Herod's birthday. Salome here first appears in this scene in sacred history. On the mother's side she was grand1. Character. As a ruler he was regarded as daughter of Simeon, the high priest. Now the "sly, ambitious, luxurious, but not so able as his fact that a child was born to Philip and Herodias father" (Schürer). Hausrath does him the scant by the first marriage of the mother was a bar to courtesy of calling him "a wily sneak!" Of him her second marriage under Jewish law. Her marJesus said, "Go ye and tell that fox, behold, Iriage to Antipas, while her proper husband and his cast out devils;" ПорεvОévтεç εimate τý áhúñɛKL proper wife were still living, was the more aggravating to the Jews because she was a Jewess and belonged to the royal family; and their infamy was the more conspicuous in that Herod Antipas was the ruler of the Jews and had shamelessly put the Jewish laws at defiance (Lev. 18:16; 20:21).

TIBE

PLACO

Coin of Herod Antipas.

Taúτη (Luke 13:32). His administration was characterized throughout with cunning and crime, intensely selfish and utterly destitute of principle.

Salome

This anniversary was the occasion, and this daughter, Salome, was made the guilty person by whom this infamous Herodias secured the revenge of a bad woman for the reproof given her husband for living with her unlawfully. having danced before the nobles to the great fascination and gratification of Herod, he promised her anything she might ask of him, to the half of his kingdom. Herodias saw her opportunity and induced her daughter to request the head of John the Baptist, who was then in prison near at hand. The executioner was sent to the prison at once and the ghastly gift was given. John the Baptist was beheaded, the man who of all men born of women was greatest (Matt. 11:11; Luke 7:28). The voice of one crying in the wilderness was at last silenced. The rough and rugged prophet of righteousness ceased to live. "His disciples came and took up the body and buried it, and went and told Jesus" (Matt. 14:12).

2. Tetrarchy. His father had contemplated making him a king, to reign over the territory ruled by Archælaus, which constituted one half of his own kingdom, but subsequently concluded to alter his will, making him a mere "tetrarch" of Galilee and Perea, which embraced but one fourth of the original territory (Ant., xvii, ch. 8, §1), and Cæsar afterward confirmed the will and "made Antipas tetrarch" (War, i, ch. 33, § 7). Besides this testimony a coin exists which distinctly proves the historicity of this tetrarchy. It was struck in the year 33, and reads on the The place of the Baptist's prison was anciently obverse side, "Of Herod the Tetrarch;" and on known as Machærus, but the modern name is the reverse side, "Tiberias," as the capital of the Mkaur (see Bedeker's Palestine, 1876, p. 303). It tetrarchy; obverse, Hpwdov TEтрарxov; reverse, is located in the mountain fastnesses with a deep Τιβερίας. ravine below, on the eastern shore of the Dead 3. Marriages. Herod Antipas was first mar-Sea, between Abarim and Pisgah, not far from the ried to the daughter of Aretas, an Arabian king northern extreme of the sea. It is said that "the of Petræa. Nevertheless he intrigued with He-rock-hewn dungeon was beneath the splendid banrodias, the wife of his half-brother, Philip I, who quet hall" in which the nobility were entertained was a tetrarch of noble standing, in whose house when the swordsman was sent to bring in the Antipas was a guest. The two eloped together, prisoner's head. It was here "in the same mounalthough both were married at the time (Ant., xviii,tains in which Israel sought for the grave of her ch. 5, 1). Now Herodias was granddaughter of first prophet [Moses], was the last prophet [John] Herod the Great and sister of Herod Agrippa I, entombed." and the wife and niece of Herod Philip I.

5. Treacheries. It was now the thirty-ninth

4. John and Antipas. The scandalous con-year of our chronology when Caius Caligula had duct of Herod Antipas and Herodius is cited in the first three gospels in connection with the reproof administered by John the Baptist to Herod Antipas, and is treated quite at large by Josephus (Matt. 14; Mark 6; Luke 9; Ant., xviii, ch. 7, § 1). For John said, "It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother's wife" (Mark 6:18); and Luke adds, "Herod the tetrarch being reproved by him for Herodias, Philip's wife, and for all the evils which he had done, added yet this above all, that he shut up John in prison (3:19, 20).

been for two years upon the imperial throne at Rome. He soon discovered the real character of Herod Antipas. Ascertaining that as tetrarch he was intriguing with a Roman officer of the army named Sejanus, and had been confederating with the king of Parthia against the Roman empire, and had laid in store armors for seventy thousand men of war, Antipas was soon to be called to judgment. Meantime Herodias was most urgent that the tetrarch should go to Rome and make request that he might receive a crown as king. Moreover, he was The first two gospels mention "the daughter extremely jealous of his nephew Herod Agrippa I, of Herodias," but neither gives her name. Jose who had already received a kingdom; a man whom phus says that her name was Salome (Ant., xviii, | Antipas had deeply offended by insulting reflec

HEROD

tions on his condition of poverty before he had had mention that "Archalaus was reigning over Judea royalty bestowed on him. Agrippa was in rela- in the room of his father Herod [the Great]" as tions of intimacy with the emperor, and kept him if he was a king, whereas Archælaus was but an posted as to these movements of his uncle Anti-ethnarch, and his father ruled a kingdom (Matt. pas. At length Antipas unwillingly was con- 2:22). So also Herod Antipas is repeatedly called strained to go to Rome and request that the first a king" in the first two gospels when his prinwill of his father might be granted him by the cipality was merely a tetrarchy (Matt. 14:1, 9; emperor. Herod Agrippa I immediately sent his Mark 6:14, 22-27). Alford says, "Herod was not freedman named Fortunatus to Rome with the king properly, but only a tetrarch." Wescott necessary documents to prove these accusations, states that "he was called king by courtesy." and Agrippa himself followed in a few days to Whedon, that he was so called "in compliance confront Antipas with the facts and proofs in per- with custom;" and Farrar, "It is only popularly son. Antipas was just having his first interview that he is called king." The determining arguwhen Fortunatus entered and handed the letters ment, however, is fatal to all these conjectural at once to the emperor. When Agrippa had also opinions, and is based upon the usus of the word arrived, and all the accusations against Antipas king, at the time the evangelists employed it, and were understood by the emperor, he challenged not in its modern restricted sense. We now apply Antipas to deny the charges preferred of his the term absolutely and exclusively to royalty, but treachery toward the imperial government, in in the time of Augustus and afterward, it was apconfederating with Sejanus, and with Artabanus, plicable not only to a sovereign ruler, but "in a king of Parthia, and the secret storing of arms general and lower sense applied equally to a prince, against himself. The tetrarch could not deny ruler, viceroy, and the like" (Robinson's Greek Diethese accusations, and so confessed his guilt. tionary of the New Testament, on Baoiλɛiç, and also Barihew). The appellation was applied "to a chief, a captain, a judge to a king's son, a prince, or anyone sharing in the government; generally a lord, a master, a householder, and after Augustus, to any great man" (Liddell and Scott's Greek Dictionary, 1883, on Baoiλevç), Josephus (born A. D. 37), who lived in the time of the apostles, confirms this usage when he relates that Herod the Great altered his will, “and therein made Antipas king," when in fact he was merely made tetrarch (War, i, ch. 32, § 7).

6. Antipas Deposed. Thereupon Caligula deprived Herod Antipas of his tetrarchy "and gave it by way of addition to Agrippa's kingdom," confiscated his money, and sent him and his wife into perpetual banishment in Lyons, Gaul (France), and eventually in Spain, where he died (Ant., xviii, ch. 7, § 1, 2; War, ii, ch. 9, § 6). Dion Cassius also relates that "Herod the Palestinian, having given a certain occasion by reason of his brothers [nephew] was banished beyond the Alps, and his estates of the government confiscated to the state" (Book lv, Cæsar Augustus, 27).

7. Jesus and Antipas. It is now in place to consider the relations of our Saviour and this tetrarch during the week of the great crucifixion. It was about six years before Herod Antipas was deposed and exiled. From the time that this Herod had slain the Baptist, this crime had haunted his conscience. When then he heard of the deeds done by Jesus, "he was perplexed, because it was said of some that John had risen from the dead." “And Herod said, John have I beheaded, but who is this of whom I hear such things?" And he said, "This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore mighty works do show forth themselves in him" (Luke 9:7; Matt. 14:2). We find Herod Antipas at Jerusalem when Jesus was before Pilate on trial for his life. When Pilate understood that Jesus was from Galilee, the territory of Antipas, "he sent him to Herod as belonging to his jurisdiction." "And when Herod saw him, he was exceedingly glad; for he was desirous to see him of a long season, because he had heard many things of him, and he hoped to see some miracle done by him." Nevertheless, as Christ did not reply to his questions of curiosity, he was offended, and "Herod with his men of war set him at nought, and mocked him, and arrayed him in gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate. And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together; for before they were at enmity between themselves" (Luke 23:5-12; comp. Acts 4:27).

...

IV. HER'OD PHIL'IP II (B. C. 4-34 A. D.). 1. Philip the Tetrarch. This Herod was also the son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra. He should not be confounded with a half brother of the same name, who was the son of Mariamne, and known as Philip I. By his father's will Philip I was excluded from all government rights on account of the supposed treachery on the part of his mother toward her husband (War, i, ch. 30, $7). He married his niece Herodias, who afterward eloped with her husband's half brother Herod Antipas. Philip I and Herodias had a daughter named Salome, who figured in the death of John the Baptist. Philip II, the tetrarch, married this Salome.

2. Tetrarchy. With characteristic accuracy Luke refers to this "Philip," and is confirmed in all particulars by Josephus and contradicted in none. This Jewish historian of fame gives us definitely the countries included in his tetrarchy. He mentions how Herod the Great by will provided that his own kingdom should be divided between his three sons; Archælaus taking half the territory, as already described, to be ruled as an ethnarchy, and the remaining half to be divided into two parts, to be called tetrarchies, meaning each a fourth part, to be given to the "two sons, Philip [II] and Antipas ;" and that “Batanæa and Trachonitis and Auronitis [i. e., Gaulonitis] and parts of Jamnia . . . were to be made subject to Philip; " under the name of tetrarchy (Ant., xvii, ch. 11, 4; ch. 8, § 1). These regions were located in northeastern Palestine. There is in existence a coin struck by the authority of Philip II, in the

8. Kingship of Antipas. Criticism has found difficulty in understanding how the evangelists