RELIQUIE-REMITTENT FEVER.

REMONSTRANTS-REMOVAL OF PAUPERS.

fever are often accompanied with more or less closely applied to a smooth surface, a vacuum is jaundice, and hence the disease has received the created; and so powerful is this apparatus, that name of bilious remittent fever. It is also known great weights may be dragged by a R.; whilst it as jungle fever, lake fever (from its prevalence on obstinately refuses to let go its hold, and will even the border of the great American lakes); and the submit to be torn in pieces before it does so. The African, Bengal, Levant, Walcheren, and other Common R. of the Mediterranean, and of the similar local fevers, are merely synonyms of the dis- ancients, is a small fish, seldom more than eight ease. In England, the disease is very rare; and when inches long, of a dusky-brown colour. It is found it occurs, it is usually mild. The disease is most in the Atlantic, and occasionally as far north severe in Southern Asia, Western Africa, Central as the British coast. It is frequently seen among America, and the West India Islands.

The first object of treatment is to reduce the circulation during the hot stage. This is done by bleeding, followed by a dose of five grains each of calomel and James's powder, and, after an interval of three or four hours, by a sharp cathartic-as, for instance, the ordinary black draught. On the morning of the following day, the remission will probably be more complete, when quinine, either alone or in combination with the purgative mixture, should be freely and repeatedly administered. A mixture of antimonial wine with acetate of potash should also be given every two or three hours, so as to soften the skin, and increase the action of the kidneys. Sir Ranald Martin-our highest authority in relation to tropical diseases-has directed attention to the fact, that the patient must be carefully watched during the period of convalescence. A timely removal from all malarious influence, by a change of climate or a sea-voyage, is of the highest importance, and is more likely than any other means to prevent fatal relapses into other forms of fever, or into dysentery, which so frequently occur to our troops at stations where miasmatic influences are rife. Although the above sketch of treatment is applicable in most cases, there are some forms of this fever in which blood-letting cannot be borne; and almost every epidemic fever of this kind requires special modifications of treatment. The following data, extracted from a table drawn up by Sir Alexander Tulloch, will give some idea of the frequency of this disease and the variations in intensity:

the other fishes following ships, and often attaches itself by its sucker to some other fish, even of a kind that would make haste to devour it if it could be reached - an instance of which once occurred on the British coast, a R. being taken affixed to a cod often also to the rudder or bottom of a ship. The ancients imagined that it had power to impede or arrest the course of a ship, a fable which continued to be credited till recent times. Thus, it was alleged, was Antony's ship detained from getting soon enough into action in the memorable and decisive battle of Actium. Of what use its power of adhesion is to the R., is matter of mere conjecture. The R. is very palatable. There are about ten known species, some of the tropical ones much larger than the Common Remora. One of them is said, on the authority of Commerson, to be used on the coasts of Mozambique for the curious purpose of catching turtles. A ring is fixed round its tail, with a long cord, and the fish, placed in a vessel of sea-water, is carried out in a boat; the fishermen row gently towards a sleeping turtle, and throw the R. towards it, which seldom fails immediately to affix itself, when the cord is drawn in, and the turtle becomes an easy prey.

kind of salad-dressing, consisting of the yolks of REMOULADE, a term in Cookery for a fine two eggs, boiled hard; flour of mustard, about a teaspoonful, rubbed up with three or four tablespoonfuls of oil; when they are thoroughly incorporated, add two tablespoonfuls of vinegar and a little pepper, and other flavouring materials according to taste. It is much used in making the salad called Mayonnaise.

REMOVAL OF GOODS by a tenant of a house to prevent the landlord distraining or seizing them in payment of rent, is attended with this consequence if the rent is already due, and not merely current rent, then, if a tenant fraudulently or clandestinely remove the goods from the premises, the landlord may, within 30 days thereafter, take and seize these goods wherever they are found, and sell them, by way of payment of his rent. If the tenant remove the goods the day before the rent becomes due, the landlord cannot so follow the goods. Whoever assists the tenant to remove his goods fraudu lently, forfeits to the landlord double the value of the goods removed.

to

REMO'NSTRANTS. See ARMINIUS. RE'MORA, or SUCKING-FISH (Echeneis), a genus of fishes which Cuvier placed among the Discoboli (q. v.), but which constitutes an entire family, Echeneida, near the Scombrida, among Acanthopteri. Their chief relation to the Disco- REMOVAL OF PAUPERS, in the law of boli, indeed, is in the possession of a sucker, by England, is the technical term applied to the comwhich to affix themselves to objects of various pulsory removal of paupers from a parish in which kinds; but the sucker itself is very different. The they have become destitute, to the parish of their remoras have an elongated body, covered with settlement, and which, therefore, is bound very sinall scales; one soft-rayed dorsal fin, situated maintain them. The right of parochial officers to above the anal fin; the head flattened, and covered remove paupers in such circumstances has long with an elongated disc extending back beyond it, been considered as one of doubtful wisdom, and which is the sucker; the mouth large, with numer- the propriety of continuing it has latterly been ous small recurved teeth on both jaws, the vomer, much discussed. As the law stands, wherever a and the tongue. The sucker-disc exhibits numerous person becomes destitute in a parish in which he transverse cartilaginous laminæ directed backwards, was not born, or in which he has not acquired a and has a free flexible broad margin. These lamina Settlement (q. v.), as it is called, the overseers may are formed by modification of the spinous processes of apply to a justice of the peace at once to remove him a first dorsal fin. They are moved simultaneously by to his own parish. In such a case, notice must be sets of muscles raising or depressing them, and when given by the removing parish to the parish of settlethey are raised after the margin of the disc has been ment, so that the latter may oppose the proceeding;

REMOVING OF TENANTS-REMUSAT.

and this gives rise to frequent litigation, for the views. Among his earlier political essays, the most point turns on the antecedent history of the pauper, important are Sur la Responsabilité des Ministères; or it may be of the pauper's father or grandfather. Sur la Liberté de la Presse; Sur la Procédure par The right of removing paupers is as old as 13 Charles II. At first, it was in the power of the overseers, whenever a poor person came into the parish who was likely to become chargeable, to apply for a warrant to remove him after forty days. But this was thought too great a restriction on the natural liberty of poor persons to go where they like in the hope of bettering themselves, and the power of removal was restricted to cases where they have already become actually destitute, and apply for relief. Even that limitation was thought to be too oppressive on the poor man; and by a statute of 1846, whenever a poor man had lived in any parish, where he had no settlement previously, for five years, it was not allowed to remove him thereafter at all, but the expense of his maintenance fell upon the common fund of the union. By a later statute of 1862, this period was reduced to three years, and he is now irremovable not only if he has lived three years in a parish not his own, but in any one union; so that now the removability of paupers is greatly checked, and made less oppressive.

REMOVING OF TENANTS, in Scotch Law, is the giving up of possession by a tenant after the expiry of his lease or term. There must have been a previous notice to quit, or warning, before a tenant can be compelled to remove, and this notice is forty days before Whitsunday; i. e., before 15th May. If there is no express stipulation in the lease binding the tenant to remove at the end of the lease, then the landlord must give warning, which he does by summons of removing in the Sheriff Court; and if the tenant do not punctually remove, decree of removal may be obtained. If there is a stipulation to remove, then that is equivalent to a decree of removing, and a sheriff-officer, with a written authority from the landlord, can remove the tenant by force. In England, no notice to quit is necessary on either side if the lease was for a definite term; but if it was indefinite, then it is treated as a lease from year to year, and half a year's notice to quit must be given by the landlord. If, however, the tenant wrongfully refuse to quit, there is in most cases no summary mode of ejecting him, and an action of ejectment is necessary.

Jurés en Matière Criminelle (1820); and Sur les Amendements à la Loi des Elections (1820). On the establishment of the Globe in 1824, R. became one of its most indefatigable contributors, and his name appears in the list of journalists who signed the protest against the fatal ordonnances' of the minister Polignac, which brought about the July revolution. After 1830, R. entered the French chambers as deputy of Muret in the Haute Garonne, representing it till 1848. He supported the ministry of Casimir Périer, was for a brief period Undersecretary of State (1836) in that of Comte Molé; and in 1840, when the government passed into the hands of Thiers, R. was made Minister of the Interior, but soon resigned the office. After the flight of Louis Philippe, he continued a member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, and was a warm supporter of the party of order. He was exiled (like so many other of the best men in France) after the coup d'état of Louis Napoleon, but subsequently received permission to return to France, and has since devoted himself to the serener pursuits of literature and philosophy. For more than 20 years, he has been a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, where his clear, logical, and vivid style is well known. Among his philosophical efforts are his Essai sur la Nature du Pouvoir; Essais de Philosophie (Paris, 2 vols. 1842); Abelard (2 vols. 1845); Passé et Présent, Mélanges (2 vols. 1847); Saint Anselme de Cantorbéry (1852); Bacon, sa Vie, son Temps (1858).

REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL, a distinguished Chinese scholar, was born at Paris, 5th September 1788, studied medicine, and took his diploma in 1813; but as early as 1811, had published an Essai sur la Langue et la Littérature Chinoises, the fruit of five years' arduous work. In 1813, the conscription seized him, but, instead of being compelled to serve as a common soldier, he was appointed assistantsurgeon in the Paris military hospitals, and was subsequently intrusted with the charge of feverpatients at the hospital Montaigu. In the midst of his arduous and harassing professional duties, he found time to prepare for the press his Uranographie Mongole, and Dissertation sur la Nature Monosyllabique attribuée communément à la Langue Chinoise.

Of the

RE'MSCHEID, a manufacturing town of Prussia, he was at liberty to devote himself entirely to At last, however, the day came when occupies a height of 1110 feet above sea-level, in the Sinological studies. The Abbé Montesquiou, Minigovernment of Düsseldorf, and 18 miles east-south-ster of the Interior during the first Restoration of east of the city of that name. Originally a villa, it the Bourbons, instituted a chair of Chinese at the was in possession of a church as early as 1189. It College de France, and R. was named professor, contained several iron-foundries in 1580, in which 9th November, 1814. He delivered a splendid inpig-iron was worked into bars by hand. Its iron augural address in January, 1815, an analysis of trade and manufactures were advanced by the which appeared in the Moniteur of 1st February, immigration of numbers of artisan Refugees (q. v.). executed by Silvestre de Sacy himself. It carries on extensive manufactures of iron wares, numerous works that he wrote subsequent to this cutlery, &c., which are exported to all parts of the period, we may mention Recherches sur les Langues world. Pop. (1867) 19,956. Tartares (1820), a work in some sort preparatory to REMUSAT, CHARLES, COMTE DE, a French his Eléments de la Grammaire Chinoise (1822), the philosopher and politician, son of Auguste Laurent, grandest monument of the vast Sinological erudition Comte de Remusat, a Provençal gentleman of some and labour of Remusat. Another of his important note, who held various public offices during the philological productions was his Recherches first Empire and after the Restoration, was born at Origine et la Formation de l'Ecriture Chinoise Paris, 14th March 1797, and studied with brilliant (1827). Although acquainted,' says M. Walckenaer, success at the Lycée Napoléon. He made his with several of the most difficult languages political début in 1818 as a Doctrinaire journalist, of Asia, and with almost all the ancient and allying himself closely with Guizot, who, he con- modern languages of Europe, he regarded such fessed, had exercised a greater influence on the knowledge as only a means to an end... . In a formation of nis opinions than any other; but he crowd of treatises, dissertations, critical analyses, subsequently withdrew from this connection, and and translations, either published as separate works became more independently liberal, though he or inserted in Mémoires, he has endeavoured to always remained temperate and prudent in his embrace everything relating to the nations whom he

sur

REMY-RENAISSANCE.

proposed to make known. Religious beliefs, philosophical systems, natural history, geography, political revolutions, the origins of races, biography, literature, manners, habits, and customs-he has treated all in an equally masterly style.' Among the works of R. which illustrate this éloge of M. Walckenaer are his Etude Historique sur la Médecine des Chinois; Tableau Complet des Connaissances des Chinois en Histoire Naturelle (unfinished); Sur la Pierre Iu (a curiously learned disquisition on a crowd of historical questions and religious rites); Notice sur la Chine et ses Habitants (in which the author treats of the extent, administration, manners, commerce, &c., of China); Sur l'Extension de Empire Chinois en Occident depuis le Premier Siècle avant Jésus-Christ jusqu'à nos Jours, a work that has thrown much light on the interesting question: Who were the barbarians that overthrew the Roman empire? R., in particular, paid great attention to the religions of China, except, strange to say, that of Confucius. He was the first to make known in Europe the life and opinions of the philosopher Laou-Tsze, head of the religious sect Taou-tsé, and wrote numerous works, more or less valuable, on the history of Buddhism. A list of his various works is given in the article Remusat,' in the Nouvelle Biographie Générale, to which we are chiefly indebted for our information. In 1818, R. became one of the editors of the Journal des Savants; in 1822 he founded the Société Asiatique of Paris, of which he was perpetual secretary; in the following year, he was chosen a member of the Asiatic Societies of London and of Calcutta; and in 1824, he was appointed curator of the Oriental Department in the Bibliothèque Royale. He died of cholera at Paris, 4th June 1832, at the early age of 44.

REMY, or REMI, ST (Lat. Remigius), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, was born of a noble family of Laon, in Picardy, in the year 438 or 439. He was appointed, against his will, at the early age of 22, to the bishopric of Rheims, and his episcopate is memorable for the conversion of Clovis, who was baptised by Remy. It was on occasion of this ceremony that, contrasting our Lord and his cross with the idols whom Clovis had hitherto adored, R. used the words which afterwards became almost epigrammatic: Adore henceforward what thou hast hitherto burned, and burn that which thou hast adored.' R. lived to see Gaul almost entirely Christianised, and died in his 93d or 94th year in 533. Some of his letters are preserved in the Bibliotheca Patrum, as also two documents under the title of Testamenta, the genuineness of which has been the subject of a curious controversy.

buildings, and thus originated a style similar to, though diverse from, that of Italy.

The Italian buildings were chiefly churches, St Peter's being the great model. In France (as in the other countries north of the Alps), the stock of churches was more than was required. The grand domestic buildings of Florence and Rome were actually needed for defence, and were founded in design on the old medieval castles, which the nobles occupied within the cities. The domestic architecture of France is rather taken from the luxurious residences of the monks, and although very graceful in outline and in detail, its buildings want the force and grandeur of the Italian palaces.

In the French Renaissance, so much are the old Gothic forms and outline preserved, that the buildings of Francis I. might, at a short distance, be mistaken for Gothic designs, although, on nearer approach, all the details are found to be imitated from the classic. Such are the palaces of Chambord

RENAISSANCE, the name given to the style of art, especially architecture, in Europe, which succeeded the Gothic, and preceded the rigid copyism of the classic revival in the first half of the present century. Under the heading ITALIAN ARCHITECITAE we have traced the rise and progress of the Renaissance in the country of its birth. The spread of classical literature during the 15th and 16th cen- From the middle of the 16th to the middle of the turies created a taste for classic architecture in 17th c., a style prevailed which may be said to have every country in Europe. France, from her proxi- combined all the defects of the Renaissance. It was mity and constant intercourse with Italy, was the neither classic nor Gothic. It had no principles first to introduce the new style north of the Alps. of construction or decoration save the individual Francis I. invited Italian artists to his court during caprice of the designer. This style, usually known the first half of the 16th century. The most distin- as that of the time of Henry IV., is the basest which gnished of these were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto has been adopted in France, and has no redeeming Cellini, Primaticcio, and Serlio. These artists qualities. It may be distinguished by the constant introduced Italian details, and native architects use of meaningless pilasters, broken entablatures, applied them to the old forms to which they were curved, and contorted cornices, architraves, &c., all accustomed, and which suited the purposes of their applied so as to conceal rather than to mark and

RENAISSANCE.

dignify the real uses of the features of the buildings. In the Madeleine, for instance, a pure peripteral The palace of the Tuileries shews well all the temple is taken as the object to be reproduced, and above defects. From this debased and meaningless