Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense ReactionsVaclav Vetvicka, P. Sima Birkhäuser, 6 déc. 2012 - 201 pages At present, we do not fully understand at what stage of the evolution of living matter the first traces of defense reactions occurred. We even do not fully understand how and why immune systems reached their contem porary state in advanced vertebrates and man. It may be expected that in the near future these questions will be answered by comparative and develop mental biology. Together with an extraordinary explosion of our knowledge about immunity of mammals including man, an increase in the interests concerning origin and development of immune mechanisms at lower stages of the phylogeny can be observed. The search for simple types of immune mechanisms in less complex but still evolutionary successful animals is promising and may contribute to better understanding of highly complex immune adaptive responses in mammals. It is important to note that comparative and evolutionary immunology differs greatly from other branches of biomedical science. Apart from immunology and molecular biology, a specialist in this discipline has to be familiar with every detail of taxonomy, comparative anatomy, physiology, embryology, and even with the phyletic relationships of animals. Probably no monography could deal with the entire animal kingdom, because, in many cases, the insights into questions about immune mecha nisms of many animal groupings or phyla, and their possible evolutionary implications, are unknown or just now beginning to take shape. For the moment, our knowledge on such matters relies upon reconstructions of ideas that we have deduced from studies on members of relative taxa. |
Table des matières
1 | |
Animals at the cellaggregate body organization | 9 |
Insecta | 17 |
Diblastic animals | 19 |
Annelida | 26 |
Arthropoda | 41 |
Crustacea | 48 |
Hemopoietic structures and their possible relevance to immunity | 57 |
Deuterostomes | 84 |
Conclusions | 94 |
ChordatesUrochordata | 100 |
ChordatesVertebratesAgnatha | 114 |
ChordatesVertebratesChondrichthyes | 123 |
ChordatesVertebrates Osteichthyes | 142 |
General conclusions | 187 |
References | 66 |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
Acad activity agglutination agglutinins allogeneic allografts amino acid amoebocytes animals annelids antibacterial antibody antigen arthropods ascidian bacteria Bilej Biochem Biol blood cells body Bull carp catfish cDNA cell types cellular immunity characterization clones coelenterates coelomic coelomic fluid coelomocytes Comp complement coral CRC Press cytotoxic defensins E.L. Cooper earthworms echinoderms Eisenia foetida encapsulation erythrocytes evolution evolutionary factor Fänge fish function gene granulocytes hagfish hemocytes hemolymph Hildemann histocompatibility horseshoe crab humoral immunity immune reactions immune response immunoglobulin Immunol immunological induced insect Invertebrate isolated kidney lamprey lectin leukocytes Limulus polyphemus Lumbricus terrestris lymphocytes lymphoid macrophages mammalian mechanisms membrane molecular molecules molluscs opsonic opsonins Pathol peptides phagocytic phagocytosis Phylogeny Physiol plasma protein Raftos rainbow trout Ratcliffe receptor recognition Rejnek Rinkevich Roch role sequence shark Síma Söderhäll species spleen structures studies thymus tion tissue Transplantation Tučková tunicate Valembois vertebrates Větvička vitro xenografts Zapata Zool