vantage to mankind. The portraits of the two Stephensons, especially of the elder, show that they were built for strong work-manly, English faces, full of force and thought. And this admirable record of their lives. by one well-fitted to write them, will give instruction and stimulus to all engaged in like self-denying labors. "The engine-wright of Killingworth, of the name of Stephenson," as Dr. Paris described him in 1831, in his "Life of Sir Humphrey Davy," made our railways what they are, however little we think of him in our daily travels. The work is brought out in a solid and handsome form. Essays on the Prospects of Nations in Civilization. Productive Industry, Wealth and Population. Illustrated by Statistics of Mining. Agriculture, Manufacture, Commerce. Banking. Internal Improvements, Emigration and Population. By EZRA C. SEAMAN. Second Series. New York: Scribner & Co. 1868. The tite of this work indicates its main scope. It is a compilation of great research and industry, and invaluable to all who wish to study the statistics of civilization. The influence of climate and external circumstances upon the character and history of nations has been worked up with special care. We know of no other work which so well fills just its place. The most recent statistics, so far as practicable, have been used.

The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relation to the Ili tory of Slavery and to the Government of Clonies. By ARTHUR HELPS. 4 vols. New York: Harper & Bros., 1856-1868. This important and valuable historical work is now completed by the publication of the fourth volume, supplemented by a life of Las Casas by the same author, recently published in London, of whom there is also a good account in Vol. 2 of this work. Of the Spanish Conquests in America, and of the introduction of Slavery into the continent, it furnishes by far the best history which we have; thongh the author (vol. iv. p. 407) modestly "looks forward with hope to some great historian arising, who, devoting his life to the history of the New World-will make all the other histories that have been written upon this subject appear poor and fragmentary." His object has been to describe the intermingling of races. the progress of slavery, the modes of Spanish colonization; and to give a full account of the fate of conquered Indians, and of the Africans, introduced as slaves. How the Spanish colonization of this continent arose and was developed is fully described: and why it did not succeed is also indicated by the narrative. It was an attempt to impose Spanish laws and usages upon a new condition of things for which they were essentially unfitted. It tried to govern a new country simply in the interest of an old country. It tried to subject a race, instead of developing it. This must always be a fatal policy--to one or the other of the parties concerned, if not to both.

The Dutch Reformation: a History of the Struggle in the Netherlands for Civil and Religious Liberty, in the Sixteenth Century. By W. CARLOS MARTYN. Am. Tract Society, New York. Mr. Martyn is already well known by his. works on the "English Puritans," "The Huguenots." etc. He writes in an effective and popular style, and in hearty sympathy with the principles of the Great Reformation. His history of the Dutch Reformation is equal, in some respects superior. to his previous volumes, showing a diligent use of all the accessible documents (which are carefully referred to throughout the volume, and a rare faculty of depicting the results of his investigation in a graphic narrative. His method and style improve with each successive work. His compact volume is an excellent summary of the heroic struggles, and the main results of the Dutch Reformation.

GENERAL LITERATURE.

English Past and Present. Eight Lectures. Ey R. C. TRENCH, D. D., Archbishop of Dublin. Sixth Edition, revised and improved. New York: Ch. Scribner & Co., 1868. Many will still recall the zest with which they read these lectures on their first appearance-as opening up to them, in a popular way, almost a new conception of the growth of our language. Since then, we

have more philosophical and critical works, in some respects more accurate, but none of greater interest or better for general use.

Reminiscences of European Travel. By ANDREW P. PEABODY. New York: Hard & Houghton. This is a charming book of travel. It is made up of letters written at the time, slightly altered for the Lowell Institute. Everything is simple. fresh, and to the point, telling us just what we want to hear about, and so telling it, that, when we have seen or heard the same. we are all the more interested. It is a good thing to go through England, France, Italy, Switzerlund and parts of Germany, in company with so wise, genial and instructive a companion.

Scotia's Bards the Choice Productions of the Scottish Poets, with Biographical Illustrations. New York: Robert Carter & Bros., 1869. This new edition of a favorite volume, brought out in elegant typography and with fitting illustrations, will be welcomed by very many, not only as an appropriate gift-book for the season, but also as an excellent and enduring collection of some of the best specimens of Scotia's Bards, made with good judgment, and enriched by simple, yet appropriate biographical notices. The editor has done his work well. More than sixty of Scotland's poets are here represented, in some of their best productions. Many of the pieces are in the national dialect, of which Lord Jeffrey rightly says, "The Scotch is not to be considered as a provincial dialect-the vehicle only of rustic vulgarity and rude local humor. It is the language of a whole country, 1ng an in lependent kingdom, and still separate in laws, character and manners." The Scotch is, in reality, a highly poetical language; it is an ignorant, as well as an illiberal prejudice, which would seek to confound it with the barbarous dialects of Yorkshire or DeVon."

Madame Thérèse; or the Volunteers of '92. By MM. ERCKMANN CHATRIAN. Translated from the 13th Edition With Ten fill-page Illustrations. Third thousand. New York: Scribaer & Co., 1869. The novels of these twin authors are certainly admirable, for their simplicity, fidelity, moral tone and delinestion. They are" realistic" in the best sense: superior, in every artistic and historic respect, to the Mühlbach series, which has proved so popular in this country. War, as it effects common life, is faithfully portrayed. The translation is excellent.

Lyra Sacra Americana, or Gems from American Sacred Poetry. By Cнs. D. CLEVELAND. New York: Scribner & Co. This collection is made with skill and discrimination. It is a useful supplement to our hymnological literature. enriched with notes and biographical details by the editor. The Literary Churchman, London, not apt to praise American books, says, that "this volume contains a certain proportion of pieces which rise altogether above the average, and ought to be domesticated in England among our standard hymns and poems. "The gem of all these hymns is Ray Palmer's 'My faith looks up to thee;" it also quotes in full his "Come, Holy Ghost, in love," and says, that "excepting the Vini Crestor, and Faber's Holy Ghost, come down upon thy children," it hardly knows of any hyma, addressed to the Holy Ghost, "equal So that."

Constance Aylmer; A Story of the Seventeenh Century. B. H. F. P., New York: Scribner & Co. The author of this volume, named only by initials, now living in the West, has produced a work alike creditable to her imagination, Christian feeling and historic insight. The early days of Manhattan are portrayed with a fidelity which betrays study of the sources of history. The narrative and plot are well conducted, and will interest all readers. The coloring of the times is on the whole well maintained. After the manner of the Schönberg-Cotta narratives, it combines the religious and the historical, with no slight degree of

success.

Trave's and Adventures in South and Central America. First Series. Life in the Llanos of Venezuela. By Don Ramon Paez. New York: Scribner &

Co. 1868. The first edition of this work was published under the title "Wild Scenes in South America." The author was stimulated, while yet a student, to prepare for, and to write it, by the writings of Von Humboldt and of Chs. Waterton. An introductory Address, in this revised edition, "To Young America," followed by an interesting account of Venezuela, as it now is, sets forth, in some aspects, the relations of North to South America. The bulk of the work is devoted to explorations and adventures, chiefly in comparatively unexplored regions, which arrest attention and have often the charm of novelty. It is a decidedly interesting work, and is fully illustrated.

Adventures in the Apache Country: a Tour through Arizona and Sonora, with Notes on the Silver Regions of Nevada. By J. Ross Browne. Illustrated by the Author. New York: Harper & Bros. 1869. All who wish to become acquainted with the physical traits and resources of our Western Territories will be interested and aided by the picturesque narrative of Mr. Ross Browne. The illustrations are spirited---occasionally exaggerated. Mr. Brown is certainly a most entertaining reporter of travels in out-of-the-way places and

scenes.

Wild Life under the Equator. Narrated for Young People. By Paul de Chaillu. With numerous Engravings. New York: Harpers. 1869. An account, simply yet earnestly told, of the author's adventures in Africa. In the way of natural history aud equatorial adventure, it will both instruct and stimulate the youthful imagination. It is brought out in a superior style of printing and illustration.

ART. XIV. THEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. GERMANY.

RECENT GERMAN WORKS.

Meister Eckhart, der Mystiker: zur Geschichte der religiösen Speculation in Deutschland; von Adolf Lasson. The author of this monograph has spent many years in the study of the German mystics, and is the author of the valuable section in Ueberweg's History of Philosophy, respecting this objecis. He has done a great service to the public in this work. An introduction on the nature and value of mysticism, contains many just and valuable remarks; then follows a sketch of Eckhart's life. The body of the work describes his views on 1, the Soul; 2, Being (das Wesen) and its Revelation; 3, the Union of the Soul with God; 4, Moral Life; 5 Revelation and the Church.

Cremer, Biblisch-theologishes Wörterbuch der Neutestamentlichen Gräcitat This is a valuable work in the department of New Testament exegesis; it will soon be brought out in a translation at Edinburgh. The author does not atattempt complete lexicon of the New Testament, but merely to give the words that are either peculiar to the New Testament, or which have a peculiar New Tesaament signification. He traces the history of each word, from its root, through classic Greek, the Septuagint and Hellenistic Greek and shows its distinctive and varied New Testament use. It ought to be in the hands of every student of the New Testament.

Weiss, Lehrbuch der Biblische Theologie des Neuen Test. A valuable work full of interesting matter, from a satisfactory standpoint. He differs from Neander and his school in several important points; 1, In excluding the life of Jesus from his investigation; 2, in restricting himself to the variety of New Testament doctrine and not attempting to give up the unity. The latter especially is a great defect. His own scheme is as follows:

I. Doctrine of Jesus according to the earliest traditions. The first three Gospels in part; John's Gospel must come under the doctr ne of John.

II. The original Apostolical Type of Doctrine previous to Paul. 1, The discourses of the Acts; 2, 1 Peter, 3, James.

III. Pauline Type of Doctrine. 1, The discourses in the Acts. 2, The four great doctrinal and polemical Apostles. 3, The minor Epistles, written during Paul's imprisonment. 4, The Pastoral Epistles.

IV. The original Apostolic Doctrine after Paul, 1, Hebrews. 2, Peter, Jude. 3, Apocalypse. 4, First three Gospels.

V. Theology of John: his Gospels and Epistles.

Friedrich Schleiermacher; Ein Lebens and Charakterbild, von Dr. Schenkel. The centenary of Schleiermacher has brought out a rich and varied literature concerning this theologian. Among these, this book is one of the most pretentious. Schenkel professes to be a disciple of Schleiermacher and strives to use his name in the interests of the Protest int Association. Luther's, Calvin's and Schleiermacher's, and even that of Jesus appear often in Schenkel's books, but when we notice that to him the essential principle of Christiantty is the ethical principle, we can regard his use of the names of Luther and Schleiermacher as no more true than his "Characterbild Jesu." Schenkel is no disciple of Schleiermacher, who gave to religion and theology a positive tendency, rested in the vital faith of the Reformation, and this tendency his faithful disciples have carried out until they have obtained a higher standpoint than their master. Schenkel has a lower and more unsatisfactory standpoint than Schleiermacher. There is more of Schenkel than of Schleiermachr in this Charakterbild.

Die christliche Lehre von der göttlichen Gnade;” Erster und allgemeine Theil; M. F. KUHN. Ths work by a Roman Catholic theologian, Prof. in Tubingen, is important; it is a continuation of his previous labors in the department of dogmatics. He has already published, Vol. i, Introduction his Catholic Dogmatics; Vol. ii, The general Doctrine of God; Vol. iii, Doctrine of the Trinity. He now proposes to discuss the body of doctrine under the head of the Divine Grace. This Vol. presents the original-divine Grace of God, as a Creator; the second Part will treat of the divine Grace of God as a Redeemer. The chief theological problem discussed in Part I. is the original condition of man in Eden. The Roman Catholic theologians are agreed against the SemiAugustinians, Bajus and Jansenius, and the Protestants, that the justitia originalis is a domum mere grauitum et supernaturale (naturæ super additum). The earlier and later scholastics differ thus: Thomas Aquinas, and the earlier divines, distinguish merely the status naturæ integra from the status gratia, while the later, Cajetan, Sanchez, etc., distinguish the notura pura (defectiva), the natura integra (perfecta) and the antura elevata [i. e. in finem supernaturalem], both the latter being gits of divine grace. The natura elevata is à donum gratuitum to complete the natural perfection of man; the natura elevata is a domum gratiæ gratum facsentis or sanctificantis to complete the supernatural perlection of man. The author regards the view of the later scholastics as a corruption of the pure Catholic doctrine, although he would not exclade them from church orthodoxy, "Geschichte des Alten Testaments in der christlichen Kirche, von Ludwig Diestel, Professor in Jena. The author has ably accomplished his purpose, and produced a work of great value, giving a complete view of the literature of the Old Testament in the Christian church, with careful and generally just critieisms. The book is written from a fair standpoint and in a good spirit, and is invaluable to students of the Old Testament. He closes with ths principles which are historically and critically justified in the use of the Old Testament. The dogmatic point of view is included because it contains its results already in itself; also, the tradi ional, which does not attempt investigation; while the theosophic presents a distorted combination of the philosophic, historic and the religious principles. The principles that are here applicable are, (1) the nati nal. This carried to a false extreme is the Ethnic, which puts Israel only on the same level with other nations. (2.) The philosophico-historic, which may be perverted into Naturalism, which does not regard Christianity as the abso lute religion; but, from the standpoint of Dualism, Deism and Pantheism, judges of the worth of the religious character of Israel. (3.) The pure religious principle which may be carrie to the opposite extremes of Judaism by neglecting criticism from a genuine Christian standpoint, or to Docetism by

a denial of all human coöperation. The true theological method is found partly as the consummation and mingling of the three principles---partly as the consequent accomplishment of each principle according to its proper intrinsic merit. In the proper use of all the factors the one-sided contradictions

vanish.

"Einleitung in die Monumentale Theologie," von Dr. Ferdinand Piper. Gotha. 1867. pp. 910. The object of this very learned end elaborate volume is, as the author says, to show that the monuments of the church deserve a place among the records of historic theology, and that they also form a special department of theological science. This volume gives the idea and divisions, the history and literature of what the author calls monumental theology. It begins with the New Testament, where the germ of all theological sciences is to be found, and comes down to our times. The whole is divided into three great divisions, each of which is again subdivided into sections and periods Professor Piper is just the man for this branch of theology, as he is at the head of the patristic and archæological exercises in the Christian Museum of the Berlin University. For these exercises this volume is intended to be a basis, giving a full and accurate account of the sources of this branch of science, and supplementing those essays, which appeared from year to year in his "Evangel Kalender. The want of such a manual, felt long ago, is now satisfied in such a manner, that none who read this volume will lay it asile without becoming deeply interested in this branch of theology. The twentieth volume of Prof. Piper's "Kalender" has also just appeared, full of curious and learned matter.

Theologische Studien und Kritiken. Heft I. 1869. Prof. Weiss, Studies in the Apocalypse; Diaconus H. Weiss. Outlines of the Doctrine of Salvation as taught by Jesus,-in the first three gospels. Baxmann on Hermann Von Reichenau. Tholuck, on the Doctrine of the Lord's Supper in the Recent Lutheran Theology. Krümmel on John Drändorf; Reviews of Zahn's Marcellus, of Ancyza, by Möller; of Kritzler's Humanism and Christianity, (an able work,) by Richter; and of Knaake's new edition of the works of Staupitz (long needed) by Bindseil.

Zeitschrift f. d. Historische Theologie. Heft I. 1869. This number contains only one article—but a learned and valuable one-by Prof. W. Preger, of Munich, on the "Preliminaries to a H story of the German Mysticism in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries."

Jahrbücher f. deutsche Theologie. Heft IV. 1868. H. Schmidt on the Eschatology in its Relations to the System of Theology and to the Christian Life; Wieseler on the newly discovered "Assumption of Moses" (from a codex rescriptus in the Ambrosian Library of Milan, published first by Ceriani, and reedited by Hilgenfeld, in his “Nov. Test. extra Canonem Receptum," 1866, and again by Volkmar, in 1867). Dr. Wieseler examines this new and curious work with critical acumen, and effectually refutes the partial and skeptical conclusions of Volkmar; Steitz, The Doctrine of the Eucharist in the Greek Church,-the conclusion of his elaborate investigations, in seven articles,-altogether the best discussion of this subject; Lipsius, on Tertullian's work against Praxeas; with careful reviews of some of the most important and recent theological works, by competent critics. This periodical now stands at the head of the German theological reviews.

Historische Zeitschrift. Edited by von Sybel. 1868. Nos. 2 and 3. The Swiss in the Russian Campaign of 1812; H. Nissen, The present state of the History of the Roman Empire,-a review of the recent works of Peter and Richter; A. Flegler, on the recent authors upon the History of Hungary,-article third; Gustav Cohen, the State of the Laboring Classes in the fourteenth century,-with reference to Prof. Rogers' (Univ.