CHESTER-CHESTERFIELD. of the lymphatic system of vessels, by which the chyle and lymph are discharged into the blood. The very great importance of these parts to life, and their great liability to deranged action, renders the C. the seat of a large proportion of the diseases which afflict humanity, and especially of those which end in death. Indeed, of the three organs which the great physiologist, Bichat, called the 'tripod of life-viz., the brain, heart, and lungsthe C. contains two; hence its condition in almost all diseases, and especially in fatal diseases, is an object of the utmost solicitude to the physician. The diseases of the C. depend in some cases on alterations in its form, as by Rickets (q. v.) and other diseases affecting the bones in early childhood or in youth, as by too tight lacing in girls. The lungs and air-tubes are subject to a great variety of diseases, among which the principal are consumption or phthisis pulmonalis, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis or pulmonary catarrh. The heart is subject to pericarditis, endocarditis, and chronic organic disease of the valves, as well as to enlargement (hypertrophy), dilatation, and degenerations of its muscular texture. The aorta, or great artery, is often affected with degeneration of its walls, and occasionally with aneurism. The great veins are liable to over-distention, and to obstruction by tumours or by coagulation of the contained blood. The thoracic duct is also sometimes obstructed by external pressure; and the œsophagus has a number of diseases usually described in connection with the alimentary canal. Most of the diseases here referred to are described either under special articles, or under LUNGS and HEART. The examination of the C. by physicians is now conducted not only by an investigation of the symptoms or obvious characters of the disease, but by a minute and elaborate examination into the physical condition of the contained organs by means of Auscultation (q. v.), Percussion (q. v.), Measurement, &c. The application of these methods is too complicated and technical for explanation in detail, but their results will be shortly alluded to incidentally in the articles above referred to on the diseases of the chest. The name of Laennec (q. v.) will be | long remembered in medicine as that of a great original observer, who has contributed more than any other to the progress of knowledge in this de partment. CHESTER, an ancient and episcopal city, municipal and parliamentary borough, and river-port, the capital of Cheshire, on the right bank of the Dee, 22 miles from the mouth of its estuary, 16 miles south-east of Liverpool. It stands on rocky sandstone height, and is mostly enclosed in an oblong quadrangle of ancient walls, 7 or 8 feet thick, nearly 2 miles in circuit, and with 4 gates, and now forming a promenade with parapets, where two persons can walk abreast. The two main streets cross each other at right angles, and were cut out of the rock by the Romans 4 to 10 feet below the level of the houses. The houses in these streets are curiously arranged: the front parts of their second stories, as far back as 16 feet, form a continuous paved promenade or covered gallery, open in front where there are pillars and steps up from the street below, with private houses above, inferior shops and warehouses below, and the chief shops of the town within. This arrangement, called the rows,' together with the ancient walls, and the half-timbered construction of many of the houses, with quaintly carved ornamented gables of the 16th c., render C. perhaps the most picturesque city in England. C. cathedral is an irregular massive structure of crumbling sandstone, 375 by 200 feet, with a tower of 127 feet. It was formerly the church of the abbey of St Werburgh, and for 650 years was one of the richest in England. St. John's Church, now partially in ruins, is supposed to have been founded by Ethelred in 698. The Dee is crossed by a stone arch of 200 feet span, the largest stone arch that has been built. The barracks contain nearly 30,000 stand of arms. The C. railway station is the centre of six important railways, and is one of the largest and finest in the kingdom. C. has manufactures of white-lead, sheet-lead, lead-pipes, and patent-shot. The chief exports are cheese, copper, cast iron, and coal. C. has many charitable and religious institutions, is the abode of many wealthy families, and has long been noted for its races. Pop. (1881) 40,342. C. returns two members to parliament. In 1869, 2885 vessels, of 166,127 tons, entered and cleared the port, but the silting up of the mouth of the Dee is against the shipping trade. C. was Devana Castra, or Colonia Devana, an important Roman station, and has yielded many Roman remains-as masonry, coins, inscriptions, fibulæ, altars, a hypocaust, and a statue of Pallas. C. was only in 828 taken by the Saxous from the Britons. Its strength made it a refuge against the descents of the Danes and Northmen, but the Danes took it in 894. Ethelfrida retook it in 904, and rebuilt the walls. From the Norman Conquest to the time of Henry III., the Earls of Chester had their own courts and parliaments at C., with 8 subfeudatories and the superiors of the great religious, houses, Cheshire being then a county palatine. Henry III. made his eldest son Earl of Chester, a title held since by the Prince of Wales. Llewelyn ravaged C. in 1255. The 25 famous C. mysteries or religious plays by Randle a monk (1250-1260), were acted in the church. After a long siege, the parliamentary forces defeated those of Charles I. at C., and took the city. Pearson and Porteus were bishops of Chester. Trinity Church contains the remains of Matthew Henry, the biblical commentator. The commerce of C. has steadily declined since the rise of Liverpool. CHESTERFIELD, a municipal borough in Derbyshire, near the Hipper and Rother rivulets, 24 miles north-north-east of Derby by rail. There are manufactures of leather, silk, lace, earthenware, and machinery; and there are several blastingfurnaces in the neighbourhood. The manufactures are increasing rapidly, and the minerals in the neighbourhood, including coal, iron, potters' and brick clay, slates, and lead, are being greatly developed. The population in 1851 was 7100, and in 1881, 12,221. Trade is facilitated by a canal connecting C. with the Trent, and by the main line of the Midland Railway. CHESTERFIELD, EARL OF (PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE), an English statesman and author, eldest son of the third Earl of Chesterfield, was born in London, September 22, 1694, and studied at Cambridge. In 1714, he made the tour of Europe, and the following year was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales. About the same time, he was elected M.P. for St. Germans, in Cornwall. In 1726, on his father's death, he became Earl of C., and in 1727 was sworn a privy councillor. In 1728, he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Holland, and in 1730 was made a knight of the Garter and Lord Steward of the Household, but soon resigned that office. An eloquent and frequent speaker, he took an active part in all the important business in the House of Lords, and was for several CHESTERFIELD INLET-CHEVREUIL. CHEVAUX-DE-FRISE, in Fortification, is a hastily constructed substitute for a regular abattis, to stay the progress of an advancing enemy. It may be constructed in any way of wood or iron, provided it presents an array of sharp or ragged points towards the enemy. Sometimes it is made of barrels or centres of timber, with spears springing out from all sides, in such a way as to constitute both a support and a defence. Among years the strenuous opponent of Sir Robert Walpole, able Fall of the Value of Gold (1859-translated then premier. In 1744, he connected himself with by Cobden); Mexico, Ancient and Modern (1863), the administration, and in 1745 was re-appointed &c. ambassador to the Hague, but was soon nominated Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he rendered himself exceedingly popular. In October 1746, he became one of the principal secretaries of state, but, two years after, declining health caused him to resign office, and in 1752 he was seized with deafness. Distinguished by brilliancy of wit, polished grace of manners, and elegance of conversation, he lived in intimacy with Pope, Swift, Bolingbroke, and other eminent men of the day. Dr. Johnson, whose Dictionary, on its appearance, he affected to recommend, called him a wit among lords, and a lord among wits.' He wrote several papers, on temporary subjects, in The Craftsman, The World, periodicals of the time; but he is now best known by his Letters to his Son, Philip Dormer, written for the improvement of his manners. These letters have been often republished, and they afford a good idea of the mental and moral calibre of the author. Lord C. died March 24th, 1773. CHESTERFIELD INLET, a long and narrow gulf, penetrating to the westward from the northwest of Hudson's Bay. Its extreme dimensions are 250 and 25 miles; and the lat. and long. of its mouth are 63° 30′ N., and 90° 40′ W. C. I. is studded nearly throughout with islands. CHEVALIE'R (Fr. cheval, a horse), in Heraldry; a horseman armed at all points. In its more general acceptation in signifies a Knight (q. v.). See also BANNERET and CHIVALRY. Cheval-de-Frise. the matériel of an army under the care of the engineers, are sometimes comprised C. formed of cylindrical iron barrels, about 6 feet long, each having 12 holes to receive as many spears; the spears can be packed away in the barrel, when not in use. Each such piece constitutes a cheval; to be used in ditches around a fortification, on and many such, ranged end to end, form chevaux, the berme beneath the parapet, behind the glacis, across a breach in the rampart, or in any spot where a check to the storming-party is needed. At Badajoz, during the Peninsular war, great service was rendered by a C. formed of sword-blades fixed into beams of wood. The name is said to have been derived from 'Friesland horse,' and to have been first applied by the French during the wars of the 17th century. CHEVALIER, MICHEL, an eminent French economist, born at Limoges, January 13, 1806, was, at the age of 18, admitted a pupil of the Polytechnic School. Thence he went to the School of Mines, and some days before the revolution of July, he was attached as an engineer to the department dú Nord. Led away by the theories of the St. Simonians, CHEVIOT HILLS, a mountain-range occupyhe was for two years editor of the Globe, the organ of that sect. Joining the schism of M. Enfantin, heing contiguous parts of the counties of Northumtook an active part in the compilation of the Livre Nouveau, the standard of their doctrines, and in 1832 suffered six months' imprisonment, on account of his free speculations in regard to religious and social questions, being regarded as an outrage on public morals. On his liberation, he at once retracted all that he had written in the Globe contrary to Christianity, and against marriage, and obtained from M Thiers a special mission to the United States, to inquire into the systems of water and railway communication there. The results were published in his Letters from North America (1836, 2 vols. 8vo). After a visit to England, he issued a work, entitled Material Interests in France: Public Works, Roads, Canals, Railways (1838, 8vo). He was named, successively, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Councillor of State (1838), a member of the Superior Council of Commerce, and of the Royal Council of the University; and, in 1840, Professor of Political Economy in the College of France. In 1840, he was re-established in the Corps of Mines as engineer of the first-class; and in 1845-1846, was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Under the Republic, he lost his various employments. He published, in 1848, Letters on the Organisation of Labour and the Question of the Labourers; and after the coup d'état of December 2, was restored to his professorship, and named councillor of state. In 1860 he assisted Mr. Cobden in carrying out the treaty between France and Great Britain, and in 1861 was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. Besides the works mentioned he has written Political Economy (1842-1850); Prob berland and Roxburgh, on the English and Scotch CHEVRETTE. See GYN. CHEVREUIL, MICHEL EUGÈNE, a distinguished French chemist, born August 31, 1786, at Angers, In 1820, he in the department of Maine-et-Loire. was made an examiner in the Polytechnic School; and in 1824, director of the dyeing department This last in the manufactory of the Gobeline. position led him to institute a series of accurate researches on colours, the results of which he made known in a series of Mémoires of the Academy of Sciences. Previous to this, C. had made himself known in the scientific world by a variety of researches and writings. In 1826, he was made a member of the Academy; and in 1830, Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Museum of Natural History. Besides a great number of articles in the Journal des Savants, beginning with 1820, the CHEVRON-CHIANA. CHEVRON, in Heraldry, an ordinary representing the couples or rafters of a house, and supposed to betoken the accomplishment of some memorable work, or the completion of some business of importance, generally the foundation of his own family by the bearer. The C. is formed of two lines placed following works of C. deserve mention: Leçons de exclaimed: Tell him he will find one day more Chimie appliquée à la Teinture (2 vols., Par. 1828 than enough.' Accordingly, at the time of the -1831); De la Loi du Contraste simultané des hay-harvest, Percy, with stag-hounds and archers, Couleurs et de l'Assortiment des Objets coloriés passed into the domains of his foe, and slew a (Par. 1839); Théorie des Effets Optiques que present-hundred fallow-deer and harts of grice.' When the rni les Etoffes de Soie (1846), Lettres addressees a M. English had hastily cooked their game, and were Villemain sur la Methode en General (1855), and Des about to retire, Earl Douglas, clad in armour, and Couleurs et de leur application aux Arts Industriels heading his Scottish spears, came on the scene. (1864). C. is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Haughty challenge and defiance passed between a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and was Di- the potentates, and the battle joined. In the centre rector of the Museum of Natural History. of the fray the two leaders met: Yield thee, Percy!' cried Douglas. I will yield to no Scot that ever was born of woman!' cried Percy. During this colloquy, an English arrow struck Douglas to the heart. Fight on, my merry men!' cried he, as he died. Percy, with all the chivalrous feeling of his race, took the dead man by the hand, and vowed that he would have given all his lands to save him, for a braver knight never fell by such a chance. Sir Hugh Montgomery, having seen the fall of Donglas, clapped spurs to his horse, dashed on Percy, and struck his spear through his body a long cloth-yard and more. Although the leaders on both sides had fallen, the battle, which had begun at break of day, continued till the ringing of the curfew-bell. Scotsmen and Englishmen claim the victory. When the battle ended, representatives of every noble family on either side of the border lay on the bloody greensward. Chevron. W Chevronel. Per Chevron. pyramidically, i. e., joined together at the top, and descending to the extremities of the shield in the form of a pair of compasses. Chevronel, a diminutive -half the size-of the chevron. Per chevron, or party per chevron, is where the shield is divided by a line in the form of the chevron. CHEVRON, in Architecture, a moulding in the form of a succession of chevrons, otherwise called a zigzag moulding. In general, it is characteristic of Chevron, or Zigzag : Andover, Hants, Norman architecture, but is also found with the pointed arch, during the transition period from Norman to Early English. CHEVRONS are braids or bands of lace, worn as distinguishing marks by the non-commissioned officers of regiments. The corporals, and the various grades of sergeant, have C. varying from one to four in number, either of white or of gold lace. In most corps, they are worn on the right arm only; but in the Guards, the Fusiliers, the Light Infantry, and the Grenadier and Light Infantry companies of the ordinary regiments, on both arms. CHEVY CHASE, the name of perhaps the most famous of British ballads. In its present form, the piece does not seem to be older than about the beginning of the 17th century. But more ancient versions, doubtless, existed; and Bishop Percy has published a poem of the 16th c., which has obviously suggested passages in the more recent composition. It is impossible to reconcile its incidents with history, but the event which is meant to be commemorated appears to have been the battle of Otterburn, in August 1388-a fight which Froissart declares to have been the bravest and most chivalrous which was fought in his day. According to the ballad, Percy vowed that he would enter Scotland, and take his pleasure for three days in the woods of his rival, and slay the deer therein at will. Douglas, when he heard the vaunt, CHEYNE, GEORGE, an eminent Scottish physician, born in Aberdeenshire in 1671, was at first intended for the church, but preferring the medical profession, studied at Edinburgh, under the celebrated Dr. Pitcairn. In 1700, after taking the degree of M.D., he repaired to London, where he practised in winter, and in Bath in summer. From full living he became enormously fat, as well as asthmatic, and resolved on strictly adhering to a milk and vegetable diet, from which he derived so much benefit that he recommended it in all his principal medical treatises. In 1702, he published A New Theory of Fevers, and, in 1703, a work On Fluxions, which procured him admission into the Royal Society. Among his other works are: Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion, 1705; Observations on Gout, 1722; Essay on Health and Long Life, 1725; The English Malady, a Treatise on Nervous Disorders, 1733; Essay on Regimen, 1739; Account of Himself and of his various Cures, 1743. Dr. C. died at Bath, April 12, 1743. CHIABRERA, GABRIELLO, an Italian poet, born at Savona, 8th June 1552. He was educated at Rome under the care of his uncle, after whose death he entered the service of Cardinal Cornaro, but was obliged to leave it in consequence of the revenge he had taken on an Italian nobleman who had done him an injury. In his 50th year he married, and remained independent for the rest of his life. He died 14th October 1637. C.'s poetical faculty developed itself late. Having commenced to read the Greek writers at home, he conceived a great admiration of Pindar, and strove successfully to imitate him. He was not less happy in catching the naïve and pleasant spirit of Anacreon; his canzonetti being distinguished for their ease and elegance, while his Lettere Famigliari was the first attempt to introduce the poetical epistle into Italian literature. C. also wrote several epics, bucolics, and dramatic poems. His Opere appeared at Venice, in 6 vols., 1768. CHIA'NA (in ancient times, Clanis), a river in Tuscany, formed by several streams from the Apennines, and falling into the Arno a few miles below Arezzo. Along with another river of the same name, which, flowing in the opposite direction, CHIAPA-CHICAGO. enters the Paglia at Orvieto, it waters the perfectly level Val di Chiana, which its overflow rendered once the most pestilential district of Italy. Ferdinand III, and his minister, Fossombroni, undertook extensive hydraulic works for improving the bed of the river, which they led through the lakes of Montepulciano and Chiusi, and employed for the artificial irrigation of the whole valley. The district has since become the most fruitful, perhaps, of all Italy a perfect garden, supporting a population of more than 100,000. CHIA'PA, or CHIAPAS a state in the south-east of the Mexican confederation, lying to the southwest of Yucatan, and extending in lat. between 16° and 18° N., and in long. between 90° 30' and 94° W. It contains about 19,000 square miles, and about 194,000 inhabitants, chiefly aborigines. CHIAR OSCURO (Ytal.), an artistic term, composed of two Italian words, the one of which signifies light, the other darkness or shadow. But C. signifies neither light nor shadow; neither is it adequately described by saying that it is the art of disposing of both the lights and shadows in a picture, so long as either is regarded apart from the other. It is rather the art of representing light in shadow and shadow in light, so that the parts represented in shadow shall still have the clearness and warmth of those in light, and those in light the depth and softness of those in shadow. It is not the making of the one die softly and gradually away into the other, but the preservation of both in combination, as we constantly see it in nature, when the light not the mere glare of the sun striking on a particular object, nor the shadow the entire absence of the influence of light. That the skilful treatment of C. is a matter of extreme difficulty, is plain enough from the very small number of artists who ever attain to it. Still, it is a branch of art without the mastery of which no painting can be successful in any department. It is as indispensable in portrait-painting as in the highest departments of ideal art; and though a just and even a lofty conception of the subject may be distinctly indicated by attention to form alone, it is impossible that its realisation can ever be satisfactorily accomplished by any one who has not mastered this most subtle mode of handling colours. The only mode by which a knowledge of C. can be attained, so as to apply it to practice, is by studying it, as exhibited by such painters as Titian, Rubens, Rembrandt, and, above all, Correggio. CHIA VARI, a maritime town of Piedmont, situated on the gulf of Rapallo, at the mouth of the Sturia, 21 miles east-south-east of Genoa. Pop. 10,900.-The province of C. has an area of 155 square miles. Pop. 110,000. CHICA'GO (pronounced She-kaw-go), the principal city of Illinois and seat of Cook Co., is situated on the S. W. shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chicago river, lat. 41° 50′ 20′′ N., long. 87° 37′ W., and 591 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean, The name is of Indian origin, signifying 'wild onion,' and was first mentioned by Perrot, a Frenchman, who visited it in 1671. In 1803 a stockade fort was erected near the mouth of the C. river, and named Fort Dearborn. This was destroyed by the Indians in 1812, rebuilt in 1816, and finally removed in 1857. Cook county was settled in 1831. The town of C. was organized Aug. 10, 1833, and became a city March 4, 1837. In 1833 it was the scene of an Indian treaty, at which 7000 Pottowatomies ceded their lands preparatory to removal west of the Mississippi. from 1835 to 1880; The following table exhibits the rapid growth of C. vated but from 5 to 27 feet above the surface of the C. is built upon a prairie, and was originally elelake. The principal streets and the older business houses have, however, since been raised from 6 to 12 supplied with water by means of a tunnel extending feet in order to obtain a better drainage. The city is 10,485 ft. beneath Lake Michigan, and completed in 1868 at a cost of about $458,000. The water is raised from the shore end of this tunnel by means of three steam pumps, with a daily capacity of 72,000,000 gallons, and forced into an iron cylinder that extends 130 feet high; this gives sufficient elevation to der is surrounded by a stone tower. In connection carry the water to all parts of the city. This cylinwith this there is also another tunnel under construction, running parallel with the old to the shore end, thence S. W. about 4 miles, and coming to the surface in the S. W. part of the city; this has a diameter of 7 ft.; the former 5 ft. 2 in. high by 5 ft. wide. C. river and its branches divide the city into three parts, which are connected by two tunnels beneath the river, each 300 feet long, with inclined approaches, and costing about $900,000. Thirty-three bridges, turning on pivots to admit the passage of vessels, span the river, which is about 300 feet wide, and forms, with its branches, a commodious harbour, with nearly 19 miles of wharfage. The Illinois and Michigan canal connects Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois river at La Salle. This canal has been deepened to 8 ft. below nected with the southern branch of the C. river, the water level of Lake Michigan, and being concauses a continuous flow of about a mile per hour from the lake, thus giving a current in the river to carry off the sewerage from the city. It affords vast quarries of Athens marble,' a superior building access to 60,000 square miles of coal beds and to the CHICA, a red feculent substance, valuable as a dye-stuff, giving an orange red colour to cotton. It is obtained by boiling the leaves of a species of Bignonia (B. Chica), a native of the banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. The C. plant is a climber, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, smooth, heart-shaped leaflets, and flowers in pendulous auxil-material found 20 miles from C., and much resem iary panicles. See BIGNONIACEÆ. CHICA, PITO, POSO, or MAIZE BEER, is a fermented liquor made from maize or Indian corn. It is much used in some parts of South America, and is made in a similar manner to ordinary beer. CHICACO'LE, a town of the district of Ganjam, in the presidency of Madras, being in lat. 18° 18' N., and long. 83° 58′ E., and lying 415 miles to the south-west of Calcutta, and 435 to the north-east of Madras. Pop. 50,000. bling the Caen stone of Normandy (q. v.). C. commu- market, and since 1853 pork-packing has been con- CHICHEN--CHICK PEA. received, 2,398,463 shipped, and about 1,500,000 | the citizens to receive and distribute the funds and packed as pork; 291,734 sheep were received. The supplies contributed. Barracks were at once erected, total receipts of cattle, hogs, and sheep aggregated and the supplies issued to all who were in need. in value, $91,321,162. In 1873 there were received 2,487,376 barrels of flour; manufactured in city, 264,363; shipped, 2,303,490. At this time, (1874,) nearly all the burned district in the South Division has been rebuilt with costly and imposing structures, much finer and more substantial than those consumed. In the North Division the rebuilding has not advanced so rapidly, but much of the space has been filled, and at the present rate of progress the entire city will soon be rebuilt. CHICHE'N, a village of Mexico, in the state of rates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea, 18 miles to the south-west of Valladolid. It is one of the principal towns of the state, and is worthy of notice chiefly for the remains of an ancient city, comprising a ruined temple 450 feet long, a pyramid with a base of 550 feet square, and a domed edifice ornamented with sculpture. There were shipped 98,935,413 bushels of bread-Yucatan, on the peninsula of Yucatan, which sepa stuff, valued at $63,500,000. C. is the largest lumber market in the world; in 1873 there were received 1,123,368,671 feet, shipped 561,544,379; number of shingles received 517,923,000, and 407,505,650 shipped. The wholesale business operations amounted to about $500,000,000, and the sales of real estate to about $80,000,000. Manufactures for 1873 aniounted to $173,831,000, with a capital of $44,000,000 invested, and employing 45,000 operatives. There are six daily papers and a large number of weekly and monthly publications. There are located in C. 17 national and several private banks." CHICHESTER, a m. and p. borough and episcopal city in Sussex, 17 miles east-north-east of Portsmouth, on a plain between an arm of the sea and the South Downs. Within the suburbs the city is sur The 36 schools with their branches give employ-rounded by an ancient wall, 14 mile in circuit, with ment to 620 teachers and afford means of education to every child in the city over six and under twentyone years of age. A high school wherein the children of the poorest may aspire to the highest honours in the classics and modern languages receives graduates from the public schools. On the north, west and south sides of the city is a series of 6 parks, containing an aggregate area of nearly 1900 acres, they being located as follows: Lincoln on the N., Humboldt on the N. W., Central on the W., Douglas on the S. W., and 2 South Parks on the south. These are connected by a chain of boulevards 250 feet wide, and with the drive now under construction along the lake shore or eastern side of the city will give a continuons driveway of about thirty miles. On Saturday, Oct. 7th, 1871, at 10.30 P. M., C. was visited in that part of the city known as the West Division by a fire that swept over the territory within the boundary of Adams, Clinton, and Van Buren streets and the river, being in area about 16 acres, and destroying property in value nearly $300,000. The following night, Oct. 8th, another fire started in a small barn on De Koven street, a few blocks S. W. of the former. The surroundings being light frame buildings with lumber yards to the E. and N. E., and a strong gale blowing from the S. W. at the time, the fice soon communicated with them and got beyond the control of the firemen, crossing the river to the South Division before 11 o'clock, and continuing in a N. and E. direction, consumed all the portion wherein was located the heavy wholesale business, thence again crossing the river to the North Division continued its course until exhausted, burning over a total area of about 34 sq. miles and consuming 17,400 honses, among which were the Court-house, Chamber of Commerce, Post-Office, Water Works, Gas Works, 41 churches, → daily newspaper offices, 5 theatres, 3 R. R. depots, 8 public school buildings with their branches, 5 elevators, containing 1,640,000 bu, grain, 32 hotels, and 16 national banks. The fire continued until Tuesday morning the 10th. The total value of property destroyed, including buildings and merchandise, is estimated at $190,000,000, on which there were recovered by insurance about $45,000,000. There were 98,000 persons made homeless, and about 250 lives lost. But for the prompt assistance of the people throughout the country (in fact, donations were sent from many parts of Europe), much suffering would nave prevailed. Within one month nearly $4,000,000 were subscribed, over one half of which had been paid some semicircular bastions, and now a promenade the 12th and 13th centuries, on the site of a wooden under the shade of elms. The cathedral, erected in one founded 1108, and burned 1114, measures 410 by 227 feet, with a spire 300 feet high. The aisles are else in Britain. The cathedral has a rich choir, and portraits of the English sovereigns from the Conquest to George I., and of the bishops down to the Reformation. There are malting, brewing, and tanning estab parliament. The harbour, 2 miles to the south-west lishments. Pop. 9054. C. returns one member to of the city, is a deep inlet of the English Channel, and is connected with C. by a canal. C. was the Roman Regnum. It was taken and partly destroyed, double-a mode of construction to be seen nowhere in 491, by the South Saxons, and was soon after re built by Cissa, their king, and called Cissancaster, or Cissa's Camp. It was for some time the capital of the kingdom of Sussex. In 1642, the royalists of C. surrendered to the parliamentarians, after a siege of ten days. CHICK PEA (Cicer), a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionacea, JOCELY Chick Pea. in to the relief and aid society which was formed by having pinnate leaves; solitary, auxillary, stalked |