RUSTCHUK-RUTHERGLEN.

the Uredo rubigo vera, but it is doubted by some if this is not really a young state of a Puccinia. Not a few authors regard R. as an eruptive disease (exanthema), which makes its appearance chiefly in damp weather, and sometimes extends so far as seriously to injure the plants affected by it, the mycelium and spores which appear in it being regarded as present accidentally, or in consequence of the disease. This, however, is the least probable opinion concerning it.-R. is sometimes very injurious to crops. No remedy is known for it; but it is certain that rank manures tend to produce or aggravate it. See UREDO.

RUSTCHUK, a town of European Turkey in Bulgaria, capital of eyalet of the Danube, and 70 miles west-south-west of Silistria, on the south bank of the Danube, opposite Giurgevo. Its position on a range of hills, with its white chimneys, its mosques and minarets rising from amid forests of fruit-trees, give it a striking and picturesque appearance. It is surrounded by an extended line of fortifications, contains nine mosques, several Greek and Armenian churches, synagogues, and baths. The Danube is here about two miles wide, but its banks are low, and its channel is marked with islets and shallows. It is the most important manufacturing Turkish town on the Danube. The principal articles of manufacture are cloth, linen, leather, muslin, silk and tobacco. Pop. 30,000.

by abortion, or twice or thrice as many. There
is a cup-shaped disk. The ovary is sometimes
stalked; it has as many carpels as there are petals,
or fewer; there are generally two ovules in each
carpel. The fruit consists of several capsules,
cohering firmly or imperfectly.-There are about
400 known species, natives of the warmer temperate
and of tropical regions. The Diosmaceae are some-
times separated as a distinct order. A bitter taste
and powerful odour are general characteristics.
Rue, Bucku, and Dittany are examples of the order.
See also ANGOSTURA BARK and BRUCEA.
barks of a number of tropical species, of different
genera, possess febrifugal properties.

The

RUTH, BOOK OF, one of the Hagiographa, placed in the Authorised Version, as in the LXX., between Judges and Samuel; and in the Jewish canon, as the second of the five Megilloth, coming after the Song of Songs. It consists of four chapters, and describes how Ruth, the Moabite widow of a Hebrew, Machlon by name, in the time of the Judges, became-by faithful, loving adherence to her motherin-law, Naomi, for whose sake she had left her home and kindred-the wife of Boaz, and through him the ancestress of David himself. A fragmentary genealogy of David's house of which the principal links only are given-forms the conclusion of the book, which is characterised throughout by the most naïve simplicity, and minute RUSTIC OR RU'STICATED WORK and truthfulness of detail. If there be a tendency in RUSTICATION. The name of that kind of the book-which is doubtful-it would naturally masonry in which the various stones or courses are be to shew how utterly even that strictest of marked at the joints by splays or recesses. The prejudices, in the mind of ancient peoples, espesurface of the stone is sometimes left rough, and cially the Hebrews, against intermarriage with the sometimes polished or otherwise dressed. Rusti-stranger,' is vanquished by genuine human love cation is chiefly used in classical or Italian architec- and piety; nay, that the heroine of the tale, even ture, although Rustic Quoins (q. v.) are often used a Moabite, was deemed worthy for her virtue to in rough Gothic work. In the figure, a and b shew become the foundress of the royal house of Israel. Considering that the Book of Kings contains no details about David's genealogy, this book, apart from its indescribable natural charm, becomes a most useful historical record, and further supplies many items on the forms and domestic customs of a time about which we have such very scant information elsewhere.

The time of the events related mounts back to about a century before David, yet both the contents and tendency of the book shew clearly enough that it was hardly written before the last years of David's reign, if it was at all written in his lifetime. For a change had already taken place in the interval in the manners and customs of the people (cf. the 'in former time,' iv. 7), and the genealogy carried down to David, shews the theocratic significance he had acquired by the time it was written down. Its canonicity has never been questioned in or out of the church.

RUSTRE, in Heraldry, one of the subordi-113)
naries, consisting of a Lozenge (q. v.)
with a circular opening pierced in its
centre. Ancient armour was sometimes
composed of rustres sewed on cloth.

Rustre.

RUTA BAGA. See TURNIP. RUTA'CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, consisting mostly of trees and shrubs, but containing a few herbaceous plants. The leaves have no stipules, are simple and entire, lobed, pinnate, or decompound, and are covered with pellucid resinous dots. The flowers are hermaphrodite, sometimes irregular. The calyx has four or five segments; the petals are equal in number to its segments, or wanting, or are united into a monopetalous corolla; the stamens are equal in number to them, or fewer

RUTHENIUM (symb. Ru, equiv. 52, spec. grav. is a metal which was discovered in 1843 by Claus in the ore of platinum. In most respects, excepting in its specific gravity, it closely resembles iridium, the coloured reaction of the salts being almost without exception the same in both. For details regarding this metal, which is of no practical importance, the reader may consult Deville and Debray's Memoir on Platinum and its Ores,' in the Annale de Chimie et de Physique, for 1859.

RU'THERGLEN, or, by popular abbreviation, RUGLEN, a royal, parliamentary, and municipal burgh, in Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, three miles south-east of Glasgow. It consists of one long wide street and of several narrow streets or lanes branching from it at right angles. In ancient times it was a place of considerable importance, carried on a large traffic on the river, and embraced

RUTHIN-RUYTER.

Glasgow within its municipal boundaries. Its trade is now mainly dependent upon that of Glasgow, and its inhabitants are employed in weaving muslins for Glasgow manufacturers, and in the mills, print, chemical, and dye-works, and collieries of the burgh and vicinity. Pop. (1871) 9543. In parliamentary representation, it is one of the Kilmarnock district of burghs.

RUTHIN, a municipal and parliamentary borough of North Wales, in the county of Denbigh, eight miles south-east of the town of that name, stands on the summit and slope of a hill on the right bank of the Clwyd. The site of the ancient castle, said to have been built in the reign of Edward I., is occupied by a fine modern castellated edifice in Gothic. Pop. (1871) 3298.

are reared in great numbers. R., which abounds in pleasing scenery, contains many stately mansions, as well as a number of ecclesiastical remains dating from the Norman period. It returns two members to the House of Commons.

RU'VO IN APU'LIA, a city of Southern Italy, province of Bari, and 22 miles west of the city of that name. Pop. 15,133. It is built upon a rising ground, contains many churches, and two museums of Italo-Grecian vases, and is famous for its potteries. The staple produce is grain, pulse, and dried fruits. R. is the Rubi of Horace.

RUYSDAEL, or RUÏSDAEL, JAKOB, was born at Haarlem. The date of his birth is uncertain; some make it 1625, others 1630 or 1635. It is said that there is a picture by him signed and dated RUTHVEN, RAID OF, a conspiracy of note in 1645, which makes the last date improbable. He Scottish history, contrived and executed in 1582 by died in 1681. It has been stated, that for some William, first Earl of Gowrie, father of the principal years he directed his attention to the study and actor in the Gowrie Conspiracy (q. v.), in conjunc-practice of surgery, but was advised by his friend tion with Lord Lindsay of the Byres, the Earl of Nicholas Berghem to devote his time to painting. Mar, and the Master of Glammis. The object of In his pictures the trees are excellent in form, the the conspirators was to obtain the control of the foliage touched with sharpness and precision, and state by seizing the person of James VI., then a the skies are light and floating. His style of boy of 16, and under the guardianship of the Duke composition is entirely original, and characterised of Lennox and Earl of Arran. The king being by by a certain compactness in the arrangement; the invitation at Gowrie's seat of Ruthven Castle, the Italian painters have generally groups of trees at conspirators assembled 1000 of their vassals, sur-the sides, and running out of the picture; in R.'s rounded the castle, and obtained complete possession of James. Arran was thrown into prison, and Lennox retired to France, where he died brokenhearted. The Presbyterian clergy warmly espoused the cause of the Ruthven lords, who received the thanks of the General Assembly, and full indemnity from a Convention of Estates. Nearly a year elapsed before the king regained his freedom. His feigned acquiescence in his position led the confederates so to relax their vigilance that he was enabled to throw himself into the castle of St Andrews, whose keeper was in his confidence, and thus to become his own master. Gowrie and the other lords made their submission, and were pardoned; but soon afterwards a royal proclamation characterised their enterprise as treason. Gowrie was commanded to leave Scotland; but while waiting for a vessel at Dundee, he was drawn into a conspiracy to surprise the castle of Stirling, for which he was tried and

executed.

RUTILE, a mineral, which is essentially Oxide of Titanium or Titanic Acid, although generally containing a little peroxide of iron. It is of a brown, red, or yellow colour; and is found massive, disseminated, in thin lamine, and in four-sided or six-sided prisms, which are sometimes needle-like, and permeate rock-crystal. It is found also in granite, syenite, gneiss, mica-slate, limestone, chlorite-slate, &c., and its geographic distribution is very wide. It is used to give a yellow colour to porcelain.

compositions, they are almost always massed within the picture. R. and Hobbima hold about an equal position-namely, that of the best landscape-painters of the Dutch school; but R. was also equally eminent for his sea-pieces. His etchings, seven in number, are much prized by collectors. Jan van Kessel and Jan Renier de Vries were imitators of Ruysdael. His elder brother, Salomo (born circa 1613, died 1676), was also a painter of some note.

admiral, was born at Vliessingen in 1607, of poor RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIAANSZOON VAN, Dutch when only eleven years old. He became a warrant parents, who sent him to sea as a cabin boy officer, and in 1635 rose to be a captain in the Dutch navy. Indian seas, he was, in 1645, made rear-admiral. After serving several years in the He engaged and sunk a piratic Algerine squa dron off Sallee in 1647. In 1652, when war broke out between the States and England, then under the Protectorate, he was placed in command of a squadron, and ordered to convoy a large number of merchant-ships. He was met by the English fleet under Sir G. Ayscough off Plymouth, and an engagement took place. Neither of the fleets gained any decisive advantage; but R. succeeded in saving his convoy. In 1653, when a fight of three days took place between the English and Dutch fleets off Portland, R. commanded a division under Van Tromp. The English, under Blake, finally obtained a great victory, taking and destroying 11 Dutch men-of-war and 30 merchantmen. RUTLANDSHIRE, an inland county of Eng- The states-general, in 1659, sent him to assist land, much the smallest in England and Wales, is Denmark against Sweden. He defeated the Swedish bounded on the N.E. by Lincoln, on the S.E. by Nor- fleet, and obtained a title of nobility and a pension thampton, and on the W. by Leicester. Area, 94,889 from the king of Denmark. In 1664, he fell upon acres; pop. (1871) 22,073. The river Wash, flowing the English factories at Cape Verde, and attempted east through the middle of the county, divides it into to seize the island of Barbadoes. As other depreda two portions, of which the northern is a somewhat tions of the Dutch upon English merchants, as well elevated table-land, while the southern consists in the East Indies as on the high seas, were comof a number of valleys running east and west, and plained of, war was declared against the Dutch. separated by low hills. The principal streams are In June 1666, R. and Van Tromp, with 90 sail, the Welland, forming the boundary on the south-engaged the English fleet under Prince Rupert and east, and its affluents the Wash and Chater. The the Duke of Albemarle. Both sides fought with climate is mild and healthy, the soil is loamy and such obstinacy that the battle lasted four days, and rich, and there is hardly an acre of waste land in ended without any decisive result. In July, the the whole county. R., however, is not a crop conflict was renewed, when the English gained a producing, but a grazing county. Oxen and sheep complete victory, destroying above 20 of R.'s

RYAN-RYE-GRASS.

men-of-war. In 1667, he destroyed the shipping at up to R., washing the rock on which the Ypres Sheerness, sailed up the Medway as far as Chatham, tower stands, but it has retired to a distance of burned several English men-of-war, and effected two miles. The harbour admits vessels of 200 tons, more towards the conclusion of peace at Breda and has been recently improved. This ancient town (1667) than any diplomatist. In 1671, he com- receives historical mention as early as 893. It was manded the Dutch fleet, and fought several battles walled on two sides by Edward III., and contributed with the combined English and French fleets, nine ships to the fleet with which that monarch but without decisive results. In 1675, he was invaded France. Brewing, ship-building, and trade sent to the Mediterranean. He fought, off the in corn, hops, &c., are carried on. R. is one of the coast of Sicily, a desperate battle with the French Cinque Ports, and sends a member to parliament. fleet, under the celebrated Admiral Duquesne. | Pop. (1871) of municipal b., 3865; of parl. b., S290. Victory declared itself on the side of the French; but R. made good his retreat into the harbour of Syracuse. He had his legs shattered in the engagement, and died of his wounds, April 1676. Europe did justice to his bravery; and Louis XIV. said he could not help regretting the loss of a great man, although an enemy. His death was deeply mourned by his countrymen, and a splendid monument was erected to his memory at Amsterdam.

RYEHOUSE PLOT-RYSWICK.

the florets awnless or nearly so; the culm flattened, assassinate the king on his return from Newmarket. from one foot to three feet high; the root producing The deed was to be perpetrated at a farm belonging leafy barren shoots, which add much to the agricul- to Rumboldt, one of the conspirators, called the tural value of the grass. This grass is highly Ryehouse Farm, whence the plot got its name. valued for forage and hay, and is more extensively The R. P. is supposed to have been kept concealed sown for these uses than any other grass, not only in from Monmouth, Russell, Shaftesbury, and the rest Britain, but on the continent of Europe and in North of those who took the lead in the greater conspiracy. America. It grows well even on very poor soils. It owed its defeat to the circumstance, that the The Common Perennial R. is the kind most generally house which the king occupied at Newmarket took cultivated. A kind called Annual R.-not really fire accidentally, and Charles was thus obliged to an annual plant, although useful only for one year leave that place eight days sooner than was is sometimes cultivated; but is, in almost every expected. Both the greater and lesser conspiracy respect, inferior.-ITALIAN R. (L. Italicum, or L. were discovered before long, and from the connec multiflorum, or L. Bouchianum), a native of the tion subsisting between the two, it was difficult altogether to dissever them. The indignation excited by the R. P. was extended to the whole Whig party; Lord Russell, Algernon Sidney, and Lieutenant-colonel Walcot were brought to the block for treason; John Hampden, grandson of his more noted namesake, was fined £40,000; and scarcely one escaped who had been concerned in either plot.

1, Common Rye-grass; 2, Italian Rye-grass. south of Europe, is much esteemed as a forage and hay grass. In many soils and situations in Britain it succeeds extremely well, and is remarkable for its verdure and luxuriance in early spring. It is preferred by cattle to the Common Rye-grass. The young leaves are folded up, whilst those of the Common R. are rolled together.-There are many varieties of Rye-grass. It is nowhere so much valued or cultivated as in Britain. It was cultivated in England before the end of the 17th century. Italian R. was introduced into Britain in 1831 by Mr Thomson of Banchory and Messrs Lawson and Son of Edinburgh. R. is generally sown along with some kind of corn, and vegetating for the first year amongst the corn, appears in the second year as the proper crop of the field.

RYE'HOUSE PLOT. In 1683, at the same time that a scheme was formed in England among the leading Whigs to raise the nation in arms against Charles II., a subordinate scheme was planned by a few fiercer spirits of the party, including Colonel Rumsey and Lieutenant-colonel Walcot, two military adventurers; Goodenough, under-sheriff of London; Ferguson, an independent minister; and several attorneys, merchants, and tradesmen of London-the object of which was to waylay and

394

RY'OT (from the Arabic raaya, to pasture, to protect, to govern; hence, literally, the governed, a subject) is the vernacular term for a Hindu cultivator or peasant.

RYOTWAR (literally, according to or with ryots) is the term applied to the revenue settlement which is made by the government officers in India with each actual cultivator of the soil for a given term-usually a twelvemonth-at a stipulated money-rent, without the intervention of a third party. This mode of assessment prevails chiefly, though not exclusively, in the Madras presidency. See H. H. Wilson, Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (Lond. 1855), under RAIYATWAR.

RYSBRACH, MICHAEL, a sculptor of considerable talent, born at Antwerp in 1693. He settled in London in 1720, and executed numerous works there, in particular the monuments to Sir Isaac Newton in Westminster Abbey, and to the Duke of Marlborough at Blenheim, a bronze equestrian statue of William III. for the city of Bristol, a colossal statue of George II. for the parade at Greenwich Hospital; a Hercules, and busts of many of the eminent poets, wits, and politicians of his time. Scheemakers, also a native of Antwerp, and Roubilliac, a Frenchman, were contemporaries and rivals of his, and shared with him most of the commissions for works of sculpture in England at the period. With Scheemakers was placed as a pupil Nollekens, who became so distinguished for his busts, and as one of the founders of the English school of sculpture. R. died 8th January 1770.

RY'SWICK, PEACE OF, a treaty concluded in 1697 at Ryswick, a Dutch village between Delft and the Hague, which was signed by France, England, and Spain on September 20, and by Germany on October 30. It put an end to the sanguinary contest in which England had been engaged with France. It has been often said that the only equivalent then received by England for all the treasure she had transmitted to the continent, and all the blood which had been shed there, was an acknowledgment of William's title by the king of France; but it must not be forgot how much the allies were benefited by the check given to the gigantic power and overweening ambition of France.

S