were those of an amiable2 man,1 and his virtues those of a great man. Vice and virtue have contrary effects; the former renders man unhappy, the latter makes him happy. The eloquence of Massillon moves the heart of sinners, that of Bossuet frightens them. Let us divide the shares: take this one; that one is for me, and let us leave those which remain for the absent members. The relative pronouns are those which relate to a substantive or pronoun antecedent. Qui and que relate to persons and things; the former is the subject, and the latter the object* of the verb. EXAMPLES: The gentleman who is speaking, The laws which we observe, le monsieur qui parle. Qui and que are of both genders and numbers. LEQUEL. Lequel with an antecedent,† is used instead of qui and que. It changes according to the gender and number of the noun to which it relates, and is thus declined: Lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, with an antecedent, are only used for qui and que to avoid ambiguity.‡ With a preposition in speaking of persons, they are almost synonymous, though duquel, etc. is generally preferred to de qui, auquel, etc. to à qui. When applied to things, duquel, auquel, etc. must alone be used for of which, to which, as de qui, à qui, apply to persons only. * Qui or que without any noun understood before, may be the object as well as the subject of the verb. This will be explained in the syntax on relative pro nouns. †The antecedent is the noun which precedes the relative pronoun. A relative pronoun without an antecedent is called absolute. This will be explained more fully in the syntax. EXAMPLES: The men with whom you were, The money on which I depend, les hommes avec LESQUELS (or qui) vous étiez. l'argent sur LEQUEL je compte. DONT. Dont, is nearly synonymous with duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, and with de qui (in speaking of persons), when these pronouns come immediately after the substantive to which they relate. EXAMPLES: The child of whom you complain, l'enfant DONT, or DUQUEL vous Nature whose secrets are un known to us, vous plaignez. la nature DONT nous ignorons les secrets. QUOI. Quoi is chiefly used in interrogative sentences, and to express admiration, in which cases the object to which it relates is not named. Of what do you accuse him? DE QUOI l'accusez-vous? où. Où is a relative pronoun when it has an antecedent; it always relates to inanimate objects, and is thus declined: N.B.-The relative pronouns whom, that, and which, are frequently understood in English; but que, dont, à qui, etc., must always be expressed in French, as : The man you see, l'homme QUE vous voyez. EXERCISE ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The flowers which you have gathered are faded. Children who are obedient are loved by every body. I have read the letters you have written to them. The gentleman of whom you speak is my friend. In what has he neglected to fulfil his duty? You see the lady of whom I spoke to you. This is the picture he has bought. Where is the umbrella I had brought? Who will go with them? What will they say? The lady he was to marry is dead. The man whom you seek is there. I have read the work of which you speak. The chair upon which you are sitting is broken. Tell me where you are going. Name the towns through which you went. The glasses I had bought are all broken. Where are those which were given to you? I have been in the place from which you brought this. What do they sell? What do they speak of? What can be more unfortunate? The room in which he sleeps, is damp. The indefinite pronouns are words which only denote persons and things in a vague and indefinite manner. It is because of this want of precision in their manner of designating them, that they are called indefinite. These pronouns are: On, Personne, L'un l'autre, Tel, one, they, we, people. whoever, whosoever, any one who, any body who. somebody, some one, any body, any one. each, every one. others, other people. no one, no body, not any one. one another, each other. such a one, such a man, such a woman, he or she who. N.B.-Observations on the above pronouns, with examples, and an exercise, will be found in the syntax. CHAPTER V. OF VERBS. The verb is a word chiefly used to express affirmation. EXAMPLES: God is merciful, The world is not eternal, Dieu est miséricordieux. In the first instance, I affirm that the quality merciful, belongs to God; in the second, that that of eternity does not belong to the world. The word is, which in both sentences expresses the affirmation, is a verb: God and world, are the subjects of the verb, merciful and eternal, the objects or attribute. There are six kinds of verbs: The auxiliary, les verbes auxiliares. The passive, les verbes passifs. The neuter, les verbes neutres. The pronominal, les verbes pronominaux. The unipersonal, les verbes unipersonnels. The auxiliary verbs which are: to have, avoir; and to |