The Intellectual History of Europe, Volume 1

ancient arts Augustine authority became began believed bishops called Catholic century Christ Christian Church clergy closed concept court cult culture divine doctrine early East Eastern Emperor empire Erasmus Europe European experience expression faith father followed forces France Franciscan German Greek Gregory heresy heretics Holy human humanists Ibid ideas imperial important individual inner intellectual Islam Italian Italy John kind King kingdom knowledge late later lived lords Luther matter means middle mind monasteries movement mysticism nature Nicholas of Cusa nobility Otto pagan Paris person philosophy political Pope princes pure rationalism reason reform religious Roman Rome sacred saints salvation secular society soul Spain spiritual struggle theology things thinking Thomas thought tion took true turn twelfth University West Western whole