Fig. 6.-Heads of (C) Phyllorhina_tridens, (D) Chiromeles torquatus (female), (E) Trachyops cirrhosus, (F) Charonycteris mexicana. Phyllostomidæ, include a number of blood-sucking forms, but the chief guilt in this connection must be laid to the charge of Desmodus, which sometimes attacks mammals of considerable size, and even man. The Vampire Bat itself (Vampyrus spectrum) must be acquitted. Bats form an order of great interest and importance to the naturalist. From a practical point of view they are of some importance so far as the one set destroy fruit-crops, and the others make up for this by destroying insects, while only a very few are somewhat more sanguinary. See MAMMALS, BATAVIA FLYING ANIMALS, VAMPIRE-BAT; also Professor Flower's article 'Mammalia' (Encyclo. Brit. 9th ed.); G. E. Dobson's Catalogue of Chiroptera in British Museum (1878); and the same naturalist's Monograph of Asiatic Chiroptera. Batangas, a seaport town of the Philippines, the capital of a province in the south-west of the island of Luzon, 50 miles S. of Manilla. It was founded in 1581, and is well built, lying on an extensive bay which opens into the Strait of Mindoro. Pop. of town and district, 27,000; of province, 275,075. Batatas. See SWEET POTATO. Bat'avi, an old Teutonic people who inhabited a part of the present Holland, particularly the island named from them Insula Batavorum (modern Betuwe), which is formed by the branch of the Rhine that falls into the sea near Leyden, by the Waal, and the Meuse. Their country extended southward across the Waal. Under Augustus they became allies of the Romans, and earned for their fidelity the honourable title of friends and brothers of the Roman people, and were permitted to choose their commanders from amongst themselves. Their cavalry were famous, and were often employed by the Romans. Bata'via, properly the name of the island occupied by the ancient Batavi, became at a later date the Latin name for Holland and the whole kingdom of the Netherlands. The name Batavian Republic was given to the Netherlands on their new organisation of 16th May 1795, and they continued to bear it till they were converted into the kingdom of Holland, under Louis Bonaparte, 8th June 1806. Bata'via, the capital of the Dutch East Indian possessions, stands on the NW. coast of Java, near the mouth of the Tjiliwong, frequently called the Jaccatra, from the former native town, on the ruins of which the present city was built. The river, which is small and shallow, is connected with a network of canals which intersect the town. The influence of a vertical sun on the canals of this Holland in miniature made Batavia become proverbial as the grave of Europeans. The temperature, though not extreme, is oppressive from its uniformity, the mean of winter being 78.1° F., and that of summer only 786. Latterly, however, the climate has been greatly improved by draining, and most of the merchants live in the healthier suburbs, which occupy higher ground farther inland, the principal being Weltevreden ('well-content'), Molenvliet, Rijswijk, Noordwijk, and Koningsplein. In some of these suburbs, which form the new town, the houses stand in spacious gardens with trees around them. The old town was formerly surrounded with walls and fortifications, and till 1808 was not merely government headquarters, but the main centre of population. But in that year the walls, useless since the complete subjugation of Java, were demolished, and the seat of government was transferred from the town on the swampy and unhealthy low grounds to Weltevreden, 2 miles farther inland. Now the old town contains mainly shops, stores, offices, and the houses of natives and Chinese. During the day, however, it is a busy place; and in it are still the town-house, the exchange, the great poorhouse, a hospital, &c. The bay is spacious, but very shallow towards the shore, and is yearly becoming shallower. Batavia is accessible only to boats; and since 1880 the government has constructed a great harbour some distance to the eastward at Tanjong Priong, connected with the capital by road, rail, and canal. To seaward the bay is protected by a range of islands and sandbanks; and it therefore affords a very secure anchorage. Notwithstanding the BATAVIA growing prosperity of Singapore. Batavia continues to be the commercial emporium of the far East. Its markets present at once all the productions of Asia and all the manufactures of Europe. There is frequent communication by steam with Singapore, all the Dutch East Indies, and Australia. The chief exports are coffee, rice, indigo, hides, arrack, sugar, palm oil, cajeput oil, tin, pepper, teak, buffalo horns and hides, tea, cassia, sapan wood, tortoise-shell, and tamarinds The imports com prise cottons, woolens, stiks, machinery, iron goods, wine, batter, articles of luxury, and ice from America The duties, formerly very high. have been reduced since 1866. The total value of exports is reckoned at £1,500,000; of the imports, £2,000,000. About half of the total trade is with Holland. Batavia possesses, besides the citadel and government offices, a society for the arts and sciences, founded 1778; a society for the study of Eastern geography, ethnography, and languages: a national history society, a chamber of commerce, an agricultural society, a gymnasium, a medical school, and various other educational and learned institutions. In 1811, while Holland was under France, Batavia was taken by the English, but was restored to its former owners in 1816 The Dutch government has laid a telegraphic cable of 600 miles from Batavia to Singapore. There is a railway from Batavia to Buitenzorg and other points in the interior. Pop. (1890) 105,126, of whom 6000 are Europeans-Dutch. Portuguese, and halfbreeds; 65.000 Chinese: 1500 Moors and Arabs; besides Javanese and Malays. The province of Batavia is low, but rises gently towards the south. Pop. nearly a million, of whom 8000 are Europeans, $70,000 ̊ Chinese, and the remainder mostly natives. The religion is chiefly Mohammedan. See JAVA. Bata'via, a post-village of Western New York, on Tonawanda Creek, 36 miles NE. of Buffalo by rail. It has several mills, and manufactures of sashes and blinds, ploughs, and farming-imple. ments, and is the seat of the state institution for the blind (1868). Pop. (1880) 4845; (1890) of village, 7221; of township, 9341. Batchian', or BATJAN, one of the Moluccas, W. of the southern peninsula of the large island of Halmahera or Gilolo. Area, 835 sq. m.; pop. about 11,000. It belongs to the Dutch residency of Ternate, consists of two peninsulas joined by a narrow isthmus, and has many mountains. Batchian produces gold, copper, much coal, sago, cocoa-nut trees, rice, cloves, and fine timber. Bateman, KATE JOSEPHINE, an American actress, born at Baltimore, October 7, 1842. After sustaining small parts for some years, she made her formal début in New York in 1860, in Evangeline, a drama written by her mother. At Boston in 1862 Miss Bateman made her first appearance as the Jewish maiden Leah, a part which she subsequently made peculiarly her own. In 1863-64 she appeared in this character for 210 nights at the Adelphi Theatre in London. Returning to the stage after her marriage in 1866 to Dr George Crowe, she appeared in London as Medea, as Lady Macbeth, and in other characters. Bath, the chief city of Somersetshire, is beautifully situated in the wooded valley of the sinuous Avon, 11 miles ESE. of Bristol, and 107 W. of London. Its houses are built wholly of white freestone-Bath oolite,' worked in the neighbour ing quarries-brick being entirely discarded (see BATH-STONE). Set in a natural amphitheatre, with Lansdown Hill (813 feet) to the north, the city has a finer appearance than any other in England, the variety of level giving very commanding sites for its fine and regular streets, crescents, direns, and public buildings The beauty and sheltered charseter of 178 seria tion, the mildness of its climate, and espects y the curative efficacy of its hot chalybeate sprig have long rendered Bath a favourite fashonalle resort. The springs, which supply six diferent establishments, were known to the Romans who here in the 1st century AD. built baths, of which extensive remains were discovered in 1733 and again in 1881. A large portion of these has been uncovered, including an oblong bath 83 feet in length by 30 in breadth, and a circular bath 25 feet in diameter. The temperature of the springs varies from 97 to 120 F; they rise near the river bank, in the centre of the city, and discharge about 185,000 pallons of water daily, The water is most useful in bilous, nervous, and serofulous complaints, palsy, rheumatism, gout. and entaneous diseases. Though the gaiety of Bath has greatly waned since the days of Bean Nash 1q.v., there has been a great general improvement in the city. It has a beautiful park 1880, and many open spaces; a theatre, concert-rooms, and other places of amusement; a subscription library, museum, club-house, good hotels, &c. "Noteworthy edifices are the Assembly Roams (1771) the Guild-hall (1766) the Pump-room (1797_the Mineral Water Hospital (1861), the City Markets (reconstructed 1863), and the new baths (1887) The Abbey Church (1499–1616) is a cruciform Late Perpendicular structure, with a fine roof in the style of Henry VII's chapel, and a central tower 162 feet high. In 1964 and subsequent years it was thoroughly restored by Sir G. G. Scott at a cost of £30,000. Of numerous other churches the finest is the Roman Catholie Priory Church (1863), with a spire 200 feet high. On Lansdown Hill is Beckford's Tower, 130 feet high, built by the eccentric author of Vathek. South of the city is Prior Park, built in 1743 by Ralph Allen, Fielding's friend, and now a Catholic college. There are several other educational establishments the Bath College, the Royal School for Officers' Daughters, the Wesleyan College, &e. Bath returns two members to parliament, and conjointly with Wells is the seat of a diocese. It has no manukind of bun, to wheeled invalid chairs, and to bricks factures of importance; but it has given name to a used for cleaning metal. Coal is found in the Traditionally founded by a British prince, Bladud neighbourhood. Pop. (1881) 51,814; (1891)51,843, was a Roman station called "Aquier Solis, at the (863 B.C.), Bath is really of great antiquity. It intersection of the great Roman ways from London to Wales, and from Lincoln to the south coast of England. The site of the Roman forum is known; and remains have from time to time been discovered of temples, altars, and pavements. Richard I. granted Bath its earliest extant charter, which was subsequently confirmed by Henry III., and greatly extended by George III. Bath figures frequently in literature, in the works of Smollett, Fielding, Anstey, Madame D'Arblay, Miss Austen, Dickens, &c. See Warner's History of Bath (1800); Searth's Aqua Solis (1864); Sir G. Jackson's Archives of Bath (2 vols. 1873); and Peach's Rambles about Bath (1875). Bath, a city and port of entry, capital of Sagadahoc county, Maine, U.S. It is situated on the west bank of the Kennebec River, 35 miles S. of Augusta. Shipbuilding is the chief industry, in which it takes high rank amongst American cities. It is an important commercial centre, and owns much shipping, as its river possesses good anchorage and docks, and the harbour never freezes over. Bath was incorporated as a town in 1780, and as a city in 1850. Pop. (1870) 7371; (1880) 7874; (1890) $723. Bath, BATHING. As usually understood, bathing is the application of water in some form to the body, as in ordinary cold baths, hot baths, or sea-bathing. But many other substances, liquid, solid, or gaseous, may be substituted for water-e.g. mud, seaweed, air; and the baths take different names according to the nature of the substance, its condition, its method of application, or the part of the body to which it is applied-e.g. salt-water bath, hot salt-water bath, salt-water spray-bath, salt-water arm-bath. It may be presumed that at first bathing in cold or in hot water was simply a cleansing or cooling act; then it would develop into a therapeutic process, as a remover of stiffness, pains, and fatigue, and as a preventive or cure for the skin diseases so prevalent in the East; and so it would ultimately become with some peoples a religious and solemn rite. The great step of substituting hot air for hot water in the first stage of the bath took place probably in Phoenicia, that cradle of so many arts, as cinders and other signs of the existence of such baths have been found in the ruins of Baalbek (the house of Baal'). Thence to Greece was an easy transition, and we know there were many both public and private baths there, the former connected with the gymnasium; while there is also evidence that there were separate institutions for women. Homer tells us that Athena instructed Hercules how to use certain baths, so as to recover his strength after severe exertions, and also that Andromache prepared a hot bath for her husband Hector on his return from battle. The Romans, when they subjugated the Greeks, acquired the bath along with other fruits of their conquest, and carried it to such a pitch of splendour and luxury as it has never since equalled. There were no fewer than 850 baths in Rome at one time, and some of these accommodated thousands of bathers. It will give some idea of their extent and magnificence to quote from Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture the following: St George's Hall at Liverpool is the most exact copy in modern times of a part of Caracalla's baths.' The bath became such an institution with the Romans, that apparently they could not live without them, and wherever we find Roman remains, we find traces of a bath as well. Thus their use spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, and there is very little doubt that the first Turkish baths were really built by the Romans, and were retained in use through the subsequent centuries on account of their suitability to the climate and to the manners of the people; while in the more northern climes they ceased to be of public importance, until their reintroduction in modern times under the name of Turkish baths. It is unnecessary to enter into a minute description of the Roman bath, as it so closely resembled its modern offspring the Turkish, which will presently be described. The chief points of difference are that the lubricating of the body with oil in the apodyterium, and the practising of various exercises and games in the hall called the sphæristerium, have been omitted in the modern baths. Hot-air Bath.-(1) In the form generally known as the Turkish bath, there are usually two rooms filled with air heated by stoves placed either inside or outside the rooms. One of these, the tepidarium, has a temperature of about 120° F., while the other, the calidarium, or sudatorium, runs up as high as 220° F. or even higher. In these the bather, with only a cotton loin-cloth and slippers to protect his feet, reclines on marble benches covered with felt, or canvascovered chairs, until the perspiration runs from every pore. He then passes into the lavacrum, where on a marble slab he undergoes the process of shampooing, the bathman kneading, rubbing, and thumping every part of his body, until all the Vapour-bath.-(1) That commonly known as the Russian bath consists of a room filled with steam, where the bather sits on benches arranged as in an amphitheatre, so as to give different temperatures according to the height above the floor, until he perspires freely; after which, switching with birchtwigs takes the place of shampooing, and then free application of cold water, carried to the length even of rolling in the snow, completes the process. (2) A simpler form, where, as in the second form of the hot-air bath, the bather's head is kept outside the bath, sitting as he does either in a wooden box with a hole for his neck, or on a chair as in the hot-air bath, but with a basin of boiling water instead of a lamp beneath it. In this basin there are placed one or two red-hot bricks, or a little quicklime is added to produce abundant vapour. A rude variety of vapour-bath, where the bather is placed in a hole or cabin, is practised amongst the | Irish, the Finns, and some other nations. Medicated, Hot-air, Vapour, and Water Baths. In these baths some foreign material is added, as bran, sulphur, carbonate of soda or potash, mercury, nitro-muriatic acid, mustard, extracts of pineleaves, eucalyptus, lavender, eonium, seaweed (known as ozone-baths), or mud (either spring or sea). Baths of the natural mineral water are also given at nearly all the spas at home and abroad; but the subject, with the classification of such baths, will be best discussed at MINERAL WATERS, of which, therapeutically, the most valuable are those containing sodium, magnesia, iron, carbonic acid, sulphur, and hydrosulphuric acid. Natural hot-air baths are given by exposure to strong sunshine, which, if only the head is protected, can be well borne by the naked body. In the saltdistricts, as at Droitwich, strong brine-baths are administered. In these curious baths the body has to be held down, as its specific gravity is not sufficiently great to allow it to submerge itself. Wrapping the body in the hide of a newly killed animal is known as an animal-bath. The Compressed-air Bath is discussed in a separate article. See also HYDROPATHY. Electric Bath. In this bath, while one pole of the battery is connected with the bath, and thence the electricity passes through the water, the other pole is connected with an insulated bar, to be grasped by the patient while lying in the bath, or with a sponge which can be applied locally as desired. A switch arrangement is usually connected with the bath, by which the direction of the current can be |