ENGLISH GRAMMAR,

ETYMOLOGY-continued.

315. LEADING LATIN ROOTS OF ENGLISH WORDS, WITH EXAMPLES.*

Equus, equal-equable, equality, equator, equity, iniquity, equinox, equanimity, equivalent, adequate―equ.

Ago, I do, actus, done-act, action, active, agent, agile, agitate, enact, transact, exigence-act, ag.

Anima, the soul, life; animus, the mind; animal, an animal-animate, magnanimous, animadvert, animalcule-anim.

Annus, a year-annual, annals, annuity, anniversary, biennial-ann, enn.
Augeo, I increase, auctus, increased- augment, auction, author-aug, auct.
Bene, well-benefit, beneficent, benevolent, benefactor, benediction-bene.

Cado, I fall, casus, fallen-cadence, accident, incident, coincide, case, casual, occasioncad, cas, cid.

Cædo, I kill or cut, cæsus, cut-regicide, suicide, homicide, incision, concise, decision-cid, cis.

Capio, I take, captus, taken-capable, capacity, captive, accept, receive, anticipatecap, capt, cip, cept, ceive.

Caput, capitis, the head-capital, chapter, cape, decapitate, precipitate, captain-cap, capit, cip, cipit.

Cedo,

go or yield, cessus, given place to-recede, proceed, antecedent, access, excessive, intercession-cede, cced, cess.

Centum, a hundred-century, centurion, centipede, per centage-cent.

Cerno, I see or judge, cretus, judged or sifted-discern, secret, secretary, decree, discreet-cern, cret, creet, cree.

Clamo, I cry out-claim, proclaim, exclamation-clam, claim.

Claudo, I shut, clausus, shut-clause, close, include, exclusion-claus, clus, clud.
Cor, cordis, the heart-cordial, concord-cord.

Corpus, corporis, the body-corporeal, corporation, corpulent, corpse-corp, corpor.
Credo, I believe-creed, credit, credible-cred.

Cura, care-curate, curable, secure, accurate, sinecure-cur.

Curro, I run, cursus-current, curricle, course, incur, excursion, occurrence, succour— curr, curs, course, cour.

Dico, I say or speak, dictus-contradict, dictate, dictionary, malediction, ditto-dict. Dico, I dedicate or set apart-abdicate, predicament-dica.

Do, I give, datus-dative, addition, data―dat, dit.

Doceo, I teach, doctus--docile, doctor, doctrine-doc, doct.

Duco, I lead, ductus-reduce, conduct, viaduct, educate, ductile, production, dux, duke, conducive-duc, duct.

Emo, I buy, emptus-redeem, redemption, exempt-eem, empt.

Eo, I go, itus-exit, transit, initial, circuitous-it.

Facio, I make or do, factus-fact, factor, manufacture, perfect, deficient, sacrifice, artificer, officer, surfeit-fact, fect, fice.

Fio, I become or am made-benefit, satisfy-fit, fy.

Fero, I bring or carry, latus-transfer, ferry, difference, somniferous, circulate, dilate, translate, relative-fer, lat.

The syllables in italics at the end of the examples, show the forms which the Latin words take when compounded in English words. In verbs, the first person, present tense, indicative mood, and the past participle, are given; in nouns, the nominative and sometimes the genitive (133) singular,

VOL. I.-NO. X.

L

Fingo, I feign, fictus-figure, effigy, fiction, fictitious-fig, fict.
Finis, an end-finish, final, infinite, infinitive, define-fin.

Flecto, I bend, flexus-flexible, reflect, inflection—flect, flex.

Fluo, I flow, fluxus or fluctus-fluid, fluent, reflux, superfluous, fluctuate-flu, flux, fluct.

Frango, I break, fractus-frangible, fragment, fragile (frail), fraction, refract, infringefrag, frang, fring, fract.

Fundo, I pour out, fusus-fund, refund, confound, fuse, refuse, fusible-fund, found, fus. Genus, generis, a kind—general, generation-gener.

Gradior, I step or go, gressus; gradus, a step-aggression, degree, progress, degrade, ingredient-grad, gred, gress, gree.

Habeo, I have, habitus-habit, prohibit-hab, lib.

Hæreo, I stick, hæsus-adhere, adhesion, cohesive, hesitate her, hes.

Humus, the ground-exhume, posthumous, humble, humility.

Jaceo, I lie or lie down-adjacent, subjacent-jar.

Jacio, I throw, jactus-inject, deject, projectile, adjective, interjection, conjecture, jet-ject, jet.

Jungo, I join, junctus-junction, juncture, adjunct, join, joint-junct, join.

Jus, juris, law, right; juro, I swear—jurist, injury, jurisprudence, jury, conjure, perjury-jur.

Latus, brought-see fero.

Lego, I send or bequeath, legatus-legate, legatee, legacy, delegate.

Lego, I read or gather, lectus-legible, college, lecture, legend, intelligent, lesson, collect, eligible, election-leg, lig, lect.

Lex, legis, a law-legal, legislation, legitimate-leg.

Ludo, I play, lusus-elude, delusion, ludicrous, interlude-lud, lus.

Malus, bad-malady, malice, malefactor, malevolent—mal.

Maneo, I stay, mansus-remain, mansion, permanent-main, mans.

Manus, the hand-manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate—manu, main, man. Metior, I measure, mensus-mensuration, dimension, immense, measure-mens, meas. Mitto, I send, missus-committee, commissioner, promise, remit―mit, mitt, mis, miss. Moneo, I advise, monitus-monitor, admonish-moni.

Munus, muneris, a gift-community, common, remunerate, munificent—muni, muner,

mon.

Noceo, I hurt-innocent, noxious—noc, nox.

Nox, noctis, night—equinox, nocturnal-nox, noct.

Nosco, I learn or know, notus-notion, note, notable, notice, cognizance, precognition, recognise-not, gniz.

Nuncio, I tell-announce, enunciate, nuncio-nounc, nunci.

Opus, operis, a work-operate, opera-oper.

Orior, I rise, ortus-orient, oriental (where the sun rises, or eastern), abortive—ori, ort.
Oro, I speak or entreat, oratus-oration, orator, adore, oracle, inexorable—or.
Pando, I spread out, passus-expand, expanse, compass, surpass-pass, pand.

Pareo, I appear-apparent-par, pear.

Pario, I bring forth-parent, oviparous, viviparous-par.

Paro, I get ready-prepare, repair, preparation-par, pair.

Pars, partis, a part-particle, party, partial, particular, impart, participle-part.
Pello, I drive away, pulsus-repel, impulse, compulsion-pel, puls.

Pendeo, I hang or depend upon-pendulum, appendage, suspense-pend, pens.
Pendo, I cause to hang or weigh-stipend, pension, recompense, expense-pend, pens.`
Pes, pedis, a foot-quadruped, pedestal, pedestrian, impede, expeditious-ped.
Peto, I seek, petitus-petition, compete, petulant, centripetal, appetite-pet.
Pingo, I paint, pinctus-picture, Picts, depict, painter, pigment-pict, paint, pig.
Pleo, I fill, pletus-complete, supply-plet, ply.

Plico, Ifold, plicatus-complicate, pliable, duplicity, implicit, surplice—pli, plic.
Pono, I place, positus-post, position, propose, opposition, opponent-post, posit, pon.

Porto, I carry-port, porter, portable, export-port.

Prehendo, I take hold of, prehensus-comprehend, apprehension, comprise, prehensile

prehend, prehens, pris.

Primus, first-prime, primitive, primary, primrose-prim, prin.

from princeps-first.

Premo, I press, pressus-compress, impression-press.

Prince, principal,

Probo, I prove, probatus-improve, approbation, probable, reprobate-prov, prob.
Puto, I think, prune, or lop-compute, amputate, deputy, reputation-put.

Quæro, I ask or seek, quæsitus-acquire, inquisition, request, query-quir, quer, quisit, quest.

Quatuor, four-quarter, quadrant-quad, quart.

Rapio, I snatch or seize, raptus-rapine, rapacious, rapture, ravage-rap, rapt.

Rego, I rule, rectus; Rex, regis, a king-regular (correct), reign, rectitude, regent, regal-rect,

reg.

Rideo, I laugh, risus-deride, ridiculous, risible—rid, ris.

Rumpo, I break, ruptus-eruption, rupture, bankrupt―rupt.

Sacer, sacri, sacred-sacrifice, sacrament, consecrate-sacr, secr.

Salio, I leap, saltus-sally, salient, resilient, assault, insult-sati, sili, sault, sult.

Sanctus, holy-sanctify, saint, sanction-sanct.

Scando, I climb, scansus-ascend, descent, condescension-scend, scens.

Scindo, I cut, scissus-rescind, scissors-scind, sciss.

Scio, I know-science, scientific, conscious-sci, scient.

Scribo, I write, scriptus-describe, inscription-scrib, script.

Seco, I cut, sectus-sect, insect, section, segment-sect, seg.

Sedeo, I sit, sessus-sediment, sedate, sedentary, session, assiduous-sed, sid, sess.

Sentio, I perceive or feel, sensus-dissent, sentiment, sensitive-sent, sens.

Sequor, I follow, secutus-sequel, sequence, execute, consecutive, subsequent-sequ, secu. Servo, I keep or preserve-conservative.

Servio, I serve-servile, servant.

Sisto, I stand or stop-desist, consistent, resistance-sist.

Solvo, I loosen, solutus-absolve, solvent, soluble, solution-solo, solut.

Specio, I see, spectus-aspect, expect, inspection, respectable, specious, spectator, spectacle, despicable-spect, spic, spec.

Spiro, I breathe, spiratus-inspire, spirit, respiration, conspiracy, spiracle-spir.
Spondeo, I promise, sponsus-despond, response-spond, spons.

Sto, I stand, status-state, station, distant, statue, solstice, contrast-stat, stant, stice, st. Struo, I build up, structus-structure, instruction, construe, instrument, destroystruct, stru.

Sumo, I take, sumptus-assumption, resume, consumptive-sum, sumpt.
Surgo, I rise, surrectus-surge, insurgent, insurrection-surg, surrect.

Tango, I touch, tactus-tact, tangent, contagious, contingent―tact, tang, ting, tag.
Tego, I cover, tectus-protegée, detect, integument—teg, tect.

Tempus, temporis, time-temporal, temporary, contemporaneous—tempor.

Tendo, I stretch, tentus-attend, extent, tension, intense, inattentive-tend, tent, tens. Teneo, I hold-tenet, tenant, tenacious, attain, abstinent, continue, retentive-ten, tenac, tain, tin, tent.

Traho, I draw, tractus-attract, subtrahend, trace-tract, trac, trah.

Veho, I carry, vectus-vehicle, convey, inveigh, invective, vehement-veh, vey, vect, veigh.

Venio, I come, ventus-advent, convent, convene, invent, intervene, revenue, convenient, covenant-ven, vent.

Verto, I turn, versus-advert, convert, averse, adversity, controversy, versatile, vertebra -vert, vers.

Video, I see, visus-visible, evident, provide, vision, providence (prudence), revisevis, vid.

Vinco, I conquer, victus-victory, invincible, province, victim, vanquish—vict, vinc.

.

Vivo, I live, victum-revise, vivid, vivify, vivacity, victuals-viv, vict.

Voco, I call, vocatus; vox, vocis, the voice-provoke, vocation, vocable, vowel, voicevok, voc.

Volvo, Í roll, volutus-involve, revolution, volume, voluble-volo, volu.

316. LEADING GREEK ROOTS OF ENGLISH WORDS, WITH EXAMPLES. Adelphos, a brother-Philadelphia. Agogos, a leader-demagogue, pedagogue. Angelos, a messenger-angel, evangelist. Anthropos, a man-misanthrope, philanthropy.

Arché, sovereignty-monarch, anarchy.
Aristos, best-aristocracy.

Astron, a star-astrology, astronomy.
Autos, self-autobiography, autocrat.

Baros, weight-barometer, barytone, baryta.
Biblion, a book-bible, biblical.

Bios, life-biography, amphibious.
Chronos, time-chronometer, chronology,
chronic.

Cratos, rule-democrat, theocracy.
Deka, ten-decade, decalogue.
Demos, the people-epidemic, demagogue.
Doxé, an opinion-orthodox, heterodox,
paradox.

Dynamis, power-dynamics, dynasty.
Eu, well-eulogy, euphony, evangelist.
Gamos, marriage-polygamy, bigamy.
Gé, the earth-geometry, geography, apo-

Lithos, a stone-lithography, lithotomy.
Logos, a discourse-geology, logic, apology.
Metron, a measure- thermometer, sym-
Micros, small-microscope. [metry.

Monos, alone-monarch, monopoly, mono

tonous.

Necros, dead-necropolis, necromancy.
Nomos, a law-astronomy, economy.
Oikos, a house-economy, diocese.
Orthos, right-orthodox, orthography, or-
thoëpy.

Oxus, acid-oxygen, oxalic.
Pais, paidos, a boy-pedagogue.
Pathos, feeling-sympathy, antipathy, apa-
thy.

Phainomai, I appear-Epiphany, pheno

menon.

Phileo, I love-philosophy, philanthropy.
Phoné, voice, sound-phonography, sym-
phony.

Polis, a city-police, polite, metropolis,
Constantinople.

Polus, many-polygamy, polygon, polypus.
Pous, podos, the foot-polypus, antipodes,
tripod.

Skopeo, I see-telescope, episcopacy.
Sophos, wise-philosopher, sophist.
Tele, far-telescope, telegraph.
Theos, God-atheist, theology.
Thermos, hot-isothermal, thermometer.
Thesis, placing, position-hypothesis, epi-
thet, antithesis.

Zoön, an animal-zoology, zoophyte, zo-
diac.

PART II.

SYNTAX;

OR, THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES.

CHAP. I.-Of Sentences.

318. A SENTENCE is a number of words making complete sense; or, a complete thought expressed in words. See par. 6, page 4.

319. Every sentence must contain, at least, a personal verb (a verb in the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person, and often termed a finite verb), and a noun, or something which is equivalent to a noun; and must form a proposition in which something is asserted about the leading noun (or its substitute). The leading noun, about which something is aflirmed, is called the subject; and that which is said about the subject is called the predicate. The following examples will show distinctly the nature of subject and predicate. Each may consist of one word or of several words :

Subject.

1. Time flies.

2. William

3. He and I
4. A small leak

5. To gild refined gold
6. Her lively looks
7. You

8. The gay beams of lightsome day See pars. 105 (p. 64), and 187 (p. 99).

Predicate.

reads well.

came home together.
will sink a great ship.

is wasteful and ridiculous excess.
a sprightly mind disclose.
have too much respect upon the world.
gild, but to flout, the ruins gray.

320. The subject is called the nominative to the verb; and it is most usually a noun or pronoun, as in several of the preceding examples.

321. In the sentence-To DIE is the lot of all, the infinitive TO DIE is the nominative, or subject: it is the same in effect as a noun signifying to die, such as death or dying. In the sentence-THAT HE SHOULD SAY SO is very strange, the words in small capitals form the subject, or nominative, to the verb is. See par. 110, page 64. Thus, the nominative, or subject, may be a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive mood of a verb, or a part of a sentence.

322. Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of only one affirmation, or proposition; as, Time flies; Alexander the Great is said to have wept; and the other examples at the end of par. 319. A compound (or complex) sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected together: as, Time flies, but we take little notice of its loss;—Alexander, when he had conquered the world, is said to have wept because there were not other worlds to subdue ;- -The apparent revolution of the heavens, which takes place every twenty-four hours, is caused by the earth's rotation on its axis. It will be seen that the simple sentence contains only one personal verb, simple or compound.

323. In many sentences there is a part included in the predicate, called the object. This occurs when the verb in the predicate is transitive; as, A small leak will sink a great ship; Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose; Temperance preserves health. See pars. 120-5, page 66. The object may be said to be that upon which the subject acts when the verb is transitive. The noun or pronoun governed by a preposition is also sometimes called the object.

Το

324. In compound sentences, there is one of the sentences, or clauses, which is called principal; while the others are secondary, accessory, or parenthetical. these a variety of different names have been applied, as adjective, relative, participial, connective, &c.

325. The words in any sentence are either subject, predicate, object, or an adjunct