and like the other European emigrants prefer to settle in colonies. There are colonies at Marinette, Stevens Point, Berlin, Menasha, Manitowoc, Beaver Dam, La Crosse, and Independence. The tendency to settle in colonies is increasing with the growing Polish immigration. Half the population of Portage County is made up of Polanders.

The ease of acquiring land in the Northwest is evidenced by the fact that the Polanders are not all ordinary laborers as is usually the case in the eastern section, but many of them are property owners. They are generally industrious, sober, and intelligent. They cling closely to their adopted country and become good American citizens without giving up the cherished customs of Poland. They proved their patriotism in the war with Spain, by sending the Kosciuszko Guards, of Milwaukee, to the front. They have given attention to education and religion, and had a church of their own in Milwaukee even in 1865, when the entire Polish population of the city was included in thirty families. In 1902, they had seven churches in Milwaukee, of which St. Josephat's, costing $250,000 is the largest Polish Catholic church in the United States. Anxious to give their children an education in religion as well as in secular matters, they are very zealous in maintaining parochial schools, but many of the children attend the public schools, especially in the higher grades. The Polanders nearly all speak German, as well as their own language, and the children quickly learn English.

The distribution of the Canadians in the West shows how easy it is for foreigners to cross the frontier and become assimilated. The hope of improvement in economic conditions in a location near the old home has proved a great inducement to many of the inhabitants of Canada. In the old fur trading days the hunter and trapper knew no frontier, and was as much at home in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota as in his native land. With the passing of the fur trade, the Canadian chose an occupation which still kept him in the wilderness and became an employé of the

lumber companies in the vast forests of the northern frontier, or he took up a more settled life and became a farmer in some rich river valley. In this way the large Canadian population in northern Michigan and Wisconsin, and in central Minnesota, North Dakota, and Iowa, is readily accounted for. They are more strongly represented than any other foreigners in Montana, except in the mining regions.

The foreign-born population in the northwestern States, according to the census of 1900, was as follows: The total in Ohio was four hundred and fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and thirty-four, of which number two hundred and four thousand one hundred and sixty were born in Germany, fifty-five thousand and eighteen in Ireland, forty-four thousand seven hundred and forty-five in England, twenty-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven in Canada, twelve thousand and seven in Switzerland, eleven thousand four hundred and eighty-one in Wales, fifteen thousand one hundred and thirty-one in Bohemia, eleven thousand five hundred and seventy-five in Austria, and sixteen thousand four hundred and sixty-three in Hungary. The remainder of the foreign-born came from other European countries, no one country furnishing ten thousand. The presence of two large cities accounts partially for this large number. Cincinnati and Cleveland together had one hundred and eightytwo thousand five hundred and ninety-two of these. Of these, Cincinnati had thirty-eight thousand two hundred and nineteen, or sixty-five and nine-tenths per cent of its foreignborn population, German, while Cleveland had forty thousand six hundred and forty-eight natives of Germany, thirteen thousand five hundred and ninety-nine of Bohemia, and thirteen thousand one hundred and twenty of Ireland.

Indiana's foreign-born population was comparatively small in 1900, consisting of a total of one hundred and forty-two thousand one hundred and twenty-one. Of these, seventythree thousand five hundred and forty-six were born in Germany, sixteen thousand three hundred and six in Ireland,

Augustin Grignon, explorer, pioneer, and fur trader in the Northwest.

the original in possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society.

ten thousand eight hundred and seventy-four in England, four thousand nine hundred and eighty-six were of English birth in Canada, six thousand and sixty-seven were Polanders, four thousand six hundred and seventy-three were Swedes. No other country furnished four thousand.

Illinois had a much larger number of foreign-born than any other northwestern State, there being in that State nine hundred and sixty-six thousand seven hundred and fortyseven. The total number of foreign-born, natives of Germany, in Illinois in 1900, was three hundred and thirty-two thousand one hundred and sixty-nine; of Ireland, one hundred and fourteen thousand five hundred and sixty-three; of England, sixty-four thousand three hundred and ninety; of Canada, of English birth, forty-one thousand four hundred and sixty-six; of Bohemia, thirty-eight thousand five hundred and seventy; of Holland, twenty-one thousand nine hundred and sixteen; of Austria, eighteen thousand two hundred and twelve; of Denmark, fifteen thousand six hundred and eighty-six; of Italy, twenty-three thousand five hundred and twenty-three; of Norway, twenty-nine thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine; of Poland (including German, Russian, and Austrian Poland), eighty thousand eight hundred and forty-five; of Russia, twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and seven; of Scotland, twenty thousand and twenty-one; of Sweden, ninety-nine thousand one hundred and forty-seven, and the remainder from other countries, no one furnishing ten thousand.

The large number in Illinois is due to the city of Chicago which, more than any other American city with the exception of New York, contains foreign colonies that would make cities by themselves. Of this total foreign-born population, in 1900, Chicago contained five hundred and eightyseven thousand one hundred and twelve, or more than one-half. Of these, one hundred and seventy thousand seven hundred and thirty-eight were born in Germany, seventy-three thousand nine hundred and twelve in Ireland, forty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-six in Sweden,