CHAPTER

PAGES

XI SPANISH LOUISIANA AND THE WEST . . 167-188

Attitude of Spain toward the United States at the close of the

Revolution. Spain's claim to the Mississippi. Danger to

the West. The Indian massacres. Attempts at treaty

making. Jay and Gardoqui. North and South at variance.

Spain and the settlers in the West. Danger of war. Wil-

kinson's trading ventures on the Mississippi. His negotia-

tions with Spanish officials. Takes oath of allegiance to

Spain. Spanish attempts to gain the West. Unrest in Ken-

tucky. Other disaffected leaders. Morgan's colony. Great

Britain and the West. Jefferson's plan to settle the problem.

Pinckney's treaty. Reasons for the change in Spain's atti-

tude. Right of deposit. Growing influence of France.

Spain withdraws from eastern bank of the Mississippi.

XII THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

XIII

Transfer of Louisiana to France. Objections of the United

States to the transfer. Jefferson's view. Right of deposit

withdrawn. The West and South aroused. Congress em-

powers president to act. Monroe appointed special envoy

to France. Scope of his instructions. Livingston's negotia-

tions. Napoleon's changed attitude. Monroe and Living-

ston negotiate. The purchase of Louisiana. Disregard of

Spanish rights. The validity of the title. Why Napoleon

wished to sell. His dread of Great Britain. The San

Domingo revolt. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Napoleon's de-

feat. American surprise at the purchase. Constitutional

questions. The treaty ratified. Opinions of public men.

Boundary disputes. New Orleans. Extent of territory

acquired. Transfer to the United States.

Jefferson's interest in the exploration. Ledyard's expedition.
Jefferson's message to Congress. Ignorance of the country
acquired. Expedition of Lewis and Clark. Their qualifica-
tions. Their instructions. The journey up the Missouri.
Their treatment of the Indians. Winter with the Mandans.
Journey through North Dakota and Montana. At the
source of the Missouri. Crossing the Rocky Mountains.
The descent to the Pacific and return. Pike's attempt to
discover the source of the Mississippi. His exploration of
the Southwest. Discovery of Pike's Peak.
Pike's arrest

CHAPTER

by the Spaniards. A lull in exploration. The hunters and

trappers. Bonneville's exploration. Exploration of Nicollet.

Fremont's expeditions. Overland to California.

XIV THE ADMISSION OF LOUISIANA

PAGES

. 239-253

Character of population. Provisions of the bill for govern-

ment of the Territory. Two Territories proposed. District

of Louisiana under Indiana jurisdiction. Difficulties as to

Territory of New Orleans. The Territorial Council. Pas-

sage of the bill.

Claiborne and Wilkinson. The remon-

strance from the citizens of Louisiana.

government of the Territory of Orleans.

the Territorial period. The Black Code. Constitutional

Convention. Quincy's objections to the admission of Loui-

siana. Admission as a State. Claiborne elected governor.

Change in the

Penal laws in

XV THE ADMISSION OF INDIANIA AND ILLI-

NOIS.

. 255-264

The Enabling Act for Indiana. Boundaries of the proposed

State. Boundary dispute. Discussion of slavery. The

Constitutional Convention. The constitution. Restriction

on banks. Admission to statehood. Growth of population.

The Enabling Act for Illinois. Population requirement.

Peculiarities of the census law. Change in boundaries.

Reasons for change. Its importance. Provisions of the

constitution. The General Assembly. Slavery. Discus-

sion in Congress over the admission of Illinois. A bitter

campaign for revision of the constitution. Illinois a free

State.

XVI CHARACTER OF THE NORTHWESTERN

SETTLERS BEFORE 1830.

265-287

Elements in population. The French emigrants from the
North and South. The different settlements. The popula-
tion of Ohio. That of Indiana. Of Illinois. Religious
characteristics. Congregationalism and Presbyterianism. Re-
port of Mills and Schermerhorn. Methodism. The circuit
rider. Camp meetings. The founder of Methodism. Spread
of Methodism. The Baptist Church. The Episcopalians.
The Roman Catholic Church. Education in the Northwest.
Obstacles to extension of education and religious teaching.
Provision for education in Ohio. In Indiana. In Illinois.
In Michigan. The university. Local government in the

CHAPTER

Northwest. The town. Local government under the Ordi-

nance of 1787. Changes in local government in Ohio. The

township in Illinois and Michigan. The influence of Cass.

PAGES

289-309

Land grants for
Drawbacks to
Elements of popu-

Causes of delay in admitting Michigan.

soldiers. Unsatisfactory quality of lands.

settlement. Organization of Michigan.

lation. Settlement of Detroit. Hull as Territorial governor.

Legislative difficulties. The Indian question. Cass's ad-

ministration. His treatment of the Indians. The westward

boundary of Michigan. Self-government encouraged. The

second stage of Territorial government. Cass leaves the Ter-

ritory. His successor. Extension of boundaries. Growth

of population. State constitution and government adopted.

Boundary trouble with Ohio. Difficulty with Federal gov-

ernment. Michigan admitted. Wisconsin's limits encroached

upon. Movement for separate government. Territory organ-

ized. Iowa set off. Final area of the Territory. The first

governor. Land speculation. The Milwaukee and Rock

River Canal Company. Southern boundary dispute. Threat

of secession. Active immigration. A Mormon settlement.

An experiment in Fourierism. A State government.

bling Act.

Constitutional Convention.

Ena-

Free negroes and

A new convention.

the suffrage. Restriction as to banks.
The proposed suffrage articles. A constitution adopted.
Wisconsin admitted. The early immigration. The later.
Their influence on the slavery question.

Early settlement of Iowa. Without a government. Attached
to Territory of Michigan. To that of Wisconsin. Organi-
zation as a Territory. Opening the land to settlement. In-
dian reservation. The Black Hawk War. Treaties with
the Indians. Growth of population. Boundary dispute
with Missouri. Demand for statehood. The constitution.
Boundaries. Debate in Congress. Adoption of the con-
stitution. Early Minnesota. Its condition after Wisconsin
became a State. The Stillwater Convention. Preamble and
Resolutions. Territorial organization. Extinguishment of
Indian titles. Demand for statehood. The Enabling Act.

Early Dakota. Settlement by land companies. Attempts at

Territorial organization. Boundaries. Population at the

time of organization. Reasons for slow growth. Discovery

of gold. Railroads. Efforts to gain statehood for North

and South Dakota. Reasons for desiring division. The

Enabling Act. Constitutional conventions. The constitu-

tions. Land grants. Educational provisions. Corporations.

Exploration of Montana. Discovery of gold. Influence

on the development of the Territory. The early settlers.

Government of the mining camps.

tory. A Territorial government.

Education. Demand for statehood.

tion. Admitted into the Union.

provisions.

Changes in the Terri-

Agricultural progress.

Constitutional Conven-

Important constitutional

XX THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL

GOVERNMENT.

· 353-363

Importance of the Territorial question. Early consideration
of it. Problems presented. Ordinance of 1787. Govern-
ment of Louisiana. Congress and the Territories. Supreme
Court decisions. Present day Territorial government. Gov-
ernment of unorganized Territories. The Insular Possessions.
Progress toward self-government. Principle underlying the
relation of the United States to its Territories. The govern-

ment of the civilized Indians. The future of the Territories.

XXI THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF ADMITTING

NEW STATES INTO THE UNION

The normal method of admission.
earlier States. The case of Ohio.
Ohio. The admission of Louisiana.
to Maine.
Arkansas.
mission.

. . 365-377

The admission of the

The Enabling Act of
Peculiar conditions as
Missouri and the compromise. The claim of
Its admission. Michigan's contention and ad-
The case of Florida. Annexation and admission

CHAPTER

of Texas. The question of slavery and admission to state-

hood. Power of Congress in the admission of new States.

Restrictions on the proposed States. Changes in Enabling

Acts. Development of State constitutions.

XXII IMMIGRATION INTO THE NORTHWEST

PAGES

• 379-409

Early migration to the Northwest. The French. The Eng-

lish. Natives of other States in the Northwest.

Reasons

for this migration. Tendencies shown in the migration.

Why the Europeans have settled in the West. Economic

and political motives. Influence of Immigration Bureaus.

The German immigration. Reasons for it. The Scandi-

navians. Other European emigrants. Foreign-born popu-

lation. Native-born of foreign parentage. The non-English

speaking element. Problem of assimilation. Encouraging

features in it. The rapidity of assimilation.

favoring it.

The outlook.

Conditions

of Mississippi and

Canoes and barges.

Importance of the transportation problem. Travel by land.
Early roads. River travel. Influence
Ohio Rivers. Means of transportation.
The beginning of steamboat travel. Influence of canals in
western development. Erie Canal. The canals in Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois. Travel in the early days. Defects
in water transportation. Railroad building. National aid.
Resources of the West. Its lands, forests, and mines.
Growth of manufacturing. Industrial cities. Reasons for
their growth. Industries peculiar to the West.

XXIV GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

441-449

Problems in westward expansion. How these were solved.

Leaders in the movement. Characteristics of the settlers in

the West. Influence of North and South. Commercial

interests. Some results of the expansion. Influence on

national life. Place of the United States among the nations

as a result of expansion. Anglo-Saxon civilization at its best.

The development of democratic institutions. A preparation

for further advance and influence in world affairs.

An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the

United States, North-west of the River Ohio.