66

immediately." J. Abb. de Mandelfloe fays in p. 791, among the Japanefe, thieves are faftened with a rape of straw to a cross, and then the executioner runs a pike into the right Jide up to the left shoulder, and again from the left fide up to the right shoulder; other malefactors are fastened only to a poft, with their hands ftretched out, and held up by two perfons, and fo the executioner runs them with a pike through the neck into the heart." William Adan fays, in p. 863, The most unpleasant fight we had, was the fight of the malefactors faftened upon croffes, near all the great towns, where thofe executions had been performed: crucifying is a very common punifhment among them at Japan." Mr. Tennant has fome-. where obferved in his "Indian Recreations," that this punishment is of immenfe antiquity in the Eaft. Our gibbets were derived from thefe croffes, as is fully fhown by Sam. Pegge, who refers to Martinius, the learned etymologift, in the Gentleman's Magazine for March, 1789: Even Tacitus, in his Germany, has recorded the fact, that the Germans fufpended criminals on trees, c. 12. Proditores et transfugas arboribus fufpendunt. The carcafes of crucified criminals were left fufpended on the croffes, and became a prey to every ravenous beaft and carnivorous bird: thus Horace fys, Ep. L. 1, E. 16, v. 48. Pafces in cruce corvos. And Juvenal Sat. IV. v. 77.

Vultur, jumento et canibus, crucibufque relictis

Ad foetus properat, partemque cadaveris affert.

Hence then fchylus might naturally prophecy that a Fulture would feed upon the liver of the crucified Prometheus (fee v. 1057-61); but, as the body of Promether's was to be buried in the bowels of the earth during a confufion of the elements, and a convulfion of nature (fee v. 1052-5), this was to take place in Tartarus, the land of difembodied fpirits, "who durft defy the Omnipotent to arms." But we will not here anticipate fome very curious remarks upon this fubject, which we fhall have to offer in another place in the mean time we must requeft our readers to fufpend their judgment upon this affertion and this new hypothefis till they have feen the evidence on which it refls.

Θεοῖς.

V. 9. os. Mr. Parkhurft fays in his Heb. and Eng. Lexicon, in p. 691. 2d Edit." Phornutus, in his 1ft c. wegi gave, derives bess, the Greek name for the Gods, from Beois, pofition, or placing: "for the ancients," fays he, "took thofe for Gods, whom they found to move in a certain regular manner, thinking them to be the caufes of

the

the changes of the air, and of the confervation of the miverfe : there then are Gods (θεοι), which are the difpofers (θετηρες) and formers of all things. This derivation feems to have been adopted by Herodotus (as Mr. Mitford fays in his Hiftory of Greece, vol. i. p. 110, 8vo.) who obferves of the Pelafgi, that they had no diftinguishing appellation for their Gods, but called them. Θus, as the dif polers and rulers of all things: Θεὸς δὲ προσωνόμασαν σφεας ἀπὸ τὸ τοιέτε, ὅτι κόσμῳ ΘΕΝΤΕΣ τὰ πάντα πραγματα και πάσας νομὰς εἶχον.

Ν. 176. μακαρων πρύτανις. Stanley Tays here (in Butler, v. i. p. 186), • Ariftid. Hymn. in Jov. τα πρύτανις, καὶ ἡγεμών, και ταμίας ὅντων καὶ γινομένων ἁπάντων. Mr. Blomfield fays in his Gloff. p. 107, πρύτανις, moderator, βασιλεὺς, ἄρχων, διοικητής, Hefych. et Photius: thus the 2d Schol. fays, “ δὲ θεῶν διοικητής, καὶ ἄρχων Ζεύς : ” thus Suidas fay's, πρυταννεύεται διοικεῖται τη το θες ροπῇ πρυταν νεύεται τὰ ἀνθρώπινα. That wonderful fcholar Toup, in his Emendat. of Suidas, vol. ii. p. 116, Ed. 1790, adds, “ Procopius, Arcan. Hif. p. 6, ὅπως ἄρα ἐκ ἀνθρώπων βολαῖς, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐκ θεῖ τοπῇ πρυταννεύεται, τὰ ἀνθρώπινα : ldem in Gothic. l. iv. p. 338, ὅτως ἄρα ἐχ ὅσα (leg. ἐχ ὡς) τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δοκεῖ, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐκ τὸ θεῖ ροπῇ πρυτανεύεται τὰ ανθρώπινα : ad hunc locum refpexit Suid."

Ν. 179. Καί μ' ἔτι μελιγλώσσοις πειθες

ἐπαιοιδαῖσιν θέλξει

Mr. Blomfield fays in his Gloff. p. 107, επαοιδή, inτακiatio, 1. q. Επωδή cantilena magica per quam morbos depelli credebant, cui opponitur μάγευμα medicamentum magicum: Hefych. ἐπᾶσαι· οητικὸν ἐπιλαλῆσαι. Ιd. ἐπαοιδοί, φαρμακοί, γύητες: Pindar Pyth. 3. 91. τὲς μὲν μαλακαῖς ἐπαοιδαίς ἀμφέπων, τὰς δὲ προσανέα πίνοντας. Thus Plato fays in his Phædon (p. 209. Ed. Forfer), ἀλλὰ χρή, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, ἐπάδειν αυτῳ ἐκάςης ἡμέρας, ἕως ἂν ἐξιάσηται, πόθεν ἂν ἔφη Σώκρατες, τῶν τοιέτων ἀγαθὸν ἐπῳδὸν ληψόμεθα; ἐπειδὴ σὺ, ἔφη, ἡμας ἀπολείπεις ; πολλὴ μὲν ἡ Ἑλλὰς, ἔφη, ὦ Κέβης, ἐν · ἔνεισί τε ἀγαθοὶ ἄνδρες, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν βαρβάρων γένη, ως · πάνιας χρὴ διερευνᾶσθαι. Forher lays in the note (p. 375): 4· ἰςέον ὅτι ἀρχαία ἔτιν ἡ διὰ τῆς ἐπαοιδῖς θεράπεια· Ὅμηρο, Πανεν δ' ἐπαιοιδῇ αἷμα κελαινόν

και ΠίνδαρΘ ἐπὶ τῇ Ασκληπιό,

τὰς μὲν μαλακαῖς ἐπαοιδαῖς.

Etym. Mag. in v. επαοιδή: vide Homer. Odyf. L. 19. w. 457. de incantationibus autem veterum multa multi,

ubi

uhi alii auctorum loca ifthuc fpectantia paffim videre eft: de Pyth gora vero tradit Porphyrius quod κατεκήλει δὲ ῥυθμοῖς καὶ μέλεσι καὶ ἐπῳδαῖς τὰ ψυχικά πάθη καὶ τὰ σωματικά, Vit. Pyibag, c. 30 : ad έπωδας demum hafce fimiliter alludit Noller in Charmide fub finem et Horat, in I. I, Epift. 1. v. 33, 4," See too a curious allufion to incantation in Xem. Mem. 2 6. 10-13: thus Longus, Part 1. (cited by Mr. Blomfield in his Gloff, p. 131, ἔρωτα γὰρ ἐδὲν φάρμακον, ο πινόμενον, ἐκ ἐσθιόμενον, ἐκ ἐν ᾅδαις λαλέμενον, that is, ἀδεμία δ ̓ ἐπῳδη: Thus Sophocles lays in his Ajax, v. 585,

αν προς ιατρῶν σοφῶ

προεῖν ἐπῳδὰς πρὸς τομῶντι σήματι,

V. 190. πᾶ ποτε τῶνδε πόνων

χρή σε τέρμα κέλε

σαντ' εσιδεῖν.

Mr. B, fays in his Gloff. p, 103, “ κέλλω, navem appello: Ελλιμενίζομαι. Schol. A. Eurip. Hippol. 140, κέλσαι ποτὲ τέρμα δύσανον.” Polybius (quoted by Toup on Hefychius, V. iv. p. 317) in B. i. 41, p. 430, ufes the word in its original fenfe : ἐφ ̓ ἦν ἔτι πελάγιοι τρέχοντες οι πλέοντες τὸν πόντον, λανθάνωσι ἐπικέλλοντες νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὰς τόπος: And Longinus, 6. 3, ules it in a metaphorical fenfe: ὀρεγόμενοι μὲν τῇ περιτῖς καὶ πεποιημένο, και μάλισα τῇ ἡδεός, ὑποκέλλοντες δὲ εἰς ῥωπικὸν καὶ κακόξυλον.

ν. 306. ἔα, τί χρῆμα; καὶ σὺ δὴ πόνων ἐμῶν

ἥκεις ἐπόπτης; πῶς ἐτόλμησας, λιπών
ἐπώνυμόν τε ῥεῦμα και πετρηρεφή
αυτόκτιτ' ἄντρα, τὴν σιδηρομήτορα

ἐλθεῖν ἐς αἶαν ; ἢ θεορήσων τύχας

ἐμὰς ἀφίξαι, καὶ ξυνασχαλῶν κακοῖς ἡ

Mr. Blomfield fays in his Gloff. p. 117. « ἐπόπτης, fpectatar, alibi dicit ἐποπλής. Theb. 640, ἐποπτῆρας, λιών : the 2d Schol, fays, Επόπτης, θεατής: Potter turns επόπτης, by fpe&tator; Stanley by infpedior, and θεωρήσων by fpeftaturus : hence it appears, that Stanley alone has feen the fenfe of the paflage ; for if, as the Scholiaft, and as Mr. Blomfield and Mr, Potter have fuppofed, ἐπόπτης fignity merely a fpeftater, we would afk what occafion the poet had to lay, as he does, a few lines after, ὦ θεωρήσων τύχας ἐμὰς ? Prometheus, at first, very naturally fuppofes, that Oceanus had come as a tafk moller, or infpedier: but he foon rejeâts this idea, and fuppoles that he may h ve come for the more friendly purpole of condoling with him. This word επόπτης is ured in the fame fenfe in Demofthenes, p. 23, Ed. Mounteney : τί ὤν κελεύω; τὰς προφάσεις ἀφελεῖν καὶ τὸ σρατηγῶ καὶ τῷ

τρατιωτῶν μισθὸν πορίσανίας, και σραλιώτας οἰκείες, ὥσπερ ἐπόπλας τῶν σρατηγομένων, παρακαταςήσαντας: the foldiers muf be Spectators of the conduct of their generals: therefore Demofthenes could not mean Spectators by nonlas; he clearly means infpectors. The prepofition ini, in compo fition, very often bears this fenfe of infpection: thus we have επιθυμητής in v. 77 : thus Suidas fays ἐπικριτής

δοκιμαςής : thus the Greeks fay, ἐπίτροπο, ἐπιςάτης, ἐπισ τηρητης (Xenophon in Memorabilia, 2. 7. 14.) ἐπιμελητής, et oog: thus Demofthenes fays in p. 107, wavt' ¿pogāv καὶ διοικῶν ἅ χρὴ πράττεσθαι : thus ἐπίσκοπο is ufed; and thus eminentquat is generally used in Scripture: thus St. Matthew fays, v. 36, c. xxv. ήσθένησα καὶ ἐπεσκέψασθέ με. The learned Dr. Harwood, in his valuable New Teftament, fays here, "The word mixenloμas does not merely fignify to vifit, which is frequently a cold and tranfient ceremony; but to take the overfight, or charge of a perfon: so it fhould have been tranflated James i, 27, to "vifit the fatherlefs and widows" in their affliction; "imoneneolai, to take the overfight, or charge of them:" the fame accurate fcholar fays upon the paffage of St. James," mixezleolai, ἐπισκεπλεσθαι, not merely to vifit the fick, as our tranflation renders the word, but to take the overcharge of them: hence the word

Επίσκοπο.”

Here we cannot help expreffing our wifh that Mr. Blomfield would not, in his future labours on this Tragedian, depend fo much upon himself, but would condefcend to confult more frequently the works of his predeceffors, as well as the three Scholiafts, and the verfions of Stanley and of Potter. This is, indeed, an irkfome tafk, and it must be particularly irkfome to Mr. Blomfield, who poffeffes a knowledge of Greek as rare as it is extenfive for his years (macte nova virtute, puer!) but it is abfolutely neceffary for the critic, who aims at accuracy, to examine, to compare, and to select the whole army of critics muft pafs in calm review before him, and. he may pronounce with a decifive air, his applaufe, or his cenfure, of their exercises: Had Mr. B. in the prefent inftance, confulted the version of Stanley, it might have led him to examine more carefully this paffage, and to discover its meaning.

V. 325. ἀρχαῖο ἴσως σοι φαίνομαι λέγειν τάδε.

The firft Scholiaft fays here, " ἀρχαῖα λέγονται τὰ μωρὰ, διότι οἱ ἀρχαῖοι ἦσαν ἁπλέςατοι καὶ ἐυήθεις ἤ ὅτι οἱ γέροντες· οἱ ἔξωροι τοιῦτοι εἰσι :" the 2d Scholiaft fays, " ἀρχαῖα, μαρα ἀρχαῖα, τὰ μωρὰ, πᾶς ὅσον οἱ μὲν ἀρχαῖοι ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀποικίλτως

M 4

་

ἔξων,

ἔξων, οἱ δ ̓ ὕσερον φρονήσει και περιπόθητε να :” Stanley, είχε τυχὼν ἀνὴρ, lays : “ Ita et Thucyd. vii. ἀρχαιολογεῖν, futi liter garrire: Mich. Apoft. iv. 38, ἀρχαῖκα φρονεῖς· ἐπὶ τῶν μωρῶν καὶ εὐηθῶν : Diogenian. 3, 40, ἀρχαϊκὰ φρονεῖν ἀντὶ τῇ εὐηθικά. Suidas, ἀρχαῖον τάττεται δὲ, inquit, παρὰ κωμικοῖς, καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ εὐήθως: Ariftoph. in Nub. p. 103, v. 7; Annot. iv. et p. 105, v. 3: Idem Suidas, ἀρχαῖο, ἀντὶ τῇ εὐήθης· Πλάτων ἢ τῆς ἀρχαίως δὲν ἀπραγμόνως. παρατηρήτως, ἢ καὶ ηλιθίως, εὐήθως

μινυρίζοντες μέλη

ἄρχαιομελισιδωνοφρυνιχηραία:

quod vero Platonem laudat Suidas, forfan verba ejus in Euthydemo refpexit, ἔχων φλυαρεῖς, καὶ ἀρχαιότερα εἶ το δεοντο.” J. Duport, a very accurate fcholar, fays in his Pralelliones in Theophrafi Charact. p. 241, Ed. Needham: * οἱ ἀρχαῖοι, veteres ex ufu Gr. Ling. funt etiam fimplices, Multi, inepti, Nazianz. Epift. quadam, ὅπως ἀρχαῖα τις εἰμι καὶ μάταια : Plato in Euthyd. Ariftoph. Nub. ὅτι παιδάριον, εἰ καὶ φρονεῖς ἀρχαϊκά, Schol. ἀρχ μορὰ, εὐήθη, λήρας Αρχαῖοι οἱ μωροὶ ἐκαλῦντο ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπὶ τῶ Κρόνω ἐκείνων ἀρχαίων καὶ ἀπραγμόνων ἀνθρώπων.”

Mr. Blomfield fays in his Gloff. p. 118, “ ἀρχαῖα, εκ oletus, antiquatus, Attico fenfu, Anglice, old-fafhioned: ἀρχαῖα μωρα, διότι οἱ ἀρχαῖοι τοῦτοι ἦσαν, ait Schol., duriufcule de proavis locutus: Ariftoph. Plut. 323.

χαίρειν μὲν ὑμᾶς ἐςιν, ὦ 'νδρες δημόται,

ἀρχαῖον ἤδη προσαγορεύειν καὶ σαπρόν.”

It is true that, in the paffage which Mr. Blomfield has cited from Ariftophanes, the word fignifies old fashioned, antiquated, but in this paffage of fchylus, again means, as Stanley and the Schol. A. and B. have feen, μωρά: ἀρχαῖα λεγειν, ἀρχαῖκα φρονεῖν, or, as Thucydides fays, - ἀρχαιολογεῖν, in the fenfe of futiliter garrire, was a proverbial expreffion, as is evident from the notes of Stanley and of Duport: the proverb most probably had its origin, not fo much from the fuppofed fimplicity and folly of men in former ages, contrafled with the nen of a civilized nation, as from the fecond childishness incident to old age: this opinion may be defended, if it is not confirmed, by the Scholia cited in the notes of Stanley, and of Duport. Thus Suidas fays, under ἀρχαῖο, ή λῆρα ; the Scholiaft of Ariftoph. fays ἀρχ.—λῆρα ; and the frf Scholiaft of Archylus fays, ἀρχαῖα λέγονται τὰ μωρὰ, διότι οἱ γέροντες οἱ ἔξωροι τοιέτοι εἰσι. Pouer underflood the paflage in this fenfe:

-oi