It would have been necessary, etc. Il eut fallu, etc. Il faudrait, etc. Il aurait fallu, etc. EXAMPLES. I do not believe that he will succeed. Je ne crois pas qu'il réussisse. It will be necessary for you to buy Il faudra que vous l'achetiez. it. What will you have me to say? Is it not a pity that your son has torn his coat? Is it certain that you have lost your purse? Que voulez-vous que je dise ? fils ait déchiré son habit ? Est-il certain que vous ayez perdu votre porte-monnaie ? Do you think he has sold his house? Pensez-vous qu'il ait vendu sa REMARKS.-1. Sometimes, though the first verb is in the present or future, the second is in the imperfect or pluperfect of the subjunctive; this takes place when the second verb depends on a conditional expression which is itself in the imperfect or pluperfect of the indicative; as: I doubt whether you would do that Je doute que vous fissiez cela if I told you to do it. si je vous disais de le faire. I doubt whether he would have Je doute qu'il eût réussi, sì... succeeded, if... 2. Sometimes, also, though the first verb is in one of the past tenses, the second is in the present or preterit of the subjunctive 1st. When we speak of a thing which is true at the moment we are speaking; as: It was the will of God that we Dieu a voulu que nous soyons should be mortal. mortels. 2d. When we wish to express a future after afin que, bien que, de crainte que, etc.; as: You have been so careless, that I Vous avez été trop insouciant can not believe you capable pour que je vous croie capable de grand'chose. of doing much. VI. General M. wishes his troops to defend the town to the last (jusqu'à l'extrémité). I do not wish them to pity me (se plaindre). Is it possible that you can not read that? It was necessary for him to write every week. Was it possible that I could understand a language I never heard spoken before? We should be sorry to have (que) you wait for us so long. That child plays with a knife, although I forbid him daily (tous les jours) to do it. Some years ago I used to get up late, though I had much to do; I confess I was lazy. What would you have us learn? I should like to have you learn foreign languages. It is necessary for me to have my breakfast early. It was necessary for me to be in my office before nine o'clock. It would be necessary for me to come earlier in the morning. Was it necessary for your brother to come as early as you? It was not necessary for him to come so early. Is it sufficient for you to take three lessons a week? No, sir; I must take one every day. Though I have a good memory, it takes (il me faut) me long to learn these lessons. I feared that my friend would not arrive in time. She feared that we might lose our way. I doubt whether he could have entered, had I not been there to speak to the manager. I do not think you will be able to remember all these new expressions. It would have been neces sary that you should come first. It will be necessary for your servant not to buy of that merchant, because he deceives his customers. Is it possible that I should not have convinced you? It is astonishing that he has grown rich so soon. I do not believe that she has fled (enfuie). Do you suppose that we have left our country willingly? It will never be believed that you have deceived yourself (abusé) to such a degree. They wished him to rejoice. It would have been necessary for you to have defended yourself more valiantly. I would have written to my father to ask him for money, had you not lent me six hundred francs. He doubts our coming. You are sorry that he has gone. Do you think he is ill? Although you are well now, you may be ill to-morrow. I do not believe that he is gone. This is the best dictionary we have. I was afraid you were ill. Do you believe that my brother has received your letter? Behave in such a manner that you may deserve the esteem of good men. Whatever your duties may be, you are obliged to perform them. May he enjoy many years of happiness in his old age! Long live liberty! I must prepare my lessons with greater care. May you be happy! THE PARTICIPLE. There are two Participles, the present and the past. The Present Participle ends in ant, and is always invariable. It must not be confounded with the verbal adjective ending in ant, which is variable, and expresses a state. The Present Participle generally has an objective case; the verbal adjective has none, and may be placed before the noun. The following verbal adjectives end in ent, instead of ant: adhérent, affluent, coïncident, différent, divergent, équivalent, excellent, expédient, négligent, précédent, président, résident. violent. I. Even savages living in the desert have some knowledge of a Supreme Being, to whom reverence and submission are due. Your aunt is very obliging. That young lady, by obliging her friends, has merited their esteem. It is a convincing proof of the surprising effects of the loadstone (aimant, m.). The ruling passion of Cæsar was ambition. Those ladies, obliging every body, are venerated by the whole town. Society is composed of men living together under the same laws. Living birds are taken without difficulty. Those men, foreseeing the danger, took precautions. Persons loving every body, generally love nobody. That interesting news reached us yesterday. Loving natures have more enjoyment than others. Floating masts and ropes were seen on the sea. Ladies trembling lest they (de) displease their husbands. Those young ladies are quite charming. It is a crying injustice. This book is full of amusing details. There are details amusing the reader. Children climbing the trees. Those are climbing birds. Those young men are interesting, obliging, engaging, charming. There are three principal rules for the past participle. RULE I.-Employed without an auxiliary, the past participle is a qualifier which takes the gender and number of the noun which it qualifies. D. F. M. 25. Except attendu, considering; excepté, except; ouï, heard; supposé, supposing; vu, considering; non compris, not including; y compris, including, etc., which are invariable when they are placed before the nouns, because they take the place of prepositions; as, attendu for en considération de, etc. A work completed. Houses finished. Considering your propositions. Un ouvrage achevé. I. In his insolent eyes I see my loss written. The inhabitants were trembling to see their town pillaged, their houses devastated by the victorious army. Children well brought up will behave well. I have seen plants unknown to botanists. My sons came home fatigued, their pantaloons torn to pieces. Those ladies, known to the governor, succeeded in visiting the prisoners arrested a few weeks ago. Abandoned by her friends, Mrs. A. is very much distressed (désolée), and almost ruined on account of her past generosity; what will become of her? We see palaces destroyed, houses burnt, families ruined, workmen unoccupied. Those are (voilà) well bound books. The conclusion of the barrister having been heard. Supposing your reasons to be true, we declared ourselves satisfied. Your two friends excepted, we all agreed to undertake that work. A nation protected by good laws well observed, is the model of nations. Alms given without ostentation acquire a new merit. RULE II. The past participle conjugated with être, or any other verb but avoir, is a true adjective, and agrees with the subject in gender and number. That nominative or subject is sometimes before, sometimes after the verb; as: |