My brothers have not made sufficient haste (se dépêcher, se hâter). Those soldiers have rendered themselves formidable. Those women have quarreled with one another, and would have fought if we had not hastened to separate them. Have those workmen washed their hands? How many popes have succeeded to the papal throne! Your sister, his, and mine met at Mrs. F.'s; they spoke to each other of the way of getting out of that scrape. What lessons we should have lost, if Cicero (Cicéron) and Fénélon had not given themselves up (se livrer) to study!

III.1. The past participle of an impersonal verb is always invariable; as:

Great misfortunes have happened.
The snow we have had this winter.

Il est arrivé de grands malheurs.
La neige qu'il y a eu cet hiver.

2. The participle preceded and followed by que is invariable; as:

The persons I thought you knew. Les personnes que j'ai cru que

vous connaissiez.

3. The participle is invariable when it has for an object l' representing a proposition; as:

The news is better than we had be- La nouvelle est meilleure que lieved. nous ne l'avions cru (qu'elle était).

4. The participle preceded by le peu de is variable, when le peu is taken in a positive sense, and means a little quantity, amount; as:

He robbed me of the few francs I Il m'a volé le peu de francs que had won. j'avais gagnés.

The participle is invariable, when le peu is taken in a negative sense, and means the want; as:

The little security I felt, discouraged Le peu de sécurité que je sentais, m'a decouragé.

me.

When variable, the participle agrees with the direct object which precedes it; when invariable, the participle agrees with le peu, which is masculine singular.

5. The participle preceded by an adverb of quantity agrees with the noun following the adverb; as:

Was there ever so much beauty Jamais tant de beauté fut-elle crowned? couronnée ?

6. The participle preceded by en is variable only when en is preceded by a direct object of the verb; as:

We got out of it.

They boasted of it.

You received some.

Nous nous en sommes tirés.

Ils s'en sont vantés.

Vous en avez reçu (de cela, inv.).

7. The participle preceded by en and an adverb of quantity is variable, when en refers to a preceding plural noun, and represents distinct objects -- objects which can be added the one to the other; as:

The more Englishmen I have known, Des Anglais, plus j'en ai connus, the more I have appreciated plus j'en ai appréciés. them.

The participle is invariable, when en represents a part of a whole whose elements can not be counted; as:

You made more progress than I Vous avez fait plus de progrès did myself. que je n'en ai fait moi-même.

VI.

The excessive heat which we have had (y avoir) this summer, has caused many diseases. A crowd of armed men have assembled. The scarcity (la disette) we had (y avoir) last year caused many deaths. The rains which we have had, injured the productions of the earth. The provisions which we were obliged (falloir) to buy before the siege, were very useful to us. The

precautions which it has been necessary to take, not to be compromised, have obliged many persons to leave the town. The repairs necessary to be made on our house, have cost nearly as much as to build a new one. The frost we had (y avoir) last winter was not sufficient to destroy insects.

Mathematics, which you have not desired me to study, are, however, very useful. The reasons for which I had thought that would be approved, seemed to be better than they were in reality (en effet). The men you had thought I should see, are not those you believed you knew.

The thing was more serious than we had thought. The Russian army fought better than we had believed. The house of Mr. G. is such as I had supposed, but his farm is quite different (tout autre) from what I had imagined. The assembly was less indulgent than I had hoped.

The

The little meat you gave me was sufficient for me. little meat you have given to my brother will not be sufficient for him, for he has a good appetite. I have been robbed of the few pens I bought in Paris. The little patience that servant has shown, will oblige me to send him away (renvoyer). The few pupils I have had will decide me to devote myself to teaching; they were so attentive. The few plums I have eaten for my dessert hurt me. The little progress I have made will be of a great service to me. The few friends we have invited during our prosperity, are not numerous enough to assist us now. The few troops he has assembled (rassembler), have fought valiantly (vaillamment). I was grieved (contrarié) at the little confidence he had placed in my friendship. The loss of the battle was attributed to the little ability the general had shown.

How many errors have been (on a) marked out (signalées) in the works they were (on les a) charged to make. Was ever more grandeur manifested in a man, or more kindness (s'estelle) shown in a woman? The many misfortunes that we have experienced (éprouver), will show us how to be wise. As many virtues as she has practised, so many reasons of confidence has she in God's goodness. So many men were killed that the

battle-field was covered with dead soldiers.

I know those books very little, but the praise (la louange) you gave them will decide me to buy them. I never saw America, but the letters I have received from there have given

me an idea of the country. I do not trust (se filer) those men, and I have been confirmed in the suspicions I had conceived of them. Glory has killed many men; the tongue has killed many more. The Bible was not translated into the language of the people (vulgaire); or, at least, the translations which had been made of it were unknown. Telemachus has found some imitators, but the Caractères of La Bruyere have produced more.

The less she has desired glory, the more she has obtained. He has gathered more fruits this year than he collected last year. They have shown in this new work much less care than in the first works which they performed some time ago. The more gratitude you owed him, the less you showed him. I have seen many carried too far (pousser à bout) on that matter. As many different liquors as we have offered him, so many has he drunk. As many enemies as we have seen, so many have we killed.

NOTE. For the use of ce, see Part I., Lessons XVII and

XVIII.

They are my sisters.

My sisters are coming.

Who is that lady?
She is my aunt.

Ce sont mes sœurs.

Ce sont mes sœurs qui viennent.
Qui est cette dame ?

C'est ma tante.

In what manner do you spend your A quoi passez-vous le (or votre)

I am far from being as tall as you. Il s'en faut de beaucoup que je

EXAMPLES.

Do you know how to play at cards? Savez-vous jouer aux cartes ?

Who was your partner yesterday? Qui est-ce qui était votre partner