122 CHARLES XIV. OF SWEDEN inauguration of a statue to Charles XII. on the 150th anniversary of his death, was translated by Apgeorge, 1879; and see the Lives by Nisbet Bain ('Heroes' series, 1896) and Oscar Browning (1899). Charles XIV., king of Sweden and Norway (1818-44), originally JEAN BAPTISTE JULES BERNADOTTE, was born at Pau, in the south of France, January 26, 1764, and was the son of a lawyer. He entered the French army in 1780 as a common soldier; became an ardent partisan of the Revolution, and fought his way up to the command of a division in 1794, and a marshal's baton in 1804. He distinguished himself greatly in the German campaigns in 1796, and the year after under the eye of his great chief himself in Italy. In 1799 he was minister of war, and for his conduct at Austerlitz was named in 1805 Prince of Pontecorvo. In the campaigns of 1806 he commanded the first army corps. After Jena he pursued the Prussians to Halle, cut off the reserve under the Prince of Würtemberg, next pursued the redoubtable Blücher to Lübeck, and compelled him to surrender (November 7). He received the command of the French troops in North Germany and Denmark, and led the Saxon troops at Wagram in the war against Austria. But he had never been liked or trusted by Napoleon, whose jealousy and dislike now became so apparent that Bernadotte left the army in disgust, and returned to Paris. He was afterwards sent by the ministerial council to oppose the British, who had landed at Walcheren, but meantime the breach between the emperor and him grew wider. In 1810 he was elected crown prince and heir to the throne of Sweden. Almost the only condition imposed on him was that of joining the Protestant Church. He changed his name to Charles John; and the health of the Swedish king, Charles XIII., failing in the following year, the reins of government came almost entirely into his hands. He refused to comply with the demands of Napoleon, which were opposed to the interests of Sweden, particularly as to trade with Britain, and was soon involved in war with him. He took part in the great and final struggle of the allies with Napoleon at Leipzig, but showed much reluctance to join in the invasion of France, and was tardy in his progress southward. There seems good reason to believe that the French throne was within his own ambition, and that his disinclination to act against his native country was due as much to policy as to patriotism. He became king of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII. in 1818, and won for himself the character of a wise and good king. Education, agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and great public works, as well as the military strength of the kingdom, were promoted by his care. He died March 8, 1844, and was succeeded by his son Oscar. See French Life by Schefer (1899). Charles d'Orléans, son of Louis d'Orléans, a duke who was murdered by the Burgundians, and of Valentina of Milan, was born in May 1391. He was the grandson of Charles V. of France, and the father of Louis XII. He was taken prisoner at Agincourt, and kept in captivity in England from 1415 to 1440, when he was ransomed. He wrote a number of lyrics while in prison and after his return to France. At Blois, where he held his court, he gathered together the chief French writers of his time, and took part with them in poetical tourna ments, in one of which François Villon competed successfully. He died in 1465. He has been termed the father of French lyric poetry, but he has no claim to the title. His light and graceful lyrics are the last flowering of the courtly poetry of the middle ages; they show no trace of the modern spirit which appears so strongly in the works of his con CHARLES OF AUSTRIA temporary Villon (q.v.). His favourite themes are love and the spring-time; his favourite form is the rondel, with two rhymes, of which he is considered the chief master, as Villon is of the ballade, and (ed. J. M. Guichard) appeared in 1842, and another Voiture of the rondeau. An edition of his works (ed. Héricault) in 1874. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (146777), son of Philip the Good of Burgundy and of Isabella of Portugal, was born at Dijon on 10th November 1433, and bore, during his father's life, the title of Count of Charolais. From his youth he was a declared enemy of Louis XI. of France, the nominal feudal superior of Burgundy, and he early formed an alliance with the Duke of Brittany and some of the great nobles of France for the maintenance of feudal rights against the crown. Their united forces ravaged Picardy and Isle-de-France, threatened Paris, defeated the king at Montlhéry, and extorted from him favourable terms. In 1467 Charles succeeded his father as Duke of Burgundy. Richer and more powerful than any prince of his time, he conceived the design of restoring the old kingdom of Burgundy, and for this purpose of conquering Lorraine, Provence, Dauphiné, and Switzerland. Whilst he was making preparations for war, Louis invited him to a conference, and while his rival hesitated, by his agents stirred up the citizens of Liège to revolt. Charles next consented to the conference, and the news coming of what had taken place at Liège, he seized the king, and had not he been withheld by his councillor Comines, would have put him to death. He compelled Louis, however, to accom pany him to Liège, and sanction by his presence the cruelties which he inflicted on the citizens. War raged between them afterwards with little intermission till 1475. In September of that year Charles turned anew to his favourite scheme of conquest, and soon made himself master of Lor raine. Next year he invaded Switzerland, stormed Granson, and hanged and drowned the garrison; but was soon after terribly defeated by the Swiss near that place, and lost his baggage and much treasure. Three months later he appeared again in Switzerland with a new army, and laid siege to Morat, where he sustained another and more terrible defeat (June 22, 1476). The news that the young Duke René of Lorraine was attempting to recover his territories roused him from despair. He laid siege to Nancy; but his army was small, and his Italian mercenaries went over to the enemy. Charles fought in vain with all his wonted recklessness and courage, and perished in the battle, January 5, 1477. His daughter and heiress, Mary, married the Emperor Maximilian I. great size and strength, his immense ambition, and reckless audacity, combined to make him the most striking figure of his time. With his life ended the long successful resistance of the great French Comines, Mémoires; De Barante's Histoire des Ducs vassals to the central power of the monarchy. See de Bourgogne; and special books by Kirk (3 vols. Lond. 1863) and Hoch (Basel, 1876). Charles Edward. See STEWART. Charles's Charles (KARL LUDWIG JOHANN), Archduke of Austria and Duke of Teschen, third son of the Emperor Leopold II., was born at Florence, 5th September 1771. Already, spite of his youth, & distinguished soldier, he was intrusted in 1796 with the chief command of the Austrian army on the Rhine. He fought with great success against Moreau at Rastadt, defeated Jourdan in several battles, drove the French over the Rhine, and concluded his victories by taking Kehl in the winter. In 1799 he was again at the head of the army on the Rhine, was several times victorious over lied to a number of n and trout genus exclusively in mounl, Scandinavia, and The presence of charr otland (especially in ; but their British ere and the adjacent d lakes. The charr only in a few small on of the vomer teeth and the distinctions ded species of charr than of specific im linus is one of the applied to both Swiss la is sometimes rembre chevalier of the tel, and Geneva; and slight differences in common English and by the bright red and n during the breeding the variable colours are V thrive only in clear parts of the lake, and ustaceans. At the end of winter they leave the ving streams the stony deposition of the ova as it is beautiful, and is v, both when fresh and etted that the habit of le netting at the mouths of the spawning season ion of their numbers in American charr (S. fontih Commission, and has in. French moralist and theo1541. He studied for the d to the Paris bar, entered a conspicuous member of moderate Catholics. He Discours Chrétiens (1589), gainst Protestantism in his 8 (1594), and in his chief Sagesse (1601), took a sceptiforms of religion. He died and disciple of Montaigne, writer, immeasurably inessays he borrowed freely, ipal work was published at hydrographical map, exhibita or other water, with the iguous land, soundings, curP). Chart-making has been the beginning of the 13th cenlised countries have their syse English service, when coasts by the Admiralty, charts are sold at various prices, from 3s. This price is below their cost, to encourage their general use le. The navigating charts, show. of coasts with sufficient clearness hers to avoid them, are generally » half an inch to a mile; those of ow all the intricacies of the coast. t-service is supplied with charts by receive a stock from the Admiralty, m on sale. The preparation of charts duty of the Hydrographical DepartAdmiralty. In the financial year sum. as represented in the national estimates, a sum of about £14,000 is provided for the branch that takes charge of the engraving of the charts, irrespective of the surveying, which always costs a much larger The Admiralty sells annually some 140,000 charts, besides supplying the navy gratis. Several ships of the navy, besides colonial gunboats and hired steamers, are usually engaged in examining and charting seas and coasts. See the articles GEOGRAPHY, SEA, SOUNDING, CHALLENGER EXPEDITION, &c. The United States coast survey, a vast undertaking, was begun in 1807, carried on intermittently till 1845, and since then more systematically, save during the civil war, under Professor Bache and his successor, Professor Pierce. In the American service, the coasts of the United States are surveyed and the charts produced by the coast and geodetic survey attached to the Treasury Department, and the unsurveyed foreign coasts are surveyed by the Bureau of Navigation, the charts being produced by the Hydrographic Office, Navy Department. The coast and geodetic charts are sold at from 10 cents to $1 each, being the cost of printing and paper. Naval vessels are supplied free. The charts are obtainable at coast and geodetic survey agencies at all seaports of the United States. They exhibit accurate and minute topography as far inland as will supply landmarks for the navigator, or serve for purposes of defence; the shore line at high-water and sanding to mean low-water; soundings, contours, and material of bottom at different depths; bars, channels, sailing ranges and directions; true meridian and compass variation, rocks, reefs, buoys, beacons, lights; tide establishment, detailed explanation of lighthouses and signal stations. They are carefully corrected for every substantial change in any of those features. They range in scale from (30-401 inches to the nautical mile) to ooo (to of an inch to the nautical mile), and comprise sailing charts, general charts, coast charts, and harbour charts. The term chart is also given to a graphical representation, by curves or otherwise, of the fluctua tions of any varying magnitude-temperature, barometric pressure, population, prices, &c. See GRAPHIC METHODS, TEMPERATURE, STORMS, &c. Charta, MAGNA. See MAGNa Charta. Charte, a charter or system of constitutional law, embodied in a single document. The first such charter in France is known as the Grande Charte, or the Charter of King John (in 1355). But the constitution to which the term Charte is most frequently applied is that in which Louis XVIII. solemnly acknowledged the rights of the nation on his restoration in 1814. This Charte has ever since been considered the fundamental law of constitutional monarchy when that form of government has existed in France. A modification of it was sworn to, 29th August 1830, by Louis-Philippe, in which the sovereignty of the people is explicitly recognised. This Charte in its turn became a nullity by the revolution of February 1848. Charter (Lat. charta; Gr. charte, 'paper,' or anything written upon,' from charasso, 'I scratch' or 'write). In its most general signification, charter is nearly synonymous with deed and instrument (see DEED), and is applied to almost any formal writing, in evidence of a grant, contract, or other transaction between man and man. In private law, its most important use is in the alienation of real estates, the writing given to the new proprietor by the old, in proof of the transference title, being usually called a charter. In public law, the name is given to those formal deeds by which sovereigns guarantee the rights and privileges of their subjects, or by which a sovereign state guarantees those of a 122 CHARLES XIV. OF SWEDEN inauguration of a statue to Charles XII. on the 150th anniversary of his death, was translated by Apgeorge, 1879; and see the Lives by Nisbet Bain ('Heroes' series, 1896) and Oscar Browning (1899). Charles XIV., king of Sweden and Norway (1818-44), originally JEAN BAPTISTE JULES BERNADOTTE, was born at Pau, in the south of France, January 26, 1764, and was the son of a lawyer. He entered the French army in 1780 as a common soldier; became an ardent partisan of the Revolution, and fought his way up to the command of a division in 1794, and a marshal's baton in 1804. He distinguished himself greatly in the German campaigns in 1796, and the year after under the eye of his great chief himself in Italy. In 1799 he was minister of war, and for his conduct at Austerlitz was named in 1805 Prince of Pontecorvo. In the campaigns of 1806 he commanded the first army corps. After Jena he pursued the Prussians to Halle, cut off the reserve under the Prince of Würtemberg, next pursued the redoubtable Blücher to Lübeck, and compelled him to surrender (November 7). He received the command of the French troops in North Germany and Denmark, and led the Saxon troops at Wagram in the war against Austria. But he had never been liked or trusted by Napoleon, whose jealousy and dislike now became so apparent that Bernadotte left the army in disgust, and returned to Paris. He was afterwards sent by the ministerial council to oppose the British, who had landed at Walcheren, but meantime the breach between the emperor and him grew wider. In 1810 he was elected crown prince and heir to the throne of Sweden. Almost the only condition imposed on him was that of joining the Protestant Church. He changed his name to Charles John; and the health of the Swedish king, Charles XIII., failing in the following year, the reins of government came almost entirely into his hands. He refused to comply with the demands of Napoleon, which were opposed to the interests of Sweden, particularly as to trade with Britain, and was soon involved in war with him. He took part in the great and final struggle of the allies with Napoleon at Leipzig, but showed much reluctance to join in the invasion of France, and was tardy in his progress southward. There seems good reason to believe that the French throne was within his own ambition, and that his disinclination to act against his native country was due as much to policy as to patriotism. He became king of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII. in 1818, and won for himself the character of a wise and good king. Education, agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and great public works, as well as the military strength of the kingdom, were promoted by his care. He died March 8, 1844, and was succeeded by his son Oscar. See French Life by Schefer (1899). Charles d'Orléans, son of Louis d'Orléans, a duke who was murdered by the Burgundians, and of Valentina of Milan, was born in May 1391. He was the grandson of Charles V. of France, and the father of Louis XII. He was taken prisoner at Agincourt, and kept in captivity in England from 1415 to 1440, when he was ransomed. He wrote a number of lyrics while in prison and after his return to France. At Blois, where he held his court, he gathered together the chief French writers of his time, and took part with them in poetical tourna ments, in one of which François Villon competed successfully. He died in 1465. He has been termed the father of French lyric poetry, but he has no claim to the title. His light and graceful lyrics are the last flowering of the courtly poetry of the middle ages; they show no trace of the modern spirit which appears so strongly in the works of his con CHARLES OF AUSTRIA temporary Villon (q.v.). His favourite themes are love and the spring-time; his favourite form is the rondel, with two rhymes, of which he is considered the chief master, as Villon is of the ballade, and Voiture of the rondeau. An edition of his works (ed. J. M. Guichard) appeared in 1842, and another (ed. Héricault) in 1874. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (146777), son of Philip the Good of Burgundy and of Isabella of Portugal, was born at Dijon on 10th November 1433, and bore, during his father's life, the title of Count of Charolais. From his youth he was a declared enemy of Louis XI. of France, the nominal feudal superior of Burgundy, and he early formed an alliance with the Duke of Brittany and some of the great nobles of France for the maintenance of feudal rights against the crown. Their united forces ravaged Picardy and Isle-de-France, threatened Paris, defeated the king at Montlhéry, and extorted from him favourable terms. In 1467 Charles succeeded his father as Duke of Burgundy. Richer and more powerful than any prince of his time, he conceived the design of restoring the old kingdom of Burgundy, and for this purpose of conquering Lorraine, Provence, Dauphiné, and Switzerland. Whilst he was making preparations for war, Louis invited him to a conference, and while his rival hesitated, by his agents stirred up the citizens of Liège to revolt. Charles next consented to the conference, and the news coming of what had taken place at Liège, he seized the king, and had not he been withheld by his councillor Comines, would have put him to death. He compelled Louis, however, to accom pany him to Liège, and sanction by his presence the cruelties which he inflicted on the citizens. War raged between them afterwards with little intermission till 1475. In September of that year Charles turned anew to his favourite scheme of conquest, and soon made himself master of Lor raine. Next year he invaded Switzerland, stormed Granson, and hanged and drowned the garrison; but was soon after terribly defeated by the Swiss near that place, and lost his baggage and much treasure. Three months later he appeared again in Switzerland with a new army, and laid siege to Morat, where he sustained another and more terrible defeat (June 22, 1476). The news that the young Duke René of Lorraine was attempting to recover his territories roused him from despair. He laid siege to Nancy; but his army was small, and his Italian mercenaries went over to the enemy. Charles fought in vain with all his wonted reckless ness and courage, and perished in the battle, Janu ary 5, 1477. His daughter and heiress, Mary, married the Emperor Maximilian I. Charles's great size and strength, his immense ambition, and reckless audacity, combined to make him the most striking figure of his time. With his life ended the long successful resistance of the great French Comines, Memoires; De Barante's Histoire des Des vassals to the central power of the monarchy. See de Bourgogne; and special books by Kirk (3 vols Lond. 1863) and Hoch (Basel, 1876). Charles Edward. See STEWART. Charles (KARL LUDWIG JOHANN), Archduke of Austria and Duke of Teschen, third son of the Emperor Leopold II., was born at Florence, 5th September 1771. Already, spite of his youth, a distinguished soldier, he was intrusted in 1796 with the chief command of the Austrian army on the Rhine. He fought with great success against Moreau at Rastadt, defeated Jourdan in several battles, drove the French over the Rhine, and concluded his victories by taking Kehl in the winter. In 1799 he was again at the head of the army on the Rhine, was several times victorious over CHARLES ALBERT Jourdan, and even successfully opposed Massena. Next year bad health compelled him to retire from active service; but he accepted the governorgeneralship of Bohemia, where he soon formed a new ariny. After the battle of Hohenlinden he was again called to the chief command, and succeeded in staying the rapid progress of Moreau until the armistice which preceded the peace of Lunéville. In 1803 he commanded the army opposed to Massena in Italy, and fought the hard battle of Caldiero; but upon bad tidings from Germany, made a masterly retreat from the left bank of the Adige to Croatia. In 1809 he won the great battle of Aspern, which first showed to Europe that Napoleon was not invincible; but Napoleon soon retrieved his fortunes at Wagram, and the archduke had to give way before the enemy, till he reached Znaim, where an armistice was concluded. In the campaigns of 1813-14 he had no part; and he died 30th April 1847. See his Ausgewählte Schriften (6 vols. 1893–94). Charles Albert, king of Sardinia (1831-49), born 29th October 1798, was the son of the Prince Charles Emmanuel of Savoy-Carignan, and in 1800 succeeded to his father's title and estates in France and Piedmont. In 1817 he married Maria Theresa, daughter of the Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany. When the revolutionary movement took place in Piedmont in 1821, he was made regent, upon the abdication of Victor Emmanuel, until Charles Felix, the brother of the late king, should arrive to assume the sovereignty. In 1829 he was appointed viceroy of Sardinia, and on the death of Charles Felix in 1831 he ascended the throne. His prudent moderation brought upon him the impatient denunciations of Mazzini, but earned him the applause of all moderate and far-sighted men throughout the peninsula, who began to see that the salvation of Italy could be worked out through the house of Savoy alone. The king's zeal for the cause of a united Italy was no mere selfish eagerness for the aggrandisement of his house, but a feeling as enlightened and patriotic as the sagacious calculation of Cavour, the fiery and reckless valour of Garibaldi, or the prophetic ardour of Mazzini. In the March of 1848 he declared war against Austria; but gradually lost ground in the struggle, until, after the fatal battle of Novara, 24th March 1849, to save his kingdom he had to resign the crown in favour of his son, Vietor Emmanuel. He next retired to Portugal, where he died, broken-hearted and misunderstood, at Oporto on 28th July of the same year. See Life by Cibrario (Turin, 1861). Charles Martel. See CHARLES, p. 115. Charles's Wain. See URSA MAJOR. Charleston, the metropolis of South Carolina, a port of entry and the capital of a county of its own name, is situated on a tongue Copyright 1889, 1897, and of land between the rivers Ash-1900 in the U. S. by J. B. ley and Cooper, which unite Lippincott Company. immediately below the town and form a beautiful and spacious harbour, communicating with the ocean at Sullivan's Island, a popular sea-bathing resort, 7 miles below. It is 115 miles NE. of Savannah, 580 miles SW. of Baltimore, and 540 miles SSW. of Washington. The ground on which the city is built is elevated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbour at high tide, which rises about 6 feet, flowing by the city with a strong current, thus contributing to its salubrity. It has a water front of 9 miles. A shifting sandbar extends across the mouth of the harbour, affording, however, two entrances, of which the deepest, near Sullivan's Island, has 16 feet of water at low tide. Jetties, which are expected to give a depth of 25 feet of water on the bar, have since 1878 been under con struction by the national government. The harbour is defended by Castle Pinckney and Fort Sumter, each on an island, the former 2 and the latter 6 miles below the city, and also by Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island. Forts Ripley and Johnson, now abandoned, have only an historic interest. At the entrance of the harbour is a lighthouse, with a flashing light, 125 feet high. Charleston is regularly built, and extends about 3 miles in length and nearly 1 miles in breadth. It has a copious water-supply from a large artesian well (1970 feet in depth). The streets, many of which are broad and bordered with shade-trees, pass, for the most part, parallel to one another, from the Cooper to the Ashley River, and are intersected by others nearly at right angles. Many of the houses are of brick, some of them of superior elegance; others are of wood, neatly painted, and embowered during the summer season amid a profusion of foliage. Among the public buildings are the custom-house, the city hall, the court-house, the citadel, the academy of music, the theatre, the orphan asylum, and the police barracks. The custom-house is a handsome edifice, built of granite and white marble. At the southern extremity of the city is a small park called the Battery or White Point Garden, with a fine promenade on the sea-wall. The most important educational and literary institutions are the Charleston College (non-sectarian), which was founded in 1785 and reorganised in 1837; the Medical College of South Carolina (1833); the State Military Academy, also called the Citadel; the high school; the female seminary; a normal school for girls; and the Charleston Library (1748). The Charleston College has an excellent museum of natural history. There are good public, private, and parochial schools for white and coloured chil dren. Charleston is the seat of an Episcopal and a Roman Catholic bishop, and contains forty churches. St Michael's Church (Episcopal) is a brick structure, with a steeple 180 feet high, and a chime of bells imported from England in 1764. Among the benevolent institutions are the city hospital, the Confederate Home for Widows, the almshouse, the asylum for the aged and infirm, and the orphan asylum, which is liberally endowed, and can accommodate three hundred children. There are also Catholic orphan asylums and a convent. Charleston is the chief commercial city of South Carolina, and has an advantageous position for trade. Steamships ply regularly between this port and New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Florida; and three railroads meet here, with a large wharf frontage, elevators, and every facility for through shipments and the quick despatch of freight. The coastwise trade far exceeds the foreign in extent and importance. The chief articles of export are cotton, rice, naval stores (rosin, oil of turpentine, tar, &c.), cotton goods, timber, market-garden produce, phosphate rock, and crude and manufactured fertilisers; the value of the principal exports reaches $30,000,000 in a year (the most important being phosphates). The imports are chiefly salt, iron, ale, brimstone, kainite, and fruits from the West Indies. There is a large wholesale distributing trade in dry goods, clothing, drugs, &c. ; and the city has large machine-shops, cotton-presses, grist-mills, cotton-mills, rice-mills, ship-yards, a dry-dock for large ships, and extensive manufactures of phosphate of lime, which abounds in the vicinity. Whereas only 6 tons of phosphate were mined in 1867, the amount now annually raised is about 300,000 tons. The city was founded in 1680; a few years later a company of French Huguenots, exiled for their religion, settled at this place. On the 28th June 1776 a British squadron attacked the garrison on Sullivan's Island, consisting of 400 men under Colonel Moultrie, who defended the place with success. Charleston was afterwards besieged by Sir Henry Clinton from April 1, 1780, to May 12, when it was surrendered by General Lincoln. On the 12th of April 1861, the Confederates initiated the civil war by the bombardment of Fort Sumter, which they took the next day. In 1861 about half the city was destroyed by fire, and a considerable part was not rebuilt until after 1865. In April 1863 a Federal fleet of nine ironclad vessels, commanded by Admiral Dupont, attacked the fortifications of Charleston without success. After a long siege the place was evacuated by the Confederates, February 17, 1865. On 31st August 1886 the city was visited by a severe earthquake; nearly 7000 buildings were either destroyed_or seriously injured, and several lives were lost. The earthquake was followed by a very general reconstruction of the business part of the city. Pop. (1800) 18,711; (1820) 24,780; (1840) 29,261; (1860) 40,522; (1870) 48,956; (1880) 49,984; (1890) 54,955 (more than half coloured); (1900) 55,807. Charleston was the state capital till 1790. Charleston, a city, the capital of West Virginia and of Kanawha county, is situated on the Great Kanawha River, at the mouth of the Elk, 369 miles WNW. of Richmond by rail. Large quantities of bituminous coal and salt are procured near by. Charleston was made state-capital in 1885, having been so previously from 1870 to 1875. Pop. (1880) 4192; (1890) 6734. Charlestown (Massachusetts). See BOSTON and BUNKER HILL. Charlet, NICOLAS TOUSSAINT, a French painter and engraver, born at Paris in 1792, held a clerkship under the Empire, but lost it at the Restoration (1815), and in consequence betook himself to art. After studying awhile under Gros, he gradually formed for himself a style in which he had no rival. The Béranger of caricature, he was especially successful in his sketches of children and military incident. His drawings numbered about 2000. Charlet died October 29, 1845. See his Life by Lacombe (1856) and the study by Dayot (1892). Charleville, a town in the French department of Ardennes, on the Meuse, opposite Mézières, with which it communicates by a suspension bridge. It has manufactures of hardware, feather, and beer; and the Meuse affords facilities for trade in coal, iron, slate, wine, and nails. Pop. (1872) 12,059; (1886) 16,856; (1891) 16,440. Charlevoix, PIERRE FRANÇOIS XAVIER DE, a French Jesuit traveller, was born in St Quentin in 1682, twice visited Canada, and voyaged down the Mississippi to New Orleans. He published his journal, histories of San Domingo, Japan, and Paraguay, and a Histoire de la Nouvelle France (1744; Eng. trans. New York, 6 vols. 1865-72). He died at La Flèche in 1761. Charlock. See MUSTARD. Charlotte, capital of Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, 265 miles ENE. of Atlanta, is the terminus of several railways, has manufac tures of carriages, cotton goods, tobacco, &c., and is the seat of a Presbyterian university (1867). Pop. (1880) 7094; (1890) 11,555. Charlotte, PRINCESS, born at Carlton House, London, 7th January 1796, was the only child of the future George IV. and Caroline of Brunswick, who parted immediately after her birth. A bright, lively, warm-tempered girl, she was brought up in strict seclusion, under various governesses and sub-governesses, seeing her father rarely, and her mother only for two hours a week. Her six CHARON months' engagement to Prince William of Orange she herself broke off in June 1814, greatly to George's fury; had the match come off it might have been as momentous in its consequences as that of the Princess Mary to another Prince William of Orange. On 2d May 1816 she married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg; but the marriage, a happy one, was cut short on 5th November 1817 by her death, after giving birth to a still-born boy. See the Memoir by Lady Rose Weigall (1874), and the monograph by Mrs Herbert Jones (1885). Charlotte Amalie, the capital of the West Indian island of St Thomas (q.v.). Charlottenburg, a town of Prussia, on the Spree, 3 miles W. of Berlin, with which it is connected by a road leading through the Thiergarten. It contains a royal palace, which was founded in 1696 for Sophie Charlotte, the second wife of Frederick I., and which has a fine park, with a here are the remains of Frederick William III. and large orange-grove, a theatre, and a mausoleum; his queen, with their statues by Rauch, and here their son, the Emperor William I., was interred in 1888. In the town are a royal institute of glasspainting, an artillery and engineering school; the manufactures include iron-wares, machinery, porcelain, glass, paper, leather, chemicals, and beer. Pop. (1885) 42,371; (1890, as extended) 76,859. Charlottetown, the capital of Prince Edward Island, on the south coast, stands on the Hillsborough estuary, which forms a secure and commodious harbour for the largest vessels. The town has two colleges, an iron-foundry, a woollenfactory, and shipbuilding yards. Pop. (1881) 11,485; (1891) 11,374. Charm (through Fr. from Lat. carmen, 'à song'), properly a form of words, generally in verse, supposed to possess some occult power of a hurtful, a healing, or a protective kind; hence applied to anything which exercises an irresistible power to please and attract. Charms exert their influence either by being recited, or by being written and worn on the person; and, in this latter case, they may be classed with Amulets (q.v.). The nature of this superstition is considered under INCANTATION; see also MAGIC. Charnel-house, a chamber situated in a churchyard or other burying-place, in which the bones of the dead which were thrown up by the grave-diggers were reverently deposited. It was often a chapel with a vault beneath. Charnock, JOB, went to India about 1655, and as head of the factory at Húgli, transferred the headquarters to Calcutta (thus founding the city) in 1686-90. He died in 1693. Charnwood Forest. See LEICESTERSHIRE. Charolais is a district in the French department of Saône-et-Loire, noted for its fine cattle. Charon, in classical mythology, the son of Erebus and Nox, is first mentioned by the later writers of Greece. His duty was to ferry the shades of the buried dead across the rivers of the under-world. For this service he exacted an obolus from each, and consequently this coin was placed in the mouth of the dead. If this rite was neglected, Charon refused to convey the unhappy shade across, and it was doomed to wander restlessly along the shores of Acheron. He is generally represented as a gloomy old man, with a rough beard and wretched clothes. In the Etruscan monuments he holds a hammer. In the folklore of modern Greece Charon still survives as a kind of shadowy representative of death and a mysterious under-world. (The Greek is charon; the English pronunciation, kārōn.) |