Vera Cruz. It is navigable for large vessels for 30 miles, and is interesting as part of a route which was once surveyed for an interoceanic canal. Near its course was Captain Eads's projected ship-railway. Cobalt (sym. Co, eq. 59, from Cobalus, a malicious sprite' or 'gnome') is a metal the ores of which are sparingly distributed. In the metallic state it is found in meteoric stones or aerolites to the extent of one per cent., but it generally occurs combined with arsenic as Speiss-cobalt, CoAs, or as cobalt-glance, the arsenide and sulphide of the metal, COSAS. To obtain the metal itself from its ores is a matter of some difficulty, and although it is more tenacious than iron, yet it has not been applied to any practical use. It is of a gray colour with a reddish tinge, brittle, hard, and very magnetic. Many of its compounds are valued on account of the brilliance and permanence of their colours. The Protoxide of Cobalt, CoO, is employed as a blue pigment in porcelain-painting. Zaffre is the impure oxide obtained by partially roasting cobalt ore previously mixed with two or three times its weight of fine sand. Smalt is the term applied to a deep-blue glass, which owes its colour to the presence of oxide of cobalt, and which, when reduced to very fine powder, is employed occasionally by laundresses to correct the yellow colour of newly-washed linen, and by paper-makers as a blue pigment for staining writing-paper. Smalt is also used in the production of the blue colours in porcelain, pottery glass, encaustic tiles, frescopainting, &c., and forms the principal ingredient in Old Sevres Blue, Thenard's Blue, Turquoise Blue, &c. (see BLUE). A compound containing the oxides of cobalt and zinc is of a beautiful green

The

colour, and is known as Rinman's Green. chloride of cobalt dissolved in much water, may be employed as a sympathetic ink. In dilute solutions, it is of a faint pink colour, which is not observable when it is used for writing upon paper; but when heated before the fire, it loses water, and becomes blue, and the writing is then capable of being read. On allowing the paper thereafter to lie in a damp place, or exposing it to the vapour of steam from a kettle, water is again absorbed, and the writing returns to its invisible state. The addition of a little perchloride of iron to the ink makes the writing appear green; a solution of zine imparts a red tint; and a salt of copper, a yellow shade.

Cobán, capital of the department of Vera Paz, in Guatemala, on the fertile Tierra Templada plateau, about 85 miles N. of the town of Guate mala. Pop. (1895) 27,700.

Cobbe, FRANCES POWER, author, born near Dublin, 4th December 1822, was educated at Brighton, and early had her interest aroused in theological questions. Her mother's death drove her for spiritual help to Theodore Parker, whose counsels are contained in his famous Sermon of the Immortal Life. She travelled in Italy and the East, and wrote The Cities of the Past (1864), and Italics (1864). A strong Theist, a supporter of women's rights, and a prominent anti-vivisectionist, she published her Autobiography in 1894. Among her other works are Friendless Girls, and How to help Them (1861); Broken Lights: an Inquiry into the Present Condition and Future Prospects of Religious Faith (1864); Studies New and Old (1865); Criminals, Idiots, Women, and Minors: Is the Classification Sound? (1869); Darwinism in Morals (1872); The Hopes of the Human Race Hereafter and Here (1874); Re-echoes (1876); The Peak in Darien (1882); and The Scientific Spirit of the Age (1888).

Cobbett, WILLIAM, born at Farnham, Surrey, on 9th March 1762, was the son of a small farmer,

COBBETT

and grandson of a day-labourer. From scaring crows the boy rose to be ploughman; but a visit to Portsmouth and a sight of the fleet had spoiled him for farming, when, in May 1783, a sudden freak took him to London. He reached it with just half-a-crown, and for nine months was quill-driver to a Gray's Inn attorney. Enlisting then in the 54th Foot, he first spent a year at Chatham, where he mastered Lowth's English Grammar, and read through a whole lending library-Swift's Tale of a Tub had been his boyhood's delight. Next he served as sergeant-major in New Brunswick (178591), meanwhile saving 150 guineas, and studying rhetoric, geometry, logic, French, and fortification. On his return he obtained a most flattering discharge; in February 1792 married; but in March went to France to get out of a court-martial on three of his late officers, whom he had taxed with peculation. Six months later he sailed for America. At Philadelphia he taught English to French refugees (Talleyrand wanted to be one of his pupils); translated from the French; and, as Peter Porcupine,' wrote fierce onslaughts on Dr Priestley, Tom Paine, Twice he was proand the native Democrats. secuted for libel, and America got too hot for him, so in June 1800 he returned to England. The Tories welcomed him with open arms; and in 1802 he started his famous Weekly Political Register, which, with one three-months' break in 1817, continued till his death. But, Tory first, it altered its politics in 1804, till at last it became the most fierce and determined opponent of the government, and the most uncompromising champion of RadicalA great lover of the country, Cobbett farmed, and went in for manly sports: a true settled at Botley in Hampshire, where he planted, soldiers' friend, he got two years in Newgate (1810-12), with a fine of £1000, for his strictures on the flogging of militiamen by German mercensecond imprisonment drove him once more across aries. In 1817 money muddles and dread of a all the while for the Register, till in 1819 he the Atlantic. He farmed in Long Island, writing ventured back again, and came bringing Tom Paine's bones-the one really silly action of his Botley had to be sold, but he started a seed-farm at Kensington; and bent now on entering parliament, stood for Coventry (1821) and ill-advised trial for sedition (1831) was followed Preston (1826). Both times he failed; but his Reformed parliament. next year by his return for Oldham to the first His career there, if not

ism.'

life.

quite a failure, was signalised chiefly by a crackbrained attack on Peel; anyhow, the late hours were too much for him, and on 18th June 1835 he died at Normanby farm, near Guildford. He was buried at Farnham.

Coarse, virulent, braggadocio, inconsistentCobbett was all this. He was often right, but he must have been oftener wrong, for oftener he came to abuse what once he had eulogised than vice versâ. He was a very Ishmael of politics; Lord Dalling dubs him the contentious man.' Still, a man he was, a genuine John Bull; and if he wrote nonsense about Waterloo and the national debt, and more nonsense than sense about the Reformation, he wrote it in fine strong English. He loathed Whigs and mock gentlefolks,' but he honestly loved the poor-loved Nature, too, and could paint her dear English scenery with a freshness and insight wholly and solely his own. The Rural Rides (new edition, with notes by Pitt Cobbett, 1885) are unsurpassable. They were a reprint (1830) from the Register, and followed or were followed by Porcu pine's Works (12 vols. 1801), the excellent and entertaining English Grammar (1818), the savage History of the Reformation (1824-27), the Woodlands (1825), the shrewd, homely Advice to Young

COBBOLD

Men (1830), and forty or fifty more works. Cobbett was further the originator of Hansard's Debates (1806), and of Howell's State Trials (1809). See Lord Dalling's Historical Characters (5th ed. 1876), and Edward Smith's Life of Cobbett (2 vols. 1878). Cobbold, THOMAS SPENCER, writer on parasitic worms, was born at Ipswich in 1828, studied medicine at Edinburgh, lectured in London on botany, zoology, comparative anatomy, geology, and helminthology, in connection with various hospitals and colleges, and died 20th March 1886. He wrote Ento

zoa (1864), Parasites (1879), Tapeworms (1866), and numerous other works on kindred subjects.

Cobden, RICHARD, a great English politician, the Apostle of Free Trade,' was born at Heyshott, near Midhurst, Sussex, 3d June 1804. His father, a thriftless yeoman, had to sell his farm in 1814, and relations charged themselves with the maintenance of the eleven children ; Richard, the fourth, being sent to a Dotheboys' school in Yorkshire. After five wretched years there, in 1819 he was received into a wholesale warehouse in London, belonging to his uncle, where he soon showed great aptitude for business, and as a commercial traveller he visited Scotland and Ireland. In 1828 Cobden and two of his friends entered into a partnership for selling calicoes by commission in London. They set up an establishment for calico-printing in Lancashire in 1831, and in 1832 Cobden settled in Manchester, the town with which his name is so closely associated. He wrote a comedy which was rejected by the manager of Covent Garden Theatre. In 1835 he visited the United States, and in 183637 travelled in Turkey, Greece, and Egypt. The result of his travels appeared in two pamphlets, England, Ireland, and America (1835), and Russia (1836); the latter intended as an antidote against the Russophobia' then prevalent. In these pamphlets he also ridiculed the workings of diplomacy, and asserted England's mission to be the avoidance of war and the extension of commerce. tested the borough of Stockport unsuccessfully on free-trade principles in 1837. In 1838 he carried

He con

in the Manchester Chamber of Commerce a motion to petition parliament for the repeal of all duties on corn. In the same year seven merchants of Manchester formed the association which soon grew into the Anti-Corn-law League. Of this League Cobden was the most energetic and prominent member. His lectures all over the country, and his speeches in parliament (to which he was returned in 1841 by the constituency which had rejected him in 1837), were characterised by clear, quiet persuasiveness; and to them was in great part due, as Sir Robert Peel acknowledged, the abolition of the corn laws at so early a period as 1846.

Cobden's zeal for free trade in corn had, however, to such a degree withdrawn his attention from private business, that he was now a ruined man, and a subscription of £80,000 was raised in recognition of his great services; and with this in 1847 he re-purchased Dunford, the farmhouse in which he was born. As his health, too, had suffered, he re-visited the Continent, and during his absence was elected both for Stockport and the West Riding of Yorkshire. He chose the latter constituency, which he continued to represent till 1857. He shared Mr Bright's unpopularity for opposing the policy that led to the Crimean war; and on an appeal to the country by Lord Palmerston to support him in his Chinese policy, of which Cobden was a strenuous opponent, he retired from the West Riding and contested Huddersfield, where, however, he was defeated. Cobden spent his leisure in a second American tour. During his absence he was elected for Rochdale.

Cobden

Lord Palmerston, who was at this time forming his ministry of 1859-65, with a just appreciation of Cobden's great services, offered him a seat in the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade; but Cobden, as the uncompromising opponent of Palmerston's policy, felt bound to decline the honour. After his election for Rochdale, the state of his liamentary proceedings, but as Her Majesty's plenihealth did not permit him to take any part in parpotentiary, he (1859-60) arranged and concluded the treaty of commerce with France. spoke out strongly in favour of the North during the American civil war, and in 1864 strenuously opposed intervention in favour of Denmark. He died in London, April 2, 1865, and was buried at Lavington, Sussex. Few politicians have had such an honourable record as Cobden. In all the relations of life he was amiable, single-minded, and earnest. In parliament and on the platform he was a master in the art of clear, persuasive, and convincing speech. He may be regarded as the representative man of the Manchester school, and therefore as the most prominent champion of free trade, peace, non-intervention, and economy.

by John Bright and Thorold Rogers (1870). See the His Speeches on Questions of Public Policy were edited articles CORN LAWS and FREE TRADE; the publications of the Cobden Club; his Life by John Morley (2 vols. 1881); Ashworth, Recollections of Cobden (1877); Sir E. Watkin, Alderman Cobden (1891); A. J. Balfour's Essays and Addresses; Mrs Salis-Schwabe, Reminiscences of Cobden (French, 1879; trans. 1895).

Cobet, CAREL GABRIEL, Dutch Hellenist, born at Paris in 1813, studied at Leyden, travelled in Italy, and in 1846 settled in a chair at Leyden, where he died 6th October 1889. He published De Arte Interpretandi (1847); collections of Varia Lectiones and Miscellanea; works on the comic poet Plato, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Xenophon; and editions of Diogenes Laertius, Xenophon's Anabasis and Hellenica, Lysias, and Cornelius Nepos (1881). Cobham, LORD. See OLDCASTLE.

Cobi'ja, a seaport of the Chilian province of Antofagasta (q.v.), on a shallow, open bay. See

АТАСАМА.

Coble. See BOAT.

Coblenz, or KOBLENZ, a city of Rhenish Prussia, 56 miles SSE. of Cologne by rail, is beautifully situated at the junction of the Rhine and the Moselle, the former of which is here crossed by a bridge of boats, and the latter by a fine stone bridge, built originally in 1344. Both rivers are also spanned by railway bridges. Coblenz is very strongly fortified with a wall and a series of detached forts, including the almost impregnable castle of Ehrenbreitstein (q.v.), on the opposite side of the Rhine. In the old town, many of the streets are irregular, narrow, and dirty; but the new town, which is situated nearer the Rhine, is handsomely built, spacious, and clean. Among the principal buildings are the church of St Castor, the oldest Christian church in the Rhine district, founded in 836, though dating in its present form from the 12th century; the Kaufhaus (1479); the Protestant Florins Kirche (12th century); the church of Our Lady (1250-1431); and the old Jesuit College, now a gymnasium. The extensive palace was built in 1778-86 by the last Elector of Trèves, and restored in 1845. The old archiepiscopal palace is now a factory. The favourable position of the place secures it an active commerce in wine, corn, mineral waters, &c. It manufactures champagne (about 1,000,000 bottles annually, exported chiefly to England), cigars, japanned goods, and furniture. Pop. (1875) 29,290; (1890) 32,671. Coblenz (Fr. Coblence) was known to the Romans as Confluentes. From 1018 till 1796 it belonged to

Trèves. In 1798 it was made the capital of the new French department, Rhine and Moselle, and by the treaty of 1815 was given to Prussia.

Cob-nut, a name given to some of the largest and finest cultivated varieties of the Hazel-nut (q.v.). In the West Indies the name cob-nut is given to the fruit of Omphalea triandra, a tree of the natural order Euphorbiacea. It is also called Hog-nut. The tree has a white juice, which turns black in drying, and in Guiana is used instead of ink. The albumen of the seed is eaten, after the embryo, which contains a cathartic principle, is

removed.

Cobourg, a port of entry and capital of Northumberland county, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, 69 miles NE. of Toronto. It is a railway junction, and contains a Wesleyan university, and several woollenmills, foundries, and breweries. Pop. (1891) 4829. Cobra da Capello (hooded snake'), the Portuguese name for one of the most deadly of the poisonous Indian snakes, technically known as Naja tripudians. It belongs to the sub-order of venomous Colubrine snakes (Proteroglyphia), in which the fangs borne on the upper jaw are not perforated by a complete canal, but possess simply an anterior groove down which the poison trickles. The cobra is a large snake, 5 feet or more in length; the colour varies considerably from pale yellow to dark olive; one variety has spectacle-like black markings on its neck. By the dilatation of the anterior ribs during excitement the neck can be distended so as to produce a hood-like appearance. It is by preference nocturnal, and feeds on amphibians, reptiles, birds, eggs, small mammals, &c. It does not appear to be naturally aggressive, but instinctively threatening attitude when disturbed. It then dilates its neck, hisses loudly, and prepares to strike by raising its fangs in the usual snake fashion. The habits vary greatly in different situations. It may haunt human dwellings for the sake of poultry and other food, and is said to occur 8000 feet up the Himalayas. Though essentially land animals and fond of concealing themselves among old masonry, stone heaps and the like, the cobras can swim and climb with ease. In gracefulness of movement they excel. The head and neck are often raised above the level of the rest of the body, which remains horizontal. In spite of pictures to the contrary, they can only raise the front part of the body to a very limited extent.

Head of Cobra.

assumes

а

The bite of the cobra is as usual accompanied by the compression of one of the salivary glands modified as a poison bag. The secretion trickles down the grooves of the fangs, and entering the wound produces rapid nervous paralysis, from which recovery is, to say the least, extremely rare. Great numbers of deaths occur annually in India from cobra bites, but as the assailant often escapes, identification is frequently a matter of conjecture. The victims are usually natives, despite the rattles they use to warn off the reptiles. No certain remedy is known, but excision, cauterisation, ligaturing, doses of ammonia, drugging with rum, &c. are often resorted to. The cobra is the object of animalworship, and the centre of numerous native superstitions, and is a favourite with snake-charmers.

COCA

Naja tripudians is found in India, Java, and South China; N. haje, an allied species, is common in Egypt and parts of Africa. The coral snake (Elaps), the rock-snake (Bungarus), the venomous water-snake (Hydrophis), are genera within the same sub-order.

See SNAKES, and works there quoted; also Professor G. Günther's Reptiles of British India (Ray Society, 1861), and Sir Joseph Fayrer's Thanatophidia of India (1874)." Santiago de Cuba. In the vicinity are copper-mines. Cobre, a city of Cuba, 9 miles NW. by N. of Pop. (1899) 1028.

Coburg, the capital of the duchy of Coburg, in the united duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, is picturesquely situated on the left bank of the Itz, 81 miles SSE. of Eisenach by rail. The older part of the town, which is fairly well built, is surrounded by attractive modern suburbs. Coburg is, alternately with Gotha, the ducal residence, and the palace, erected in 1549, is one of the principal buildings in the town. Among the others are the government buildings, the arsenal, containing a public library, the town-house, and the palace of the Duke of Edinburgh. The old castle of Coburg, mentioned in 1057, beside which Coburg originally grew up, is situated on an eminence 530 feet above the town. It afforded Luther a shelter during the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and in 1632 successfully resisted a siege by Wallenstein. In 1782 it was converted into a prison, but in 1838 it was thoroughly restored, and now contains valuable collections of engravings, zoology, &c. Luther's apartments are preserved as he used them. Coburg has manufactures of woollen, cotton, marquetry, baskets, porcelain, furniture, and carriages, and exports beer. Pop. (1875) 14,567; (1895) 18,688. Prince Albert, to whom a statue was erected in the market-place of Coburg by Queen Victoria in 1865, was born at Rosenau, a ducal seat 4 miles to the north.

Coburg Peninsula, the most northerly part of Australia to the west of the Gulf of Carpentaria, runs out in a north-west direction towards Melville

Island, from which it is divided by Dundas Strait. On its north side is the bay known as Port Essington, at the head of which was established, in 1831, the settlement of Port Victoria-abandoned, on account of its insalubrity, in 1850. Swamp buffaloes, originally brought from Java, have increased here enormously.

Cobweb. See SPIDERS.

Co'ca (Erythroxylon Coca-which has of course no connection with Cocoa or with Cocoa-nuts), a shrub of the order Erythroxylaceæ, of which the leaves furnish an important narcotic and stimulant. The shrub is 6 or 8 feet high, and somewhat resembles a blackthorn bush; the leaves are ovatelanceolate, simple, and with entire and slightly waved margins, and strongly marked veins, of which two on each side of the midrib run parallel to the margin. It has been in use from a very remote period among the Indians of South America, and was extensively cultivated before the Spanish conquest. Many of the Indians of the Peruvian Andes are to this day excessively addicted to it, and its use is quite general among them, besides extending to men of European race. The dried leaves are chewed with a little finely powdered unslaked lime, or with the alkaline ashes of the Quinoa (q.v.), or certain other plants. An infusion is also occasionally used. An habitual coca-chewer takes a dose about four times daily. In soothing effect it recalls tobacco, but its influence is a much more remarkable one. It greatly lessens the desire for ordinary food, and at the same time permits of much more sustained exer

COCAINE.-In Europe, little importance was attached to coca until the veteran pharmacologist Christison awakened interest by personally verify ing in old age its sustaining powers. Investigations followed, and the alkaloid cocaine, upon which the active properties mainly depend, has now come into regular use as a local anesthetic, by help of which not merely some of the operations of dentistry, but much more serious surgical operations, can be performed without chloroform. oculists it is of special value, at once dilating the pupil and removing all sensibility. Cases of intoxication and abuse are not infrequent with the leaves, and have been already recorded in connection with the more powerful extract.

To

Cocana'da, a seaport and headquarters of Godavari district, Madras, 315 miles N. of Madras. Its roadstead is comparatively safe, and it exports cotton, oil-seeds, sugar, rice, and cigars. Pop. (1881) 28,856; (1891) 40,533.

Cocceius, or KOCH, JOHANNES, a distinguished theologian, was born at Bremen in 1603, and studied at Hamburg and Franeker. In 1636 he became professor of Hebrew there, and in 1650 of Theology at Leyden, where he died in 1669. His chief work is the Lexicon et Commentarius Sermonis Hebraici et Chaldaici Veteris Testamenti (Leyden, 1669), the first tolerably complete dictionary of the Hebrew language. Cocceius held very peculiar hermeneutical principles, which enabled him to discover the whole New Testament in the Old. The representation abundantly employed in the former of a covenant between God and man, usurped the place of the New Testament doctrine of the Fatherhood and Sonship; and Cocceius carried the covenant theology,' as it is called, to an absurd extreme (see COVENANT). The most complete exposition of his views is in his Summa Doctrina de Foedere et Testamento Dei (1648).

Cocceji, HEINRICH FREIHERR VON, born at Bremen, March 25, 1644, studied jurisprudence and philosophy in Leyden from 1667 to 1670, and

went from thence to England. In 1672 he was made professor of Law at Heidelberg; in 1689, at Utrecht; and in 1690, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. In 1713 the emperor named him a baron of the realm. Cocceji died in 1719. His work on civil law (Juris Publici Prudentia, 1695) was long used as a text-book.-His youngest son, SAMUEL, born at Heidelberg in 1679, acquired no less renown. He too, in 1703, became professor at Frankfort-onthe-Oder, filled several honourable state-offices, and was ultimately the chancellor of Frederick the Great. He died in 1755. He reformed the Prussian administration of justice, and published several works on law.

Coccinella. See LADY-BIRD.

Cocco, Coco Root, or EDDOES, plants of the genus Colocasia, and of the nearly allied genus Caladium, of the order Araceae, widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries for their edible starchy root-stocks, of which the food-value broadly corresponds to the potato. These are deprived by roasting or boiling of the characteristic acridity of the order, which, indeed, some of them possess in a comparatively small degree. They are sometimes included under the name Yam, but are totally different from the true Yam (q.v.). The names more strictly belong to Colocasia antiquorum, a stemless plant with ovate leaves, and flowers inclosed in a cylindrical erect spathe. This is a native of India, but was early introduced to Egypt and the Mediterranean countries, whence it has now passed even to America. C. esculenta, C. macrorhiza, or Tara (q.v.), and C. Himalensis are also of economic importance in different parts of the world, and many species of these and allied where their handsome foliage has gained them genera are to be seen in European hothouses, an important place.

Coccoliths are small saucer-like discs found abundantly in the Atlantic ooze, probably unicellular algae. They are sometimes called coccolite, a word also used to denote a greenish kind of Augite (q.v.).

Coccoloba. See SEASIDE GRAPE.

Coccomilia, or COCUMIGLIA (Prunus coccomilia), a species of plum, a native of Calabria, and of which the bark-particularly of the rootis used in that country for the cure of intermittent

fevers.

Coccos'tens, a genus of fossil placoganoid fishes, pertaining chiefly to the Devonian and Old Red Sandstone system, but met with also in Silu. rian strata. The head was protected by a great shield covered with tubercles. Besides this bony cuirass there was also a ventral shield, but the rest of the body was naked. The mouth was furnished with small teeth.

Coc'culus In'dicus (Ital. coccola, 'a berry') is the fruit of the Anamirta paniculata, a climbing shrub found in the eastern parts of India, and in the Malayan Archipelago. It was introduced into Britain in the 16th century for the purpose of stupefying fish so that they might be caught by hand. It acts as an acrid narcotic poison, and when the berries are thrown into a stream it quickly poisons any fish in the neighbourhood. It contains a crystalline principle called picrotoxine, which is very poisonous. It has often been asserted that as cocculus indicus imparts to beer a bitter taste, and at the same time a fullness and apparent richness, it is largely used in the manufacture of that beverage. As its effects are very deleterious, considerable attention was directed to the point, but no evidence is as yet forthcoming to substantiate the statement. In 1876 the report of the Laboratory Department of the Inland Revenue stated that in no case were

a, branch with leaves; b, panicle of female inflorescence; c, a female flower; d, the same with sepals removed; e, male flower; f, fruit. (From Bently & Trimen.)

In Russia and elsewhere it is a popular remedy for tapeworm, lice, &c.; but when applied to the scalp it is not unattended with danger, as several deaths have occurred from its use.

Coccus, a genus of insects in the order Hemiptera, and type of a family (Coccidae), including many forms very injurious to plants, and a few others which have come to be of use to man. For the latter, see COCHINEAL, LAC, MANNA, WAX. As general characteristics may be noted the beaded feelers, the general absence of wings in the female, the degeneration of suctorial proboscis and posterior wings in the males, and the peculiar history of both sexes. The young forms are somewhat tortoiselike, and run about on plants with some activity. The adult females attach themselves by their proboscis to a juicy part of the plant, and surrender themselves to feeding and maternity. They often become berry-like, plump, much resembling excrescences, or else very flat and scale-like. In the latter form they are often called scale-insects. The body always degenerates more or less, and after fertilisation becomes simply a case, or eventually a dead covering for the eggs and larvæ. The young males also come to rest, and undergo a peculiar metamorphosis. From the resting larva an elegant male insect results, with developed anterior, but degenerate or aborted posterior wings. The males fertilise the females, but being without suctorial proboscis, are probably short-lived. In fact, both male and female adults seem to fall victims to the characteristics of their sex. The young shelter for a while under the dead female, and then start for themselves. For the important species and related genera, see the articles above referred to. Coccyx. See SPINAL COLUMN. Coccyzus. See CUCKOO.

Cochabamba, a central department of Bolivia, with offshoots of the Eastern Cordilleras, and extensive plateaus. The climate is equable and healthy, and though the department is comparatively poor in metals, its fertile valleys render it the richest as well as the most picturesque district of the republic. Agriculture and cattle-raising are the chief occupations; but here, as elsewhere in Bolivia,

COCHIN-CHINA

trade is sadly hampered by the want of roads. Area, 21,500 sq. m.; pop. (1895) 360,500. The capital, Cochabamba (8396 feet above the sea), on a tributary of the Guapay, was founded in 1565, as Ciudad de Oropesa. It has some fifteen churches, a so-called university and high school, and an industrious population, estimated at 25,000, with a trade in corn and Peruvian bark.

Cochba. See BAR-COCHBA.

Cochin, a native state of India, politically connected with Madras, between the British district of Malabar and the state of Travancore, with the Arabian Sea on the SW. It contains 1361 sq. m., and (1891) 722,906 inhabitants. Its hydrography is singular. The Western Ghauts, which have here an elevation of fully 4000 feet, intercept the south-west monsoon, and render the coast one of the most humid regions in the world during June, July, August, and September. As the space between the mountains and the sea is almost on a level with the tide, the countless streams have each two contrasted sections-a plunging torrent and a sluggish river ending in a brackish estuary. Further, these estuaries, almost continuously breasted by a narrow belt of higher ground, form between them a backwater or lagoon of 120 miles in length, and of every width between a few hundred yards and 10 miles, which communicates at only three points with the ocean. The forests produce the cocoa-nut, teak, red cedar, and many other woods, while the low country produces drugs, dyes, and gums. The great mass of the population (430,000) are Hindus, but there are also 34,000 Mohammedans and 138,000 Christians (of the Syrian and Roman confessions), and 1250 Jews. The capital is Ernakolam (pop. 14,000). Cochin formed a treaty with the East India Company in 1798.

Cochin, once the capital of the principality above described, but now a seaport of the district of Malabar, in the presidency of Madras, stands on the south side of the principal channel between the open ocean and the backwater mentioned in the preceding article. In spite of the bar, Cochin is next to Bombay on this coast for shipbuilding and maritime commerce, the annual exports reaching a value of £700,000. Here the Portuguese erected their first fort in India in 1503. They were supplanted by the Dutch in 1663; and in 1796 Cochin was captured by the British. Pop. about 20,000, of whom 8500 are Christians, 4500 Hindus, and 3000 Mohammedans. Half a mile south is a town of the same name, in the native state of Cochin (pop. 13,775).

Cochin-China, formerly a name for Annam, but now specifically used for French Cochin-China occupying the south extremity of the Indo-China or Indo-Chine, a colonial possession of France, peninsula, from 8° to 11° 30 N. lat., and from 104° 26' to 107° 30′ E. long. It is bounded N. by Cambodia and Annam; area, 23,400 sq.

m.

Through nearly its whole extent CochinChina is low and almost flat. To the north hills of Cape St Jacques, Ba-ria, and Bien-hoa, and east, however, the ground rises into the and the mountain of Dienba. Cochin-China is watered in the west by two branches of the Mekhong (q.v.), the Han-giang and the Tien-giang, which follow a nearly parallel course for about 120 miles. In the east the Dong-nai River flows from north-east to south-west, receiving the Saigon River from the north-west. The Little Vaico flows parallel to and south of the Saigon River. These rivers are all connected with one another by the innumerable arroyos and canals which intersect Cochin-China in all directions. The climate alternates between the rainy season,