The Life by T. Wright appeared in 1892. The standard edition of Cowper's works is that edited by Southey, with a memoir (15 vols. 1834-37), and reprinted in Bohn's 'Standard Library' (1853-51). Others are those of Grimshawe (8 vols. 1835), the Aldine edition, with a good life by John Bruce (1865), and the Globe edition, with a memoir by Rev. W. Benham (1870). There are selections of the poems, by Mrs Oliphant (1883), and of the letters, by kev. W. Benham (1884) in the Golden Treasury' series. For criticism, see Ste. Beuve's Causeries du Lundi (vol. xi. 1868); Stopford-Brooke's Theology in the English Poets (1874); Goldwin Smith's monograph in the English Men of Letters' series (1880); Leslie Stephen, in series iii. of Hours in a Library' (1882); and Mrs Oliphant, in The Literary History of England (1882). Cow-plant (Gymnema lactiferum), a perennial Asclepiad of Ceylon, which has acquired a factitious celebrity from the oft-repeated statement that its milky juice is used as milk, and that its leaves are boiled to supply the want of cream! But this, according to Sir J. E. Tennent, arises entirely from the appearance of the juice, which indeed probably contains a share of the poisonous principles so general in this order. Cowry (Cypraea), a large genus of Gasteropods in the Prosobranchiate section, including over a hundred species, some of which are very familiar as decorative objects and as furnishing a medium of exchange with uncivilised peoples. The shell has more or less of an oval form, and is usually thick, polished, and beautifully coloured. shells are delicate and more typically snail-like, The young but in the adults the large last whorl more or less conceals the others, and has its outer lip bent in towards the inner. The internal axis may be wholly absorbed. The animal has a broad head, a protrusible proboscis, eyes associated with the long horns, and a broad foot protruded through the elongated aperture. The mantle or skin fold, which forms the shell as in other molluscs, extends over the whole or most of the surface, and thus conceals during life what gives the dead shells half their charm. In habit the cowries are predominantly sluggish animals, creeping slowly on rocks and coral reefs. They are mainly carnivorous in diet. Though widely distributed, they thrive best in the tropical seas. Fossil forms occur abundantly (about 80 species) from the chalk onwards. The nearest relations of the cowries are the two genera Ovulum and Trivia. The former includes the Poached Eggs and the Weaver's Shuttle (Ovulum volva); two species are found on British shores. The genus Trivia includes the little cowry' (Trivia europea), not uncommonly found British coasts-e.g. near John o' Groat's House. The cowries proper are well known in several practical connections. The money cowry (C. moneta), found especially in the Maldive Islands, was long used as currency, and is still so used in Africa from Guinea to the Central Soudan. In Siam over 6000 cowries were required to make a tical worth 1s. 8d. Cowries are familiar in England as counters in games of chance. From prehistoric times they have been used to form necklaces and other ornaments of the person. In some cases they are worn as charms, and their bright colours, so attractive to human eyes, have also been utilised in catching cuttlefishes. Cowries have had their share in later days in the conchological craze, and small fortunes' have been spent in gathering that wealth of varied Money Cowry. on COX colour which a good cabinet displays. A single shell of C. princeps has been sold for £40. Cowslip (Primula veris; see PRIMROSE), a common native of pastures in England and many other parts of Europe, although rare in Scotland, a delicate and modest little flower, a universal favourite, both for its beauty and its fragrance. It differs from the common primrose conspicuously in having umbels of flowers on a scape; it is sup posed to be the original of the garden polyanthus. Darwin holds the common oxlip to be a cross between the cowslip and the common primrose. Its bells were long supposed to be the haunt of fairies, and the name of Fairy Cups is still given to them in some parts of England. The flowers are sometimes fermented with sugar to make courslip wine, which is not unpalatable. It was once a favourite domestic soporific. The leaves are by some used as a salad and pot-herb, and also as food for the silkworm before those of the mulberry have expanded. The American cowslip (sometimes also called Shooting-star) is Dodecatheon Meadia, a very handsome spring flower. This and other species are also well known in cultivation. Cow-tree, a name given to a number of trees of different natural orders, the bland milky juice (Latex, q.v.) of which is used instead of milk. The most famous of these is the Palo de Vaca of the Cordilleras and Caraccas (Galactodendron (Brosilaurel-like leaves and very small flowers. The mum) utile), an artocarpaceous tree, with large milk is obtained by piercing the bark of the trunk or branches, and flows so freely that an ordinary bottle may be filled in half an hour. The milk has of cow's milk, but is slightly viscid and soon bean agreeable creamy odour and taste recalling that what cheesy consistency, comes yellow, gradually thickening into a someIts chemical composi tion, of course, widely differs from that of milk, but its nutritive value is considerable. It is much used by the negroes and Indians. namontana utilis, a tree belonging to the AsclepiaThe cow-tree or Hya-hya of Demerara is Taberdaceae. In this order the milky juice is usually of the same genus is of sharp and burning taste, acrid and poisonous, and even that of other species In this case, however, the latex is agreeable and wholesome, although somewhat sticky, owing to the large proportion of caoutchouc. Cow-wheat (Melampyrum), a genus of Scrophulariacea, of which the deep-furrowed two-celled capsule somewhat resembles a grain of wheat. They are annual weeds, growing in woods, cornfields, and pastures, and are eaten by cattle. Being root-parasites, they grow on the roots of other plants. M. pratense is common in Europe and North America. Cox, DAVID, landscape-painter, was born at Deritend, a suburb of Birmingham, 29th April 1793. His father was a blacksmith, and he worked at the forge for a time; and after trying various employments and studying drawing under Joseph Barber, he was scene-painter in the Birmingham, Swansea, and Wolverhampton theatres, and occa sionally appeared upon the boards in minor parts. He next took lessons in London from John Varley; in 1805 and 1806 visited North Wales, which to the end of his life was his favourite sketchingground; and taught as a drawing-master, mainly in Hereford, publishing A Treatise on Landscape Painting and Effect in Water-colours (1814), and other educational works, illustrated by soft-ground etchings by his own hand. In 1813 he joined the Society of Painters in Water-colours, to whose exhibitions he was a regular contributor. 1827 till 1841 his headquarters were in London, but he was constantly sketching in the country, From COX COYPU 537 Art (3 vols. 1865-67). His Life of Bishop Colenso appeared in 1888. Coxe, HENRY OCTAVIUS, librarian, was born at Bucklebury vicarage in Berkshire, September 20, 1811. He had his education at Westminster and Worcester College, Oxford, and entered the manuscript department of the British Museum in 1833, soon after taking orders. In 1838 he became attached to the Bodleian Library, in 1860 its head, and here his marvellous knowledge and patient kindliness made him the very ideal of the librarian. Already in 1857 he had been sent by Sir G. C. Lewis to the East on a tour of discovery, which resulted indeed in his finding many codices, though the grasping greed of the ignorant monks, at last awakened to their value, made it impossible to buy them. Coxe held in succession several curacies near Oxford, and in 1868 became rector of Wytham. He was Select preacher in 1842, Whitehall preacher in 1868, and in 1878 presided at the first annual meeting of the Library Association at Oxford. Coxe died July 8, 1881. Although himself an excellent palæographer and ripe scholar, Coxe did much more for others' reputations than his own. The most important of his own works were an edition of Roger of Wendover's Chronicle (5 vols. 1841-44), and of Gower's Vox Clamantis for the Roxburghe Club (1850), and his Catalogues of MSS. in the colleges and halls of Oxford (1852), and of the Bodleian MSS. (1853-54). See Dean Burgon's Lives of Twelve Good Men (1888). and occasionally he made brief visits to the Continent, executing water-colours of noble quality which slowly but steadily made their way with the public, and are now recognised as entitling their painter to a place among the very first of English landscapists. In 1839 he turned his attention seriously to oil-painting, a medium which he had hitherto used only for sketching, and soon he had mastered the process. He executed in all about a hundred works in oil. These are less widely known than his water-colours, but they are of at least equal quality. In 1841 he settled at Harborne, near Birmingham, where he resided for the rest of his life. It was during this period that he produced his greatest works, those most rapidly synthetic in execution, and most deeply poetic in feeling. They mainly owe their inspiration to the scenery of North Wales, and especially of Bettws-y-Coed (q.v.), which he visited every autumn. He died at Harborne, 15th June 1859. The manliness and simplicity of the painter's own character is reflected in his direct, faithful, and forcible art. His works are distinguished by great breadth, purity of tint, truth of tone, and brilliancy of effect, and they are admirable in their rendering of atmosphere, and in their suggestion of the sparkle and breezy motion of nature. Among the inore celebrated of his oil pictures are 'Lancaster Castle' (1846); Peace and War' (1846), a small picture 18 by 24 in., for which Cox received £20, but which fetched £3602 in 1872 (his lifelong ambition had been some day, D. V., to get £100 for a picture); The Vale of Clwyd (1846 and 1848); The Skylark' (1849); Coxe, WILLIAM, historical writer, was born in Boys Fishing (1849); and 'The Church of London, 7th March 1747, and from Eton passed to Bettws-y-Coed.' Among his very numerous water- King's College, Cambridge, of which he became a colours are Lancaster Sands' (1835); Ulverston fellow in 1768. As tutor to the sons of four persons Sands' (1835); Bolton Abbey (1847); Welsh of quality, he spent much of twenty years on Funeral (1850); and Broom Gatherers on Chat the Continent, where he neglected no opportunMoss' (1854). His water-colour titled The Hay-ity of collecting information about the countries field,' fetched £2950 in 1875. His works have which he visited. The result appeared in fourteen been frequently brought together in exhibitions, works of travel and history, careful but dull, the and he was admirably represented by forty-six best known being his History of the House of examples in the Manchester Exhibition, 1887. Austria (1807). He died, a prebendary of SalisSee the Memoir by N. N. Solly (1875), and the bury and Archdeacon of Wilts, at Bemerton Biography by William Hall (1881). His son, rectory, 16th June 1828. David Cox the younger (1809-85), was also known as a water-colour painter. Cox, SIR GEORGE, an eminent mythologist, was born in 1827, and educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Oxford. He took orders in 1850, and after holding curacies in Devonshire, and an assistant mastership at Cheltenham, became vicar of Bekesbourne in Kent, and afterwards rector of Scrayingham, York. In 1877 he succeeded to his uncle's baronetcy. An industrious man of letters, he has written much on ancient history and on mythology. His Tales of Ancient Greece (1868) was a collected edition of several admirable earlier volumes of Greek history. His most important work, The Mythology of the Aryan Nations (2 vols. 1870), was an uncompromising develop ment of the solar and nebular hypothesis as the key to all mythologies. It is learned, lucid, and courageous; but the extreme to which a serviceable enough theory has been pushed in an attempt to account for the unaccountable, and to reconcile the irreconcilable, has exposed its real weakness. His History of Greece (2 vols. 1874) was a work of great learning, and his Introduction to the Science of Comparative Mythology and Folklore (1881) showed its author's old ingenuity and erudition, but none the less the singular limitation of his knowledge. Other works are Latin and Teutonic Christianity (1870), The Crusades (1874), History of British Rule in India (1881), and Lives of Greek Statesmen (2 vols. 1886), and concise History of England (1887). With W. T. Brande he edited the useful Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Coxswain, or COCKSWAIN (pronounced coxn, the steersman of a boat, and commander of the and often abbreviated to cox), on board ship, is boat's crew. always by preference be a very light weight. See In boat-racing, the coxswain should ROWING. Coxwell, HENRY TRACEY, aëronaut, born in 1819, at Wouldham, near Rochester, was educated for the army, but settled as a surgeon-dentist in interest in ballooning; in 1844 he became a proLondon. From boyhood he had taken a keen fessional aëronaut, and in 1845 established the Aerostatic Magazine. Since then he made some 700 ascents, the most remarkable being that of 1862, when he reached, with Mr Glaisher, a height of seven miles. He published My Life and Ballooning Adventures (2 vols. 1887-88), and died in January 1900. See BALLOON. Coyote. See WOLF. Coypu (Myopotamus coypu), a large rodent in the porcupine section of the order. It is the only known species of its genus, is common in South America on both sides of the Andes, lives (in pairs) in burrows near water, and feeds on aquatic plants. The animal measures from one to two feet in length, not including the long scaly tail; the general colour is brown varying towards yellow; the hind-feet are webbed and enable the coypus to swim well. The mother-animal swims with her young on her back, and this habit may have some. thing to do, it is suggested, with the peculiar position of the teats, which are high up on the CRAB abdominal appendages of crabs are solely used for reproductive purposes. The two anterior pairs are copulatory in the males; those that persist in the females have the eggs attached to them. The abdomen is always larger and broader in the females. The nervous system is peculiar in the centralisation of the thoracic ganglia into a single mass. The alimentary, circulatory, and excretory systems do not present any important peculiarities. The gills are always fewer than in the crayfish, never exceeding nine on each side. The gill-cavity is large, especially in the land-crabs. In the common shore-crab, the larva leaves the egg as a zowa, after repeated moults becomes a sort of hermit crab-like form known as a Megalopa, and gradually with broadening shield, loss of abdominal Coypu (Myopotamus coypu). Spanish name of Nutria, and forms an important article of commerce. Cozens, JOHN ROBERT, water-colour painter, was born in England in 1752. He was instructed by his father, Alexander Cozens, also known as an artist in water-colours, who was one of the two natural sons of Peter the Great, by a woman from Deptford who accompanied the Czar to Russia. In 1776 he visited Switzerland, with R. Payne Knight, and in 1783 returned from an extended tour in Italy with William Beckford, who commissioned many of the washed drawings which he then executed. Among his English subjects are some fine studies of trees made in Windsor Forest. In 1794 the artist's mind gave way, and in his later days he was befriended by Sir George Beaumont and Dr Munro. The date of his death has been usually stated as 1799, but there is reason to believe that he was alive after 1801. The great qualities of his art have commanded the enthusiasm of brotherpainters. Turner and Girtin copied his drawings, and Constable pronounced that his works were all poetry,' that he was 'the greatest genius that ever touched landscape.' He to some extent extended the very limited colour-scheme of previous painters in the medium, introducing greater force and variety of tinting; and he substituted for their topographical treatment of landscape a rendering more imaginative and more perceptive of the delicacies of atmospheric effect. In composition, his works are singularly large and harmonious, and they evince an especial sympathy for nature in her moods of placid sublimity. There is a fine series of his works in the British Museum Print Room. Crab, a popular name legitimately applied to any of the short-tailed (Brachyura) division of decapod Crustaceans (q.v.). The body is usually short and compressed; the abdomen is short and is tucked up beneath the relatively large cephalothorax; there are 1 to 4 reduced abdominal appendages, but seldom any tail-paddles; the antennæ are short. In the common Shore-crab (Carcinus manas) the carapace is a wide shield, broader than long, and bent inwards at the sides; the eyes are stalked, and lie as usual above and in front of the antennules, though apparently rather external to them; the antennules have the ear-sac lodged in their dilated base; the bases of the antennæ are immovable, and the opening of the excretory organ at their base has a curious movable plate. The hindmost of the foot-jaws or maxillipedes is in part expanded into a broad plate which covers the neighbouring appendages. The great claws are generally larger in the male than in the female, and thus the market value of the male Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus) is said to be five times as great as that of the female. The reduced Great Crab (Cancer pagurus). appendages, bending up of the abdomen, and modification of the anterior limbs becomes a miniature adult. General Life.-Crabs feed chiefly on other animals both alive and dead. The Swimming Crabs (Portunus)-e.g. P. pelagicus, attack fishes. Cardisoma carnifex, found in the mangrove swamps of the West Indies, is fond of the fruit of a species of Anona, but is also notorious for burrowing in the cemeteries. The well-known Land-crab (Gecarcinus ruricola) damages sugar-canes. Many crabs are very rapid runners, especially the sand and land forms; others are powerful burrowerse.g. the Calling Crab (Gelasimus), which has one of its great claws much exaggerated, and carried during locomotion over its head in such a way that it looks as if it were beckoning; others again are expert swimmers-e.g. our British pelagic Polybius henslowii, which has a light shell, and four of its thoracic appendages flattened for swimming. In regard to respiration it is worth noticing that the land-crabs are so far terrestrial that they are liable to be drowned in water. The male crabs are usually larger, and sometimes fight with one another as well as with other species. In some cases (Gelasimus) the bright colour is only acquired at the period of reproductive maturity. The sexes of the common Shore-crab (Carcinus manas) are said to unite just after the female has moulted her hard shell. In all but the land-crabs the female carries about the eggs till they are hatched. Habitat.-Almost all crabs are strictly marine forms, and the majority frequent shallow water. Among the terrestrial forms the best known are the species of Gecarcinus, swiftly moving nocturnal crabs in tropical regions of both hemispheres, chiefly vegetarian in their diet, migrating in companies to the sea for egg-laying purposes. The genus Ocypoda includes some land forms, and some which produce a shrill noise by rubbing the ridged surface of the second-last joint of CRAB the right great claw against a sharp edge of the second joint. The Calling Crab (Gelasimus) makes large burrows, and the male closes the mouth of the hole with its exaggerated great claw. The Pea-crabs (Pinnotheres) live inside bivalves (Pinna, Mytilus, Mactra, &c.). One species (P. veterum) was said by the ancients to nip the mollusc when danger threatened, and to receive its share of food in return. There is no doubt as to the share of food, but no evidence that the crab rewards its host. In the genus Telphusa all the species live in fresh water in the warm parts of the globe. The European species (T. fluviatilis) is tolerably common in southern Europe, was known to the ancients both in its habit and edibility, and is often figured on Sicilian coins. As regards geological distribution, the Brachyura do not certainly appear before the upper Jurassic, and become gradually more numerous in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. Moulting and Amputation.-Like other crustaceans, crabs periodically cast their chitinous and limy shells. The moults are most frequent in youth, when the rapid growth of the body conflicts with the rigidity of the armature. Extra feeding may accelerate the process. Before moulting the old shell becomes virtually dead, reserve stores are used in fresh growth, a new shell begins to form within the old, and finally with considerable, and sometimes fatal effort, the shell is cast. It is left in apparent intactness, a very image of its lost tenant. The new suit, which is at first soft, requires several hours or days to acquire firmness. The loss of internal linings, of stomach mill, of the outer covering of the eyes, &c., as well as of the entire outer armature, leaves the crab very much hors de combat. The period is one of great disadvantage to the crabs, not only from the fatigue and often fatality of the process, but from the state of defenceless helplessness in which they are temporarily left. In many cases crabs lose their limbs in fighting, and they may voluntarily resign them (as in Porcellana platychelys) to save their bodies. Sudden panic or injury is said to lead to similar selfinflicted amputation or autotomy.' Like many animals lower in the scale, crabs are able to make good their injuries, though several moults are required to regenerate a limb. Masking.-A common habit among crabs is that of masking themselves with foreign objects. Thus both the European species of Maia (M. squinado and M. verrucosa) are usually overgrown by Alga, Hydroids, and Polyzoa; the same is true of Pisa; in Inachus the long feet are especially well concealed by seaweeds; our common Stenorhynchus is often covered by a sponge growth; the Mediterranean Dorippe lanata uses its hind-legs to carry some living or dead object upon its back, and thus very emphatically asserts its innocence; the common Dromia (D. vulgaris) holds sponges on its back in similar fashion. See COMMENSALISM. Intelligence. As in several features of their structure, so in their intelligence, crabs appear to hold the highest place among crustaceans. Mose ley observed how a sand-crab (Ocypoda ippe us), which dreads the sea, dug itself into the sand and held on against the undertide of each great wave. Romanes refers to the alleged habit of the common erab in stationing a hard-shelled individual as sentinel during the moulting season. There seems to be not a little of the intelligent in some cases of crab-commensalism. Darwin has, however, given a crowning instance of intelligence which is worth many less emphatic. Some shells were thrown towards the hole of a burrowing shore-crab (Gelasimus). One rolled in, three remained a few inches from the mouth. In a few minutes the crab came 539 out, bearing the shell which had fallen in, and removed it to the distance of a foot. It then saw the three other shells lying near, and evidently thinking that they might likewise roll in, carried them to the spot where it had laid the first.' Common British Forms.-The Common Shorecrab (Carcinus manas); the Great Crab (Cancer pagurus), so much eaten; the Slender Spider-crab or Slender-beaked Crab (Stenorhynchus tenuirostris), with very long spider-like legs and bright Slender Spider-crab (Stenorhynchus tenuirostris). pink triangular body; the large Thorny Spidercrab (Maia squinado); the Common Swimming Crab (Portunus variegatus), common on Scotch coasts, with the last pair of legs flattened like oarblades; the Velvet Fiddler-crab or Devil-crab (Portunus puber), with a brown hairy shell; the Masked Crab (Corystes cassivelaunus), with a carapace marked so as to suggest a mask, often found buried in the sand of English and Welsh coasts; the small Four-horned Spider-crab (Pisa tetraodon); the little Pea-crab (Pinnotheres pisum, &c.), inside bivalves, are familiar British species. Classification.-Crabs are generally classified according to the shape of their cephalothorax into five families: (1) Catometopa, usually quadrangulare.g. Ocypoda, Grapsus, Pinnotheres, Gecarcinus; (2) Cyclometopa, usually broad, narrowed behind, bow-shaped in front e.g. Telphusa, Cancer, Portunus, Carcinus; (3) Oxyrhyncha, triangular, pointed in front-e.g. Maia, Pisa, Hyas, Stenorhynchus, Inachus; (4) Oxystomata, usually round e.g. Calappa, Ilia; (5) Notopoda, with the last or last two pairs of limbs more or less turned back -e.g. Dorippe, Porcellana, Lithodes, Dromia. See CRUSTACEA, CRAYFISH, HERMIT-CRAB, LOBSTER. Besides general works mentioned under Crustacea, see Balfour's Embryology; W. K. Brooks, Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology (Boston, 1882); Fredericq, Archiv. Zoologie Expér. (1883); Huxley's Invertebrates; Romanes, Animal Intelligence (Inter. Sc. Series, 1886); Carus Sterne, Werden und Vergehen (1886); Woodward, in Cassell's Natural History. Crab, ROGER, hermit, was born about 1621 in Buckinghamshire, and served for seven years (1642-49) in the Parliamentary army. He then set up in business as 'a haberdasher of hats' at Chesham, in his native county. He had imbibed the idea that it was sinful to eat any kind of animal food, or to drink anything stronger than water; and in 1651, determined to follow literally the injunction given to the young man in the gospel, he sold off his stock-in-trade, distributing the proceeds among the poor, and took up his residence in a hut. His food consisted of bran, turnip-tops, dock-leaves, and grass. The persecu tions the poor man inflicted on himself caused him to be persecuted by others, cudgelled, and put in the stocks. He was four times imprisoned for sabbath-breaking and other offences, yet still he persisted in his course of life. He published The English Hermite, Dagon's Downfall, and a tract 540 CRAB-APPLE CRACOW against Quakerism; and he died at Bethnal Green, worth wrote in 1832, 'They will last full as long as 11th September 1680. Crab-apple is a term applied somewhat vaguely to any sour and uncultivated variety or species of apple. Thus Pyrus spectabilis of shrubberies is known as the Chinese Crab, P. prunifolia as the Siberian Crab, P. coronaria as the American Crab, and P. baccata of North Asia (including cerasifera) as the Cherry Crab. More strictly, however, the term is applied to the wild varieties of the true apple (P. Malus, var. sylvestris). Of this, again, two main varieties are distinguished, one smooth-leaved and sour (var. austera), the other more or less woolly-leaved and sweeter (var. mitis). The former of these may therefore be considered as the crabapple proper. Crabbe, GEORGE, poet, was born on Christmas Eve of 1754, at Aldeburgh, on the Suffolk seaboard. His father, 'salt-master' and warehousekeeper, was a clever, strong, violent man; the mother, a meek, religious woman; and of three brothers, one perished captain of a slaver, another was lost sight of in Honduras. George, the eldest, got some schooling at Bungay and Stowmarket, then from 1768 to 1774 was surgeon's apprentice at Wickham-Brook and at Woodbridge. In his first place he had to help the ploughboy; in his second he fell in love with Sarah Elmy (Mira'), who lived with her uncle, a wealthy yeoman, at the old moated hall of Parham. A spell of drudgery in his father's warehouse-nine months in London, picking up surgery cheaply-some three years' struggling practice at Aldeburgh-at last in April 1780, with £3 in his pocket, he sailed again for London, resolved to try his fortune in literature. Eight years before he had written verses for Wheble's Magazine; he had published Inebriety, a Poem (Ipswich, 1775); and now his Candidate soon found a publisher, unluckily a bankrupt one. A season of penury, dire as Chatterton's, was borne by Crabbe with pious bravery; he had to pawn clothes and instruments; appeals to Lords Thurlow, North, Shelburne, met no response; and early in 1781 he saw himself threatened with arrest for debt, when he made his case known to Burke. Forty-one years later he told Lockhart at Edinburgh, how, having delivered the letter at Burke's door, he paced Westminster Bridge all night long until daybreak. Burke proved a generous patron; from the hour of their meeting Crabbe was a 'made man.' He stayed at Beaconsfield; he met Fox, Johnson, and Reynolds; Thurlow gave him a bank-note for £100; Dodsley brought out his Library; and the very next winter he was ordained to the curacy of his native town. He resided as domestic chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle (1782-85); married Miss Elmy (1783); held four livings in Dorset, Leicester, and Lincoln shires, but spent thirteen happy years in Suffolk, at Parham, Great Glemham, and Rendham (17921805); returned to Muston, his Leicestershire rectory; and his wife having died there in 1813, exchanged it the next year for Trowbridge in Wiltshire. His gentle, kindly life, in which botanising had given place to fossil-hunting, was broken now and again by visits to London and its best society; he witnessed the Bristol riots (1831), as fifty-one years before he had witnessed those of Lord George Gordon; and on 3d February 1832 he died at Trowbridge. Three novels, a treatise on botany, and poems untold all perished in grand yearly incremations;' but still, Crabbe published The Village (1783), The Newspaper (1785), The Parish Register (1807), The Borough (1810), Tales (1812), and Tales of the Hall (1819), for which last and the earlier copyrights Murray paid him £3000. Of these poems Words anything expressed in verse since first they made their appearance;' and Jane Austen said "Crabbe was the only man whom she would care to marry. Byron, too, Scott, Jeffrey, Wilson, Lord Tennyson, Edward Fitzgerald, must be reckoned among his few Swinburne, Cardinal Newman, and, above all, votaries. Though nature's sternest painter, yet the best,' Byron's verdict upon him, is truer than Horace Smith's, a Pope in worsted stockings, for this refers but to the accident of metre-the rhyming heroics, which, thirty per diem, Crabbe ground out anywhere. Their subject-matter, though, is all Crabbe's own. He is as much the poet of East Anglia as Scott of the Borderland or Wordsworth of the Lake Country. Its scenery and the life of its fisher-folk and peasantry he described with a realism greater than Zola's, if sometimes almost as tedious. Zola! nay, Crabbe has closer kinship to Balzac; and his strong, sombre pictures of sin and suffering are ever and again lit up with homely pathos and shrewd, Dutch-like humour. The tragic power of Crabbe,' Mr Swinburne says, is as much above the reach of Byron, as his singu larly vivid, though curiously limited, insight into certain shades of character. And in old John Murray's words, 'Crabbe said uncommon things in so common a way as to escape notice;' surely he claims notice from such as rank thought higher than expression. An admirable Life by his son, the Rev. George Crabbe (1785-1857), for twenty-three years vicar of Bredfield, Suffolk, is prefixed to Crabbe's Works (8 vols. 1834). See also Mr Leslie Stephen's Hours in a Library' (2d series, 1876); Mr Fitzgerald's Readings in Tales of the Hall (1882); the essay on Crabbe by Mr W. J. Courthope in vol. iii. of Ward's English Poets (1884); and T. E Kebbel's Crabbe (1888). Crab-stones, or CRAB'S EYES. See CRAY FISH. Cracked Heels. From careless grooming, washing horses' legs and imperfectly drying them, permitting them to stand in accumulations of filth or exposed to draughts, the skin becomes inflamed, tender, itchy, thickened, and by-and-by cracked. An ichorous and fetid discharge exudes, and lameness often results. In animals with round gummy legs it is sometimes constitutional; underbred horses with rough hairy fetlocks present the majority of cases; white heels, being more delicate, are especially affected; whilst the hind limbs, exposed as they are, to filth and cold, suffer most frequently. Cleanse carefully with tepid water; wash with a diluted solution of Goulard's Extract, or any other mild astringent; or dress occasionally with oxide of zinc ointment. Give, besides, a half-dose of physic, and a few mashes, afterwards carrots, swedes, or such laxative food, and where the ailment is persistent, use Diuretics (q.v.). When the skin is dry and irritable, poultice and apply glycerine before proceeding with astringents. In cold weather, and especially when the horse is heated, interdict washing the legs; but allow them to dry, and then brush off the dirt. Cracovienne (krakoviak), the national dance of the Polish peasantry around Cracow. It has a very marked rhythm in time, and is often accom. little ditties of two lines each, adapted to this panied by singing. The Poles have a multitude of music and dance. Cracow (Pol. Krakov, Ger. Krakau), a city of the Austrian crown-land of Galicia, 259 miles NE. of Vienna by rail. It stands 672 feet above sea-level, in a wide, hill-girt plain on the left bank of the Vistula, which here becomes navigable, and is spanned by a bridge (1850) leading to Podgorze. The old walls have been converted into promenades, |