CHRISTMAS, 1878.

SECOND CLASS.

The Armada, having arrived off the Isle of Wight, cast anchor. When the Spaniards passed in sight of Plymouth, of the hundred vessels of the queen only fifty were ready. Drake committed, the sublime imprudence of putting out to sea, wishing the English flag always to show itself, whether strong or weak. This was a great temptation for the Spaniards. One of their vice-admirals, Martin Recalde, longed to fight, and to sail beyond Drake. He might easily have succeeded, landed, and marched upon London. The fleet had twenty thousand soldiers, whom the militia peasantry, then being trained at Tilbury, could not have stopped an hour. Medina Sidonia opposed this impetuous sailor by a short despatch, the supreme command of the master, an express prohibition to do anything. It was only on the 30th of July that the English admiral could put out from Plymouth with a hundred small craft. Each day the Armada suffered great losses; in all eighty-one vessels and forty thousand soldiers.

(1) Present Participle: sachant, battant, voyant, buvant, paraissant. Past Participle: su, battu, vu, bu, paru.

Present Indicative.

dit.

disons.

valons.

mourons.

dites.

valez.

mourez.

disent.

valent.

meurent.

(2) Adjectives ending eur form their feminine: (a) by changing eur into euse, when derived from a present participle; (b) by adding e mute, when expressing comparison; (c) those ending in teur change teur into trice; a few change eur into eresse. Joueuse, majeure, supérieure, bienfaitrice, enchanteresse.

(3) The personal pronoun of the third person is rendered by le and lui, masculine singular, la and lui, feminine singular, les and leur, plural both genders, when governed by a verb; and by lui, masculine singular, elle, feminine singular, eux, masculine plural, elles, feminine plural, when governed by a preposition.

Je le donne, je le lui donne, je la vois, je lui (her) obéis. Il les aime, ü leur plaît. Partez avec lui, avec elle, sans eux, sans elles.

(4) See paper, Christmas, 1870, question 3.

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding ième to the cardinal numbers, which answers to th in English. Six, sixième, six, sixth.

(5) Montrât is in the imperfect subjunctive, because the verb of the second clause of a French sentence must be in the subjunctive when the verb of the principal clause expresses will or desire; the imperfect subjunctive is used because voulant stands for the imperfect indicative, il voulait, and the tenses of the indicative and the subjunctive must correspond.

Arrêtés is in the masculine plural, because the past participle used after avoir must agree in gender and number with its object, if that object precedes the auxiliary. Here the object is que, relative pronoun, standing for vingt mille soldats.

La reine Caroline, femme de George II., désirant faire enclore le parc de St. James et le convertir en un jardin pour le palais, demanda à Sir Robert Walpole quelle serait la dépense du changement. Oh, madame,' dit-il, 'une bagatelle !' 'Une bagatelle, Sir Robert! Je sais bien que la dépense sera considérable, mais je vous prie de me dire combien vous pensez que cela pourrait coûter.' Eh bien, madame, je crains que cela ne vous coûte trois couronnes.' 'Alors, n'en parlons plus,' répliqua la reine.

MIDSUMMER, 1879.
SECOND CLASS.

Meanwhile Edward, assisted by some of his partisans, made a descent on England, and Henry VI. re-entered his prison. Warwick had no other course to take but that of fighting a decisive battle; the house of York gained the victory, and Warwick fell covered with wounds. Margaret was struck with consternation when she learnt the death of her brave defender. She tried once more the fortune of war; but at Tewkesbury she was made a prisoner, as well as her son. Edward having asked the young prince how he had dared to reappear in England, the latter proudly replied, I came to recover my own inheritance.' The cruel conqueror struck him in the mouth with his gauntlet. This was the signal for his death: the Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence and other lords flung themselves upon the unhappy son of Henry, and stabbed him to death.

(2) Quelqu'un, quelqu'une. On quiconque, autrui, personne, plusieurs (not declined). Chacun, chacune; aucun, aucune; nul, nulle.

(3) See papers, Christmas, 1869, question 2, and Christmas, 1878, question 4.

(4) La France, l'Angleterre, la Belgique, la Hollande, la Suède, la Norwège, la Russie, la Pologne, la Prusse, l'Autriche, la Hongrie, la Turquie, la Grèce, l'Italie, l'Espagne: all these are feminine. Le Danemarc, le Portugal, are masculine.

(5) Une princesse, une duchesse, une comtesse, une baronne, une pairesse, une défenderesse.

Quand la bataille de la Boyne fut perdue, les Français seuls se retirèrent en bon ordre. Les précautions que Jacques II. avaient prises pour sa fuite réussirent parfaitement; il partit sous la protection du régiment de cavalerie du général Saarsfield, et galopa, aussi vite que la peur put le porter, jusqu'à Dublin. En arrivant au château, il dit à Lady Tyrconnel qui s'avançait vers lui: 'Vos compatriotes, les Irlandais, madame, savent courir très vite.' Elle lui fit cette sanglante réponse : "Votre majesté les surpasse en cela comme en toute autre chose, car c'est elle qui a gagné à la course.'

CHRISTMAS, 1879.

SECOND CLASS.

Peter the Great left Russia in 1698, having as yet reigned but two years, and went to Holland, disguised under a common name. Having arrived at Amsterdam, and been entered on the list of carpenters of the Indian Admiralty, he there worked in the timber-yard like the other carpenters. In the intervals of his work he learned mathematics, fortification, navigation, and the art of drawing plans. He went into workmen's shops, and examined all the manufactures; nothing escaped his observation. Thence he passed to England, where he perfected himself in the science of ship-building; he went back again to Holland and saw all that could turn to the advantage of his country. At last, after two years of travels and labours, he reappeared in Russia, bringing with him the arts of Europe.

(1) ils vont.

ils acquièrent.
ils meurent.

ils savent.

ils peuvent.

ils voient.
ils peignent.
ils résolvent.

ils vainquent.
ils font.

(2) vieux, vieil: un vieux soldat; un vieil arbre.

beau, bel: un beau jour; un bel enfant.

fou, fol: un homme fou; un fol amour.

mou, mol: un fromage mou; un mol édredon.

nouveau, nouvel: un nouveau chapeau; un nouvel habit.

(3) En is used before names of countries, and a before names of cities, to render the English preposition to. Allez chez M. A., M. B.

et passez chez

(4) Années is used when the whole duration of the year is implied, an when the time only is meant. Matin, matinée; soir, soirée; jour, journée.

(5) Quitta, alla, vit: the perfect indicative expresses an action done once in a definite past time. Travaillait, entrait, pouvait: the imperfect indicative expresses an action done habitually, an action lasting for some time, also an action going on when another action takes place.

Henri VIII. était dans sa dix-neuvième année lorsqu'il monta sur le trône. Son père lui avait laissé un immense trésor et le pays était affranchi de toute guerre étrangère et intestine (civile). Jamais aucun roi d'Angleterre ne commença son règne (de régner) dans des circonstances plus heureuses. Mais Henri avait un ennemi implacable, qui le poursuivit depuis la première jusqu'à la dernière heure de sa vie, cet ennemi était son caractère impétueux (violent).

MIDSUMMER, 1880.

SECOND CLASS.

In one of their first inroads, some Frankish soldiers pillaged the church of Rheims, and, among other objects, carried away a vase of extraordinary size and beauty. Remi, bishop of the town, sent to Clovis to beg him at least to return this vase to him. The Frankish chief said to the messenger: 'Follow me as far as Soissons; it is there that we shall divide all that has been taken; and when I get the vase, I will do what your bishop asks.' When they had arrived at Soissons, they put all the booty in the middle of the market-place. 'I beg you, my brave warriors,' said Clovis, 'to grant me this vase in addition to my share.' All consented with joy. One single warrior, envious and brutal, lifted his battle-axe and struck the vase with it, exclaiming, ‘You shall only have what fate may give you.'

(1) Piller, enlever, envoyer, dire, suivre, partager, acquérir, obtenir, faire, demander, être, arriver, mettre, prier, consentir, lever, frapper, s'écrier, avoir, accorder.

(2) Une franque, une messagère franche, discrète, active, fidèle, une guerrière brutale, cruelle, une héroïne chrétienne.

(3) Lui is the indirect object (to him). Yes; lui means to him or to her. It cannot be reduced to the shorter form 7. The plural, both masculine and feminine, is leur, to them.

(4) Because qui is subject in the former case, and que is object in the latter. 'Those who call you;' 'those whom you call.'

(5) Futur anterieur is the compound tense, and futur the simple tense. Fut arrivé is called in French passé antérieur, i.e., the compound tense; and mit is called passé défini, i.e., the simple tense.

Mon père dit à mon frère cadet: 'Si tu joues toute la journée, tu seras un ignorant, et personne ne t'aimera; mais si tu apprends toutes tes leçons, je te donnerai un joli livre, et tu auras un jour de congé la semaine prochaine.' Mon frère répondit hardiment, 'J'aime mieux une balle qu'un livre, et je veux avoir congé cette semaine-ci.'

CHRISTMAS, 1880.

SECOND CLASS.

After the battle of Worcester, Charles II. hid himself under different disguises in secluded places. One day he was cbliged to seek a refuge among the bushy branches of an oak, which was called from that time the royal oak. Another time he galloped before the carriage of a lady as her servant, and, thus disguised, passed through part of the forces of the Parliament. After numberless hardships, many romantic adventures, and in continual danger of being discovered, Charles found a fisherman's bark in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth. The owner of the bark recognised the king, and was tempted to gain the reward promised to anyone who should give him up, dead or alive. This man was deterred from so doing by his wife, who said to him, 'Heaven grant that you may save the king! after that, it will not matter to me if I beg my bread with my little children.' At length Charles landed on the coast of Normandy.

(2) Because de is used to express made of, and d, use, purpose.

(3) By the word heure; dix heures douze du matin, midi, minuit, six heures moins le quart.

(4) Nous les vimes eux et leurs amis; il leur a répondu à lui et à elle. When the verb of a French sentence has two or more direct or indirect objects one of which is a personal pronoun, they are placed after the verb, but a pronoun representing these objects must also be placed before the verb. If the objects are personal pronouns only, the principal pronoun is repeated in the plural before the verb. In English sentences no repetition of the pronoun is required.

(5) On lui a dit de s'en aller, tout le monde le trompe. On vend le beurre à vingt sous la livre; or, le beurre se vend à vingt sous la livre. On ne fera rien sans lui; or, rien ne se fera sans lui.

Sir Walter Raleigh avait été envoyé à la Tour dans la première année du règne de Jacques Ier, accusé d'avoir pris part à un complot fait pour mettre sur le trône Lady Arabella Stuart, cousine du roi. Il y resta plus de douze ans, passant les longs jours de sa captivité à écrire une histoire du monde. Enfin, désirant redevenir libre, il offrit comme prix de son élargissement une mine d'or qu'il prétendait avoir découverte dans l'Amérique du Sud. Le roi lui rendit la liberté et lui donna le commandement de quatorze vaisseaux pour l'expédition.