which from its vicinity to the Temple, received the name of Temple Bar.

THEOBALD'S ROAD.

Theobald's Road, so called, because it was the road by which James 1st travelled to Theobald's House in Hertfordshire, where he expired, strongly suspected of being poisoned. Theobald's House was pulled down, 1765.

THROGMORTON STREET.

This street was named after Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, who was tried with numerous others, in the reign of queen Mary, for rebellion. Of all who were tried, none escaped being condemned, except Sir Nicholas, which was owing to his spirit upon the trial; his calling upon the court, to produce any one act of overt treason he was indicted upon; no proofs appearing against him, he was acquitted.

THREADNEEDLE STREET.

So denominated, because those who resided here were principally Tailors. The Tailor's Company also bullt there Hall here, now called Merchant Tailor's Hall.

TOOLEY STREET.

This street derives its name from an eminent wharfinger of the name of Tuley, who had a considerable property in this neighbourhood.

TOKENHOUSE YARD.

Prior to the reign of William and Mary, in which reign the Bank of England was first established, or incorporated, the government of the country, had at different periods, for the facility of the commerce thereof, found it expedient to issue Tokens, not dissimilar to our recent Bank and Provincial Tokens. The place of issue was from this locality, and was called the Token House, and from which cir cumstance we derive the term of Tokenhouse Yard.

TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD.

As Theobald's Road was so called, because it was the road by which king James 1st went to his palace at Theobalds, in Herts, so Tottenham Court Road, because it was the road by which the queen's majesty travelled to her palace at Tottenham Court, near Tottenham.

TYBURN.

Tyburn, formerly the place of execution, does not receive its name from tye and burn, as if it were called so from the manner of capital punishments formerly, but from Tye its proper name, and bourne, the Saxon word for brook.

WATLING STREET.

The etymology of the name of this street, has sufficiently exercised the ingenuity of our learned antiquaries. Perhaps the most natural solution is that given in the Gentleman's Magazine, February, 1796, where the writer derives it from the ancient British words gwaith, work, and len, legion; from which, gwaithlen, i. e. legionwork came, he supposes, the modern watling. Dr. Jamieson quotes

Douglas and Henryson, that Watling Strete denotes the Milky Way. "It has received," says he, "this designation, in the same manner as it was called by the Romans, Via Lactea, from its fancied resemblance to a broad street, or causeway, being as it were paved with stars."

WALBROOK.

This street took its name from Wel-brook, or River of Wells, which formerly ran in the place where the street now is.

WARWICK LANE.

Warwick Lane, Newgate Street, derives its name from a house belonging to the famous earl of Warwick, which stood in Warwick Square.

WHITECHAPEL.

This locality derives its name from a convent of White Nuns, (i. e. nuns who wore a White dress), that formerly stood here, and which was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. After the suppression of the monasteries, a chapel remained there for many years, and which coupled with the former circumstance gave the locality its present name. In the centre of the market is a little dirty alley, called Harrow Alley. In this place, above 150 years ago, dwelt that prince of wits, and excellent man, Daniel Defoe : here he wrote that much read and excellent moral work, Robinson Crusoe, and here he wrote a memorable melancholy History of the Plague, of which he was an eye witness.

WALWORTH.

This suburb, (for really it is nothing more now), derives its name from Sir William Walworth, who was Lord Mayor of London during the reign of Richard 2d, and famed for dispatching Wat Tyler in Smithfield. It is said he had a house on the site of the public house, known by the name of Sir William of Walworth.

IRISH SOCIETY OF THE CORPORATION OF LONDON.

It is a curious fact, not generally known, that in the reign of James 1st, (1607), the greater part of six counties in the province of Ulster, became vested in the crown, by an act of attainder of Shane O'Neil, and other persons of distinction, who had rebelled against the state; and soon afterwards a project was suggested to the king, for establishing a Protestant colony on the forfeited estates, which was considered in council, approved, and published. In the year 1609, his majesty conceiving the City of London to be the body best able to undertake so important a work, made propositions for that purpose, which were considered at a conference held on the 30th of July, between the Earl of Salisbury, Lord High Treasurer, and the Lord Mayor, with some of the leading citizens: and after some fur ther negotiation, articles of agreement were at length entered into, on the 28th of January, 1610, between the Lords of Council on be half of the King, and the committees appointed by act of Common Council, on behalf of the Lord Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, concerning a plantation in part of the province of Ulster. In pursuance of this agreement, the Corporation of London, with the assistance of the 12 principal companies, commenced the fulfilment of the conditions on their part; and having made great progress, the

N

king, in the year 1613, granted a charter, by which a certain number of the citizens of London, (all members of the Common Council, as their successors are at this day), were put in possession of the forfeited estates, and were ordained and constituted one body, corporate and politic, who should be called by the name of "The Society of the Governor and Assistants of London, of the New Plantation of Ulster," (now commonly called the Irish Society). Soon after obtaining the charter, all the lands granted by it were divided, by persons appointed for that service, into 13 parts; of which one, consisting of the city of Londonderry, the town of Coleraine, &c. was retained by the governor and assistants; and one of the other 12 was assigned to each of the 12 companies who had assisted the corporation in the undertaking. The authority for this proceeding, was a license granted by the king for that purpose. In the reign of Charles 1st, the citizens having offended the king, the charter was in a most arbitrary manner annulled and cancelled by the Court of Chancery, but it was restored by Charles 2d, and it is by this renewed charter, and renewed grants, from the Irish Society, that the Twelve Companies hold.

Sturch's Pamphlet on Condition of Ireland.

ROYAL ACADEMY.

An attempt had been made in 1759, to form an association of artists, and an exhibition of works of art, when a society was formed, and met in St. Martin's Lane, under the name of an Academy, and in the following year they had their first exhibition, under the sanction of the Society of Arts. The first effort was promising, and after a few exhibitions, they were incorporated under the title of "The Society of Artists of Great Britain." The combination of a body of painters with a society embracing manufactures and commerce, was not permanent; and three years after, i. e. 1769, the "Royal Academy" was established, and was so called in consequence of George the Third being its founder.

SCOT'S CORPORATION.

The origin of this corporation, says Maitland, is owing to James Kinnier, a Scotsman, and merchant of this city; who, after a long and dangerous illness, determined to give part of his estate toward the relief of the aged and necessitous poor of his own country, within the cities of London and Westminster. To which end, and for the more effectually settling what he intended to give for that purpose, he was advised by counsel to apply for a charter. This was granted in the reign of James Ist, and thus originated the "Scot's Corporation."

CHARITY FOR THE RELIEF OF POOR WIDOWS AND SONS OF THE CLERGY.

By his majesty's (Charles 2d) charter, bearing date 1st July, 1678, a body politic and corporate was constituted by the name of "The Governors of the Charity for the Relief of Poor Widows and Children of Clergymen," with license to possess any estate, not exceeding the value of 2000l. Afterwards, upon the accession of Dr. Thomas Turner's gift, which amounted to about 18,000., the go

* Prior to this period it was called Derry.-Ed.

vernors (December 16th, 1714), obtained an augmentation of the said grant, by a license to possess the yearly value of 3000l., over and above all charges and reprises; as also over and above the said 20001. per annum.

THE WILSONIAN FUND.

This useful fund originated from one Samuel Wilson, of London, who bequeathed 20,000l. to be lent out in small sums to industrious tradesmen. He died 1771.

THE ROYAL SOCIETY.

All arts and sciences began to revive and flourish at the Restoration, and the English tongue was exceedingly improved and refined. The "Royal Society" was established in 1661, by the King's Letters Patent, for the improvement of philosophy, mathematics, physic, and all useful knowledge; of which, the first promoters and members, were Dr. Ward, Mr. Boyle, Lord Brounker, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Wallis, Sir William Petty, Dr. Goddard, Dr. Willis, Dr. Bathurst, Dr. Wred, and Mr Rook.

Hume says, amidst the thick cloud of bigotry and ignorance, which overspread the nation during the Commonwealth and Protectorship, there was a few sedate philosophers, who, in the retirement of Oxford, cultivated their reason, and established conferences for the mutual communication of their discoveries in physic and geometry. Wilkins, a clergyman, who had married Cromwell's sister, and was afterwards bishop of Chester, promoted these philosophical conversations. Immediately after the restoration, these men procured a patent, and having enlarged their number, were denominated the Royal Society." But this patent was all they obtained from the king. Though he was a lover of the sciences, particularly chemistry and mechanics, he encouraged them by his example alone, not by his bounty.

ST. GEORGE'S FIELDS, &c.

After the dissolution of the monasteries, abbeys, priories, and other religious houses of this realm, (England,) the mayor, commonalty, and citizens of London, taking into their consideration, how commodious and convenient it would be unto the city, to have the Borough of Southwark annexed thereunto, and that the same borough was in the king's hands wholly, they became suitors unto king Henry 8th, and unto the lords of his highness' privy council, for the obtaining of the same; which suit not being granted unto them, after the decease of king Henry 8th, they renewed their suit unto his son and next successor, king Edward 6th, and to the lords of the privy council, for the obtaining of the same borough.

At length, after long suit and much labour, it pleased king Edward 6th, by his letters patent, sealed with the great seal of England, bearing date of Westminster there, the three-and-twentyeth day of April, in the fourth year of his reign, as well in consideration of the sum of 6471. 2s. Id. of lawful money of England, paid to his highnesses use, by the mayor and commonalty and citizens of London, as for divers other considerations, him thereunto moving, to give and grant unto the said mayor and commonalty and citizens of London, divers messuages, lands, and tenements, lying near the Borough of Southwarke, in the said letters patent particularly expressed, which were sometimes the lands of Charles, late duke of Suffolke, and of

whom king Henry 8th did buy and purchase the same. But there was excepted out of the said grant, and reserved unto king Edward 6th his heirs and successors, all that, his capitall messuage or mansion house, called Southwark Palace, late of the said duke of Suffolke, and all gardens and land to the same adjoining; and all that, his park in Southwarke, and all that, his messuage, and all edifices and ground called the Antelope there.

SECTION XIV.

ETYMONS OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES, ISLANDS, SEAS, TOWNS, PROVINCES, REMARK. ABLE PLACES, &c.

ATLANTIC OCEAN.

Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, derives its name from Mount Atlas, in Africa, and extends between the west continents of Africa and Europe, and the east continent of America. Its least breadth, from Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in South America, is 2,300 miles. On one side the equator, it is called the North Atlantic Ocean; on the other, the South Atlantic Ocean.

AZORES, OR WESTERN ISLANDS.

Azores, or Western Islands, a group of islands in the Atlantic, between 25 and 30 west longitude, and 37 and 40 north latitude, 900 miles west of Portugal. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were discovered in 1439, by John Nanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, who in a voyage to Lisbon, boasted of his discovery; on which the Portuguese set sail, took possession of them, and called them the Azores, from the number of hawks found among them. Azore, being the Portuguese for Hawk.

ATHENS.

Minerva was worshipped by the Athenians before the age of Cecrops, in whose time Athens was founded, and its name taken from Minerva, whom the Greeks called Am. It was proposed to call the city either by her name, or that of Neptune, and as each had partizans, and the women had votes equal to the men, Cecrops called all the citizens together, both men and women; the suffrages were collected; and it was found that all the women had voted for Minerva, and all the men for Neptune; but the women exceeding the men by one voice, Athens was called after Minerva. A temple was dedicated to her in the city, with her statue in gold and ivory, thirtynine feet high, executed by Phidias.