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becoming more and more embroiled with the Emperor, an Antipope, Nicholas V. by name, was set up in opposition, the condition of whose election involved the residence of the Pope at Rome. All Christendom was thus divided. But the whole strength of the Antipope and the Emperor lay in the mendicant orders, who denounced everywhere the heresy of Pope John. The latter, however, obtained the mastery in the strife, for death seemed to conspire with fortune to remove his great enemies, Sciarra Colonna and Silvester Gaeta, the Ghibelline tyrant of Viterbo. The Antipope was made to abjure his Popedom, to confess his crimes in the presence of John and his Cardinals, with a halter round his neck, and endure many other indignities. Yet the fate of his triumphant rival could not be more enviable than his own, for he was now ninety years old, aud his end approached. He died in the possession of enormous wealth (A.D. 1334). The persecution against the Fraticelli, the Jews, and the Lepers, marked his reign as one of the most sanguinary character in the annals of the Mediæval Popedom. For nineteen years the world witnessed its spiritual supremacy in the hands, ostensibly at least, of a Pope who, besides "his rapacity, was harsh, relentless, a cruel persecutor, and betrayed his joy, not only at the discomfiture, but at the slaughter of his enemies;" and yet, says the historian," this man had great fame for piety, as well as learning; arose every night to pray and to study, and every morning attended mass." Where shall we find a keener satire upon the merits of Popedom, or, rather, upon its vices?

Benedict XII., or James Fournier, who was next elected to the Papacy, was not chosen from the Cardinals, but was a simple Abbot of the Cistercians. Two years were the limits of his Pontificate. He was then succeeded by Peter Roger, a Frenchman by birth, inclination, and character, under the name of Clement VI.

The Papal Court, under Clement VI., instead of being an example of the monastic virtues, or of sobriety and austere morals, was become one of the gayest in Christendom. Had the Pope been merely the munificent patron of the rising arts-of a Giotto or Orcagna, none could have condemned him, but his life was a continual round of pomps and gaieties. Affecting also a common freedom with the ecclesiastics of his day in licentious indulgences, he made the Countess of Turenne, who bore the reputation of being his mistress, the chief dispenser of his ecclesiastical preferments. If Petrarch's testimony of the debauched state of morals at Avignon at this period may be admitted, it was one vast brothel.

In his conduct to Louis of Bavaria, Clement exhibited an utter want of dignified clemency-that attribute which ought especially to be the attribute of spiritual governors, and the very attribute upon which he most prided himself. Louis had degraded himself and his country by the most humiliating acts of submission to the Pope; among other things, stipulating that he would issue no ordinance as the Emperor of the Romans without special permission from the Roman See. His subjects justly remonstrated, and the Pope observing his tenderness, or reluctance to abide by a treaty which would have made him forfeit his crown, Clement gave vent to a bull, containing a string of Papal curses which were almost unexampled even in the history of Rome's fiercest anathemas.

Upon the subsequent history, especially the grievous schism in the Popedom, which lasted forty years, and was only terminated at the Council of Pisa, A.D. 1+18, and the events which led to and followed this Council, pregnant as they were with consequences to the Reformation in the beginning of the sixteenth century, we have no space here to enter. The sketch we have already given is amply sufficient to have developed to our readers all the great features of the Medieval Popedom-its boundless, daring ambition; its allgrasping rapacity; its insatiable avarice; its factious, sanguinary spirit; its unprincipled wars; its frauds, follies, and duplicities; its mighty powers in doing evil; its comparative helplessness in doing good, even when rightly disposed; in short, its enormous crimes, balanced only by a few occasional, equivocal, fractional, exceptional virtues. Making all due allowance for the frailties of men placed in circumstances of great difficulty, and living in barbarous and unenlightened times, with every charitable construction of their actions where doubtful, and with every allowance in their favour where their virtues were really conspicuous-adopting, in truth, the same rule of candour which we have already referred to as so remarkable in the work of the Dean of St. Paul's, and following, we may say, closely in his footsteps, we are brought to a conclusion which seems the only one we can arrive at by our review of the whole series. If it be indeed true, or could we assume a fact so monstrous, as that St. Peter established a line of genuine successors in the Roman Church, and became "the rock upon which that Church was built, we may boldly assert that the Medieval Popes have done all that was in their power to vitiate their own claims to the rights of this succession, and have transformed that which was intended to be a rock into the veriest of fatal quicksands.

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A. P. Shaw, Printer, 10, Bolt Court Fleet Street.

THE

CHURCH OF ENGLAND

Quarterly Review.

OCTOBER, MDCCCLVII.

ART. I.-1. Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: a Journal of Travels in the year 1852. By EDWARD ROBINSON, ELI SMITH, and others. Drawn up from the original Diaries, with Historical Illustrations, by EDWARD ROBINSON, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary, New York: with Maps and Plans. London: John Murray, Albemarlestreet, 1856, pp. 664.

2. History of the Holy City: Notices of Jerusalem. Two Vols. 8vo. Historical Memoir on the Town of Jerusalem. By the Rev. GEORGE WILLIAMS. Parker and Son.

THE Church built in Jerusalem by Constantine differed widely from the present temple, and consisted of a small oratory over the sepulchre, called Anastasis, or Resurrection; and at some distance on the east, the royal temple, called Basilica, built over Golgotha, and the open space between, was considered the garden (John xviii. 1) mentioned in the Scripture. The Basilica was a large, majestic edifice, truly deserving the name of royal. It was of great altitude; the ceiling decorated with carved work, the interior overlaid with variegated marble, and the whole glittering in every part with burnished gold. This royal temple was called the Martyrion, as denoting the place of the Lord's passion, and was in every respect worthy of the devotion and magnificence of Constantine. The temple was consecrated A.D. 336, and the great event celebrated by an annual festival of a week, to which multitudes flocked from all directions.

VOL. XLII.

From Gaul, Britain, Persia, India, Ethiopia, Egypt, and the whole East, princes and nobles thronged to the Holy City to worship at the Tomb, and adore the Cross of Christ. Churches were multiplied in the loca sancta-alas! not for the preaching of the Gospel-and the tide of fanaticism, idolatry, and superstition set in so strongly that the warnings of Jerome and other enlightened men were in vain. The apostolic glories of the Martyr-Church were fast fading away, and a dark and stupid superstition, in which saint-worship, angel-worship, image-worship, bone-worship, and mariolatry had the upper hand settled down upon the Christian nations. The time of God's vengeance was at hand, and, in A.D. 614, Chosroes II., with his Persians, broke in upon the Syrian plains like a devastating tempest. Antioch, Damascus, and the cities of the coast, fell before the torrent, and Jerusalem, the capital of the land and the glory of Christianity, was taken by storm. The sepulchre of Christ, and the stately churches of Helena and Constantine, were consumed, or at least damaged by the flames; the devout offerings of three hundred years were rifled in a single day.

The patriarch Zacharias and the true cross were transported into Persia; and the massacre of ninety thousand Christians is imputed to the Jews and Arabs who swelled the disorder of the Persian march. The fugitives of Palestine were entertained at Alexandria by the charity of John the Archbishop, who is distinguished among the crowd of saints by the title of the Alms-giver; and the revenues of the church, together with the treasure of three hundred thousand pounds, were restored to the true proprietors, "the poor of every country and every denomination." Nevertheless, Modestus, Abbot of the Theodosian convent and representative of the patriarch Zacharias, was allowed to rebuild the ruined temples, which were recommenced A.D. 616 and finished 626. These churches, though splendid, were far from the magnificence of the former, and, if we believe Tobler, there were three instead of two: the Church of the Sepulchre, the Church of the Cross, and the Church of Calvary. The arms of the Christians prevailed over the Persians, and the patriarch and the true cross were restored to the Holy City. But this period of repose was short and deceptive; there was a fierce power gathering strength in the deserts of the Arabian peninsula, which was destined to make itself felt among the nations, and change the appearance of a great part of the world. It was the enthusiasm of a new religion and the hunger of the desert united which brought the conquering Saracens into the rich kingdoms

of the civilised world. Like fierce lions they fought for their religion, paradise, plunder, and the possession of beautiful captives; and having conquered Arabia, Syria, and Egypt, they appeared (637 A.D.) before the walls of the holy city of Jerusalem. The summons to surrender we give in the words of Oakley, as an example of the Moslem style in such matters.

"In the name of the most Merciful God! From Abu Obeidah Eben Aljerahh, to the chief Commanders of the people of Aelia and the inhabitants thereof (Koran xx. 49), health and happiness to every one that follows the right way and believes in God and the Apostle. We require of you to testify that there is but one God, and that Mohammed is his Apostle, and that there shall be a day of judgment, when God shall raise the dead out of their sepulchres; and when you have borne witness to this, it is unlawful for us either to shed your blood, or meddle with your substance or children. If you refuse this, consent to pay tribute and be under us forthwith; otherwise I shall bring men against you who love death better than you do the drinking of wine and the eating of hog's flesh: nor will I stir from this place, if it please God, till I have destroyed those that fight for you, and made slaves of your children."

Nevertheless, Sophronius, the patriarch, and the people of the Holy City, defended themselves valiantly, and for four months resisted the utmost efforts of the Saracens, nor did they deliver up the place till the Kalif himself, Omar Iben Chattab, came to guarantee with his own hand their lives and properties. The city, however, that day became Moslem, and with the exception of ninety years of the Latin kingdom, it has remained in the hands of the unbelievers ever since. From this day till the Crusades the Holy City becomes a blank in history, and, except the visits of individual pilgrims, we hear little or nothing of it. In A.D. 813 the great dome of the church was repaired, but the church itself remained as Modestus had left it. In 969 the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was burned to the ground, and the patriarch John the Fourth perished in the flames. Again it was rebuilt, and again, at the command of Hakim, the mad Kalif of Egypt (the god of the Druses), in the year 1010, it was utterly destroyed, the sepulchre itself defaced, and the most horrid cruelties of every name heaped upon the Christians through his dominions. The murderous barbarities of Hakim made a deep impression upon the Christian nations, and the intense feeling which burst forth afterwards in the Crusades was now gathering intensity and strength; and as they could not get at Hakim and his Moslems, they avenged themselves on the nearer enemies of

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