ce que; by ce que, if what be the accusative; by ce qui, if it be the nominative to the verb. Je comprends CE QUE vous dites, Nous savons CE QUI vous arri vera, Ex. I understand what (or that which) you say. we know what (or that which) will happen to you. 9. When this and that mean this thing or that thing, this must be rendered by ceci, and that by cela. Ex. CECI est bon et CELA et mau- this (thing) is good and that vais, (thing) is bad. QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION ON THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. What is a demonstrative pronoun ? Mention the different classes of demonstrative pronouns. When is cet used? When are celui and ceux used instead of ce and ces? When are ci and là added to the demonstrative pronoun ? When are the English personal pronouns rendered by the demonstrative in French? How is what rendered when it means that which? How are this and that expressed when they mean this or that thing? EXERCISES ON THE DEMONSTRATIVE I. EXERCISE ON THE RULES 1 and 2, p. 69. This book has made (a great noise).-That history of fait beaucoup de bruit. England is much esteemed.—The lady is my niece, and those two children are her sons.-That man, that woman, and those children whom you see que walking along the river. voyez se promener le long de rivière, f. are foreigners.—Take this apricot and this orange.—See abricot, m. étrangers. how those children are playing together. orange, f. Voyez comme se jouent ensemble. II. EXERCISE ON RULES 3 to 6, p. 70. She has brought her picture and that of her husband.— bibliothèque, f. mari I have seen the king's library and that of the queen.— Your books, and those of your sister are torn.—I have found sont déchiré. trouvé my hat and my brother's in the room.-You may, if This room is much larger than that.-Which of the two qui encourage rend méprisable. She whom you saw at my brother's is not yet married.— que vítes chez encore marié. You punish him who is not guilty.-Men commonly punissez hate him whom they fear. She whom you hate craignent. haïssent1 haïssez is my best friend.-You have punished him who did not -que amie, f. puni deserve it, and rewarded her who was guilty.--We ought méritait récompensé devons to pray for those who persecute us. Of all virtues that qui persécutent which most distinguishes a Christian is charity.—This qui le plus distingue1 c'est book and that which I lent you are the two best.-Those que ai2 prétés3 vous1 who seem to be happy are not always so. qui paraissent étre toujours IV. EXERCISE ON RULES 8 and 9, p. 70 AND 71. I know what has happened.-Do you know what I think? sais est arrivé. savez pense? -This pleases me; that frightens me.-May I know what fait peur plaît Puis-je savoir causes your grief, and sadness? Your father has chagrin, m. tristesse, f. cause (a great) friendship for you; for he never refuses beaucoup car you what you ask of him. You demandez lui. ne jamais refuse seem much paraissez bien Go and Allez father what has passed here; and do not forget what you have seen, and what you have heard.-Give me this, and take that. I prefer this to that. prenez préfère OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The relative pronouns are those which relate to a noun or pronoun previously expressed, which is called the antecedent. There are in French six relative pronouns :— qui, who, which, or that. que, whom, which, or that. lequel, which. dont, whose, of whom, of which, from whom, from which. quoi, what. où, d'où, par où, in which, from which, through which. E QUI AND QUE. 1. Qui, which is used for either gender or number, may, when it is not preceded by a preposition, relate to persons and things, and is the subject, or nominative, of the verb. Ex. L'homme qui vous parlait ; Les arbres QUI croissent dans votre jardin ; the man who was speaking to you. the trees which grow in your garden. 2. Que, which may also relate either to persons or things, is the object, or accusative, of the verb. Le Dieu QUE j'adore ; Les livres QUE je lis; Ex. the God whom I adore. the books which I read. 3. The pronouns whom, which, that, are frequently understood in English, but must always be expressed in French. Ex. L'enfant QUE vous aimez tant; the child you love so much. 4. Moreover, the relative pronouns qui and que must be repeated in French before every verb, though expressed only before the first verb in English. Ex. Le Dieu QUE nous aimons et the God whom we love and QUE nous adorons: worship. LEQUEL AND DONT. 5. It is a general rule that the relative pronoun should be placed immediately after its antecedent, in order to avoid ambiguity. When, from the nature of the sentence, that is not possible, and the use of qui or que, common to both genders and numbers, might leave a doubt as to the substantive to which they relate, the English relative pronoun must be rendered by lequel, which can leave no doubt as to its antecedent, as it must agree with it in gender and number. Lequel is thus declined: lesquels, which, or whom. Du quel or dont, desquels, or dont, of which, of whom, whose, Lequel, Auquel, auxquels, Laquelle, lesquelles, De laquelle, or dont, A laquelle, to which, or to whom. FEMININE. which, or whom. desquelles, or of which, of whom, whose. dont, } auxquelles, to which, to whom. 6. As has been observed above, lequel is used, instead of qui or que, only when the use of qui or que might create ambiguity. Ex. Dieu qui a créé le ciel et la God who created heaven and terre ; earth. In the above sentence, qui following immediately its antecedent Dieu, there can be no doubt as to the word to which it relates; and to say Dieu LEQUEL would, therefore, be improper. But, in the following sentence, C'est un effet de la bonté de la divine Providence, LEQUEL attire l'admiration de tout le monde ; It is an effect of_the_goodness of divine Providence, which (effect) commands the admiration of all; had qui been used, coming, as it would have done, immediately after Providence, it would have appeared as relating to that last substantive, and not to its real antecedent, effet; but by using lequel, which is masculine, like effet, there cannot be any ambiguity. 7. Whenever the English pronoun which, relating to animals or to inanimate objects, is preceded by a preposition, it must not be rendered in French by qui or que, but by lequel, duquel, &c. Ex. Le cheval AUQUEL il donne à the horse to which he is boire m'appartient; giving some drink belongs La table sur LAQUELLE VOUS écrivez ; to me. the table upon which you are writing. |