ADAMS. vatory in the previous October, but which he Of this name is Samanhela. The cone forming the summit of an unknown planet. Le Verrier did not comis a naked mass of granite, terminating in a narrow mence his researches till the summer of 1845; but platform, in the middle of which is a hollow, 5 feet on the 10th of November published the results of long, having a rude resemblance to a human footstep. his calculations, demonstrating the existence of an Mohammedan tradition makes this the scene of unknown planet, declaring it to be the cause of the Adam's penitence, after his expulsion from Paradise; known disturbance, and assigning to it almost the he stood 1000 years on one foot, and hence the mark. same place as A. had done in a paper which he left To the Buddhists, the impression is the Sri-pada, with the Astronomer Royal at Greenwich Obseror sacred footmark, left by Buddha on his departure from Ceylon; while the Hindus claim it as the footprint of their god Siva. Over the sacred spot stands a wooden canopy, and multitudes of devotees, Buddhist, Hindu, and Mohammedan, frequent it. ADAMS, JOHN, the second president of the United States of North America, was born at Braintree, in Massachusetts, on the 19th of October 1735. His parents were descended from a Puritan family which had emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1640. Before the revolution, A. had distinguished himself as a jurist, and wrote in the Boston Journal an essay on Canon Law and Feudal Law (1765). He was sent by Massachusetts to the congress which commenced its sittings in ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, the sixth president of Philadelphia in 1774. With Lee and Jefferson, he boldly argued for a separation from the mother- the United States of North America, and son of the country; and Lee's proposition of a declaration of second president, was born in Massachusetts, July independence was carried on the 4th of July 1776. 11, 1767. In his boyhood he accompanied his father A. and Jefferson had been appointed to draw up on an embassy to Europe, and passed a considerable the Declaration of Independence, but it appears part of his youth in Paris, at the Hague, and lastly that Jefferson is the sole author of it. In succeeding the younger Adams was sent on an embassy to in London. When his father was elected president, years, A. was employed on many important nego- Berlin, and travelled through Silesia. tiations with European powers; among others, he assisted Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, and Laurens, country he gave a description in his letters, which in 1782, in settling the conditions of peace with were first published in the Portfolio, a Philadelphia England. In 1785 he came to London as the first journal, and afterwards translated into French and ambassador from the Union. George III. expressed German. In his political views, A. perfectly agreed his pleasure in receiving an ambassador who had with his father, and, consequently, he was recalled no prejudices in favour of France, the natural from Berlin when Jefferson was elected president enemy of the English crown, and A. replied: "I in 1801. On his return to America, he was engaged have no prejudices but in favour of my native as professor of rhetoric, at Harvard University, land.' He published in London his Defence of but he soon left his academical post to engage again in Massachusetts, the stronghold of the federalists; the Constitutions of Government of the United States (3 vols. 1787). On his return to America, in in politics, and was chosen as senator for Massathe same year, he was elected as vice-president chusetts. He soon became prominent as a leader of the United States, and on the retirement of of the federal party; but in later years he adroitly Washington (in 1797) became president. The changed his course, and seemed inclined towards enmity of the democratic party, which had already the party of Madison. By Madison he was sent as been excited against him, was now increased by the plenipotentiary to Russia, and afterwards to Engmeasures which he judged necessary to uphold the land. On this embassy he took a part in the negonational honour against the pretensions of France, counsel the deputies sent from America to Ghent. tiation of peace with England, and assisted with his and still more by his decided favour for a hereditary When Monroe was elected president, he recalled aristocracy. In 1801, when his term of four years A. from Europe, and made him secretary of state. of office had expired, his adversary Jefferson was elected by a majority of one vote. A. now retired On the retirement of Monroe from office, A. gained to his estate of Quincy, near Boston, where he the presidency, after a hard contest against Jackson, occupied himself with agricultural pursuits. After in February 1825. He had now to strive against this retirement, he received many proofs of respect to make himself popular by betraying the schemes of democratic majorities; for, though he endeavoured and confidence from his countrymen. When 85 years old, we find him still in his place as member of the convention appointed (1820) to revise the constitution of Massachusetts. He died on the 4th of July 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the day when he had proclaimed in congress the independ ence of the United States. ADAMS, JOHN COUCH, discoverer, simultaneously with Le Verrier, of the planet Neptune, was born near Launceston in Cornwall, 1819. He early manifested an aptitude for mathematics; and after the usual amount of school-training, he was sent to St John's College, Cambridge, where he attained the honour of senior wrangler, and became a mathematical tutor. In 1841, he undertook to find out the cause of the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, anticipating, indeed, his own and Le Verrier's discovery—namely, that they are due to the influence his former political associates, he could never win the confidence of the growing party of democrats; and on the expiration of his term of office, he had estate of Quincy, near Boston; but in 1830 was to give place to General Jackson. A. retired to his chosen as representative of his district. He now joined the party of abolitionists, and frequently raised the whole House of Representatives against himself by his incessant petitions on the slavery question. On one occasion (in 1842), in order to assert strongly in the abstract the right to petition, he went so far as to present a petition for the dissolution of the union! This was misunderstood, and turned against him. He died at Washington during the session of congress, February 23, 1848. A. was one of the most able among American statesmen of the old school, and a skilled diplomatist. See Memoirs of A. (vols. i. and ii., 1874). ADAMS-ADDISON. ADAMS, SAMUEL, one of the leading men of the American revolution, was born at Boston, U.S., September 27, 1722. His political leanings were early manifested; on taking the degree of A.M. at Harvard College, 1743, he maintained the affirmative of the question: Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot be otherwise preserved? He intended at first to become a clergyman, but afterwards commenced a small business, and was made a collector of taxes. He displayed on all occasions an unflinching zeal for popular rights, and was, by the patriotic party, placed in the legislature in 1766. A. was a member of the first congress, and signed the declaration of independence in 1776. He took an active part in framing the constitution of Massachusetts, and was for several years president of the senate of that state. He held the office of its lieutenant-governor from 1789 to 1794, and of governor from that time till 1797. He then retired from public life, and died at Boston, October 2, 1802, poor as he had lived. A.'s character was one of great courage and determination. He was, at the same time, somewhat narrow-minded and bigoted, both in religion and politics. He was prejudiced against Washington, whose conduct of the war his ignorance of military matters led him to think weak and dilatory; and the confidence reposed in Washington, as first president of the republic, seemed to A. to savour of aristocracy. ADA'NA, a Turkish ejalet or province in the south-east of Asia Minor, derives its name from its chief city Adana, containing 25,000 inhabitants. The city is distant almost thirty miles from Tarsus, on the way to Aleppo, commands the pass of the Taurus mountains, and carries on a considerable trade between Syria and Asia Minor. Pompey peopled the territory of Adana with pirates. The Syrian kings made the place a city, under the name of Antiochia ad Sarum, and on the ruins of Antiochia the caliph Haroun al Raschid built Adana. The present inhabitants are mostly Turks, mixed with some Greeks and Armenians. the time of his death, August 3, 1806, he was earnestly devoted to the prosecution of his plan, too vast to be carried out by an individual. ADANSO'NIA, a genus of the natural order Sterculiaceae (q. v.), sub-order Bombaceae, named by Linnæus in honour of the botanist Adanson (q. v.), and distinguished by a simple deciduous calyx, a very long style, with numerous stigmas, and a woody capsule containing a farinaceous pulp. The only known species, A. digitata, the Baobab, also called the Monkey-bread Tree, is a native of the tropical parts of Western Africa, but now introduced into the East and West Indies. It is the largest known tree-not indeed rising to a very great height, but exceeding all other trees in the thickness of its trunk (20-30 feet). Even its branches (60-70 feet long) are often as thick as the stems of large trees, and they form a hemispherical head of 120-150 feet in diameter; their outermost boughs drooping to the ground. The leaves are digitate or 7-fid; the flowers are white and extremely large, on drooping peduncles of a yard in length. The fruit (Monkey-bread) is of the size of a citron. The bruised leaves (Lalo) are mixed with the daily food of the inhabitants of tropical Africa; and Europeans in that country employ them as a remedy for diarrhoea, fevers, and diseases of the urinary organs. The pulp of the fruit, which is slightly acid and pleasant to the taste, is eaten with or without sugar; and the expressed juice mixed with sugar is much esteemed as a beverage, being very refreshing, effectual in quenching thirst, and regarded as a specific in putrid and pestilential fevers. The bark is said to be powerfully febrifugal. ADDA, the Latin Addua, a river of Lombardy, rising in the Rhætian Alps above Bormio. It flows into the Lake of Como, issuing from which below Lecco, it traverses the plain of Lombardy in a direction S.S.E., passing Lodi and Pizzighetone, and falls into the Po about 8 miles above Cremona. It formerly bounded the republic of Venice and the duchy of Milan. ADDER, a common English name of the Viper (q. v.), but also often more vaguely used for poisonous serpents of the family Viperidae. Where the name occurs in the authorised version of the Scriptures, it appears to be always in this vague sense; although the terms in the same places of the original may probably be more precise. A very venomous serpent of New South Wales (Acanthopis tortor) is sometimes called the Death or Black A. ADDISCOMBE. See Cadet. A'DANSON, MICHEL, a celebrated French botanist, born at Aix, April 7, 1727. He soon left the clerical profession, for which he was educated, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. In his early career, he entertained the ambition of superseding the Linnæan system by a clearer and more comprehensive method of arrangement. When about twenty-one years old, he went to Senegal in Africa, and, fearless of the unwholesome ADDISON, JOSEPH, the son of an eminent clergy. climate, stayed there five years, afterwards returning man of the Church of England, was born at Milston, to France, with a large collection of specimens in near Amesbury, in Wiltshire, on the 1st May 1672. natural history. Soon after his return, he laid before After a preliminary education at various schools, he the French East India Company his plan of a colony entered the university of Oxford when only fifteen on the African coast, in which all colonial produce years of age, where he greatly distinguished himself, was to be raised without slave-labour. But his especially by the facility with which he wrote Latin plan was neglected. He published, in 1757, his verse. He was originally intended for the church, Histoire Naturelle du Senégal, and, in 1763, his but various circumstances conspired to draw him Familles des Plantes, in which he endeavoured to aside into literature and politics; the principal of give a new form to botany; but he could not prevail which were, his acquaintance with Dryden, who against the established Linnæan system. His next honoured the young poet with his patronage, and his undertaking was one on a vast scale-nothing less intimacy with Lord Somers, whose favour he gained than a complete Encyclopædia, for which he hoped to by dedicating a poem to him on one of King gain the patronage of Louis XV. and the Academy; William's campaigns. In 1699 he received a pension but though his bold plan was regarded with admir- of £300 a year, and then set out on a continental tour. ation, he received little substantial encouragement. While in France, he perfected himself in the language This, however, did not check his enthusiasm; he of the country. On the outbreak of the Spanish proceeded with the work until he exhausted his war of succession, he departed to Italy, where means. During the Revolution he fell into very he penned his charming 'Letter' to Lord Halifax. indigent circumstances. When invited to become Towards the end of 1703, he returned home by way a member of the National Institute, he answered of Switzerland and Germany; but his expectations that he was unable to attend for want of a pair of of a 'place' were disappointed, for the Whigs were shoes. Afterwards, he received a pension, and until out of office. The battle of Blenheim, however, ADDISON. which occurred in the next year, presented a brilliant opportunity to him, which he did not fail to make the most of. The ministry wished the victory commemorated in verse, and A. was appointed to do it. Lord Godolphin, the treasurer, was so excessively delighted with the first half of the triumphal poem, that before the rest was finished, he made A. a Commissioner of Appeals. The poet was now fairly involved in politics. He accompanied Halifax to Hanover; became under-secretary of state in 1706, and in 1709 went to Ireland in the capacity of secretary to the Lord-lieutenant, where he also obtained the office of Keeper of the Records, worth £300 a year. In the same year, his friend Steele commenced The Tatler, to which A. soon became a frequent contributor. He also wrote a number of political articles in the Whig Examiner. On the 1st of March 1711, appeared The Spectator, married the Dowager-countess of Warwick, and in the following year was appointed secretary of state. For neither of his new situations was he at all suited. Lady Mary Wortley Montague, in a letter to Pope, expressed her fear that a day might come when he would be heartily glad to resign both.' He was so extremely timid and awkward in large companies, that it was out of the question for him to attempt debating in parliament a thing indispensable to one in his position. He consequently resigned in 1718. Then as to the other matter, Dr Johnson sarcastically remarks, that the lady was persuaded to marry him on terms much like those on which a Turkish princess is espoused-to whom the sultan is reported to pronounce: "Daughter, I give thee this man for thy slave."' No one can doubt that this marriage was a mistake on the part of A. His health had been for some time in a very precarious state; and at length, after an illness of a few months, he died at Holland House, Kensington, on the 17th June 1719, in the 48th year of his age, three years after what Thackeray calls his splendid but dismal union.' A. had appointed Mr Tickell his literary executor, who published his works shortly after in 4 vols. quarto. Besides those to which we have incidentally alluded, he wrote A Treatise on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, Especially in Relation to the Latin and Greek Poets, which, however, excited little interest. He also left an unfinished work on The Evidences of the Christian Religion. But the most delightful and original of all his productions is that series of sketches in The Spectator of which Sir Roger de Coverley is the central figure, and Sir Andrew Freeport and Will Honeycomb the side ones. Sir Roger himself is an absolute creation; the gentle yet vivid imagination, the gay and cheerful spirit of humour, the keen, shrewd observation, and fine raillery of foibles which A. has displayed in this felicitous characterisation, render it a work of pure genius. But A. in prose is always excellent. He has given a delicacy to English sentiment, and a modesty to English wit which it never knew before. Elegance, which in his predecessors had been the companion of immorality, now appeared as the advocate of virtue. Every grace was enlisted in the cause of a benign the most popular and elegant miscellany in English and beautiful piety. His style, too, is perfect after literature. With an interruption from 6th December its fashion. There are many nobler and grander 1712 to 15th June 1714, during part of which time forms of expression in English literature than A.'s, The Guardian, a similar periodical, took its place, but there are none comparable to it in sweetness, The Spectator was continued to 20th December 1714. propriety, and natural dignity. "Whoever wishes,' A.'s fame is inseparably associated with this period- says Dr Johnson, 'to attain an English style, familiar ical. The quality of his genius is now determined but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, by it, rather than by the artificial rhetoric of his must give his days and nights to the volumes of A. Cato. He was the animating spirit of the maga- His various writings, but especially his essays, fully zine, and by far the most exquisite essays which realised the purpose which he constantly had in view; appeared in it are by him. In 1713 appeared The 'to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit Tragedy of Cato, the popularity of which, con- with morality.' They materially helped to reform sidering its total want of dramatic power, was the manners of their time, and created, in addition, amazing. It was generally understood to have a political as well as a poetical inspiration; but so prudently had A. expressed himself, that both parties, Whig and Tory, received its frigid declamation with rapture. It was translated into various European languages; and even the monarch of French criticism, Voltaire, held -Shakspeare a barbarian in tragedy compared with our author. All the laurels of Europe,' says Thackeray, 'were scarcely sufficient for the author of this "prodigious" poem.' Every one in England praised it except Dennis. A. was called the 'great Mr A.' after that wonderful night in the theatre, when, as Pope says, 'the numerous and violent claps of the Whig party on the one side, were echoed back by the Tories on the other.' This enthusiasm was a delusion which time has effectually dispelled. In 1716, A. philanthropy, and refinement. I Addison that class of readers, which has now become so ADELAAR-ADHESION. A'DELAAR, CORD SIVERTSEN, one of the greatest place, for which he writes Athana.' It was also naval commanders of the 17th c., was born at known by the name of 'Emporium Romanum.' Brevig, in Norway, in 1622, and in his twentieth Up to the time of the circumnavigation of Africa, year was employed in the naval service of Venice A., so favourably situated at the entrance of the against the Turks. On one occasion he broke Red Sea, was the chief mart of all Asiatic produce through a line of sixty-seven Turkish galleys which and manufactures, and even the Chinese traded surrounded his ship, sunk fifteen, and burned here. Marco Polo and other voyagers of the middle several others. Frederic III., by the offer of the ages told wonders of the riches and splendour of then unheard-of salary of 7200 dollars per annum, the place. In the course of time, however, it was engaged him as admiral of the Danish fleet; and, in reduced to a small village, which in 1838 contained 1675, under Christian V., he took the command of only about 600 inhabitants, including some 250 the whole of the Danish naval force against Sweden, Jews and about 50 Indian merchants. The Anglobut died suddenly at Copenhagen before the expedi- Indian government had long been on the outlook tion set out. for a speedy route by steam from India to Europe. A'DELAIDE, the capital of the colony of South The explorations on the river Euphrates afforded Australia, is situated on the Torrens, seven miles no satisfactory results, and ultimately the old comfrom Port Adelaide, with which it is connected by mercial route by the Red Sea was chosen. This, of railway. The first settlement was made in 1836, course, gave to the shores and harbours of that sea and the survey of the town lands was completed in a new importance, and the English soon saw the 1837. The Torrens, which is spanned by several advantages of a position like that of A. About bridges, divides the town into North and South this time, a British vessel suffered shipwreck off the Adelaide. The streets of A. are broad and regu- coast of A., where the passengers were plundered larly laid out, especially in A. proper, to the south and in other ways ill treated by the natives. A of the river, where they all cross each other at right vessel was therefore despatched from Bombay, in angles. Among the public buildings, are the post- 1838, to compel the sultan of the country to make office, the government offices, the governor's house, restitution, and also to learn on what terms the and the town-hall. It is the seat of an Episcopal and Arabs would be willing to cede A. to the English. of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has an unusual Captain Haynes, by fair promises, succeeded in number of churches. A. also possesses a large botan- gaining a cession of the country from the sultan, a ical garden, covering more than 120 acres of ground. weak and covetous old man. Afterwards, fearing The town is surrounded by a belt of permanently the displeasure of some neighbouring tribes, and reserved land, half a mile in width, called the Park partly moved by the suggestions of religious sheiks, Lands, and beyond this are the suburbs. A. is abun- the sultan repented of the transaction, but was held dantly supplied with water from two reservoirs 6 or to his contract by force of arms; and on January 11, 7 m. distant. The chief manufactures are woollen, 1839, after a few hours' contest, A. fell into the leather, iron, and earthenware goods. Its port (Port hands of the British. Here they have now a strong In its medieval prosAdelaide) has a safe and commodious harbour. Pop. garrison and fortifications. (1871) 27,208; with the suburbs, about 70,000. perity, A. had had a magnificent system of cisterns A'DELSBERG, a district and market-town in hills that surround it. Who built them is unknown; for collecting the rain-water from the circle of Carniola, in the vicinity of which is a large stalactite but it is conjectured that they had been begun about cavern called the A. Grotto, through which flows a the 6th or 7th century. They had been allowed rapid stream. This cavern, the largest in Europe, to fall into disuse, and were filled with rubbish, and is divided into the Old and the New Grotto: the in ruins; but recently a considerable number have former is 858 feet in length; the latter, 8550 feet been excavated and restored by the British governin length, contains some most remarkable stalactites, ment. If all restored, they seem capable of conamong which is the curtain' (vorhang), a white taining 30 million gallons. A. is of great importance semi-transparent wall. The town of A. is 22 m. in a mercantile and nautical point of view, having N.E. of Trieste. a position between Asia and Africa like that of A'DELUNG, JOH. CHRISTOPH, a distinguished Gibraltar between Europe and Africa. The popu linguist and lexicographer, was born, 1732, in Pome-lation and resources of the place have rapidly inrania, and died, 1806, at Dresden, where he had held creased since 1838, and the opening of the Suez the office of chief-librarian. His chief works are his Canal in 1869 gave it a great impetus. The value Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (Dictionary of its imports in 1871-1872 was £1,404,169; and of of High German), in which he took Dr Johnson as his model; and his Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde, a work on general philology. A'DEN, a peninsula and town on the south-west coast of Arabia. The most southern promontory of the peninsula, Cape Aden, is in N. lat. 12° 47', and E. long. 45° 9′. This peninsula, the area of which is 18-20 square miles, is doubtless of volcanic origin, and consists chiefly of a range of hills not exceeding 1776 feet in height. It is joined to the mainland by narrow, level, and sandy isthmus. In a valley which forms the crater of a submarine volcano, stands the town of A., which is also named from the neigh bouring promontory, Bab-el-Mandeb, or the Gate of Mandeb. It was styled by the native Arabs Aden or Eden (Paradise), on account of its fine climate and great commerce, for which it was celebrated from the oldest times. It enjoys almost perpetual sunshine; a cloudy day is of rare occurrence; the heat is pleasantly tempered by the sea-breezes; and the inhabitants are generally healthy. Pliny the Elder seems to have known the native name of the a its exports, £885,919. It has now a busy population of 30,000, gathered from every nation under heaven. Aden is a telegraphic station on the cable between Suez and Bombay, laid down in 1870. A'DERSBACH ROCKS, a remarkable labyrinthine group of sandstone rocks situated near the village of Adersbach, in Bohemia. The aspect of some parts of the group has been compared to that of a city ruined by a conflagration. One of the pinnacles rises to a height of 218 feet. The structure of the rocks has been produced, not by any commotion of the earth, but by the influences of rain, frost, and other atmospheric changes, wearing down the soft sandstone into many fantastic forms. During the Thirty Years' War, the miserable people of Bohemia often found refuge in this locality. ADHE'SION is the species of attraction that is manifested between two separate bodies when their surfaces are brought to a considerable extent into close contact. It is nearly allied to Cohesion (q. v.). Adhesion is seen in the case of two solid bodies ADIANTUM-ADJUDICATION. when their polished surfaces are laid on one stance. A piece of a liver that has suffered what another; but it acts more powerfully between solids is called fatty degeneration, if immersed for some and fluids, owing to their intimate contact. We time in water, is said to become exactly like A. have instances of this in the film of water adhering A'DIPOSE TISSUE is a peculiar kind of animal to any body dipped in that fluid, and in water membrane or tissue, consisting of an aggregation running down the side of an inclined vessel from of minute spherical pouches or which it is being poured. All solids and liquids vesicles filled with fat or oil. do not exhibit this mutual attraction. Thus, though The tissue itself is organic and bright metals are wetted by mercury, glass and vital, the vesicles secreting the wood are not; nor does water adhere to fat. Capil-fatty matter from the capillary lary attraction (q.v.) is a special manifestation of blood-vessels with which they adhesion. The adhesion of gases to the surface of are surrounded; the secreted solids is described by Liebig as playing an important product, or fat (q. v.), is inpart in many processes. A more or less condensed organic, and devoid of vitality. atmosphere of gases surrounds every body, and every The adipose tissue differs from particle of a powdered or porous body; and gases, cellular or filamentous tissue in such as oxygen, have in this condition an intensified having the vesicles closed, so that the fat does not chemical action. Platinum in the state of powder escape even when fluid. A dropsical effusion, which condenses 800 times its volume of oxygen; and infiltrates the filamentous tissues, does not affect the when hydrogen comes in contact with the oxygen adipose tissue. There is a considerable layer of in this state, the two gases combine, though, when adipose tissue immediately under the skin; also free, they require the application of flame before around the large vessels and nerves, in the omenthey will combine. tum and mesentery, around the kidneys, joints, &c. ADHESION, in Pathology, is when two surfaces of a living body become united. If they have been separated by the cut of a sharp instrument, and are immediately and accurately placed in apposition to each other, they may adhere at once without any apparent bond of union. But, generally, the blood-vessels of the part pour out, between the surfaces, a fluid, consisting of the watery part of the blood holding fibrine in solution. The liquid part of this is reabsorbed or escapes from the wound, leaving the fibrine, in which first cells are developed, and then blood-vessels: it is now a living tissue, and forms a uniting medium between the sides of the wound. Serous membranes, as the pleura, pour out this fluid when inflamed; and hence the adhesions so often the result of pleurisies.-If two granulating (see GRANULATIONS) surfaces be kept in contact, the opposite granulations may fuse together, and the wound unite by secondary adhesion. Adipose Tissue, magnified. A'DJECTIVE is the name of one of the classes into which grammarians have divided words. An adjective is so called, not so much from its being added to a substantive, as because it adds to the meaning, or more exactly describes the object, than the simple substantive or general name does. The effect of an adjective is also to limit the application of the name to which it is joined. Thus, when tall is joined to man, there is more meaning conveyed; there are more properties suggested to the mind by the compound name tall man, than by the simple name man; but tall man is not applicable to so many individuals as man, for all men that are not tall are excluded.-Nouns, or names of things, are often used in English as adjectives; thus, we say a silver chain, a stone wall. In such expressions as Income Tax Assessment Bill,' Income plays the part of an adjective to Tax, which is, in the first place, a noun; the two together then form a sort of compound adjective to Assessment; and the three, taken together, a still more compound adjective to Bill, which, syntactically, is the only noun in the expression. This usage seems peculiar to English.Languages differ much in their way of using adjectives. In English, the usual place of the adj. is before the noun. This is also the case in German; but in French and Italian, it comes after. In these languages, again, the adj. is varied for gender, number, and, in the German, for case. In English it is invariable; and in this simplicity there is a decided superiority; for in modern languages these changes in the adj. serve no purpose. The only modification the Eng. A. is capable of is for degrees of comparison. ADIA'NTUM. See MAIDENHAIR. A'DIGÉ, after the Po, the most important river in Italy, rises in the Rhætian Alps. Various streamlets descend from these mountains, and, uniting at Glarus, form the Etsch, which is, properly speaking, the beginning of the A., and the name by which the entire river is known in Germany. From Glarus it flows east into the Tyrol, then, after a slight détour to the south-east, it flows due south past Trent and Roveredo, into Lombardy, and, passing Verona, takes a south-eastern sweep, discharging its waters into the Adriatic, between the mouths of the Po and the Brenta. In ancient times (when it was called the Athesis), it had a more northerly embouchure. It is very rapid, and subject to sudden swellings and overflowings, which cause great damage to the practice both of the English and Scotch law, but the surrounding country. The two most remarkable with a totally different meaning in the two systems. inundations on record are those which occurred in In the law of England, the term A. is commonly 1721 and 1724. During the Italian wars, its banks used to denote the judicial determination at a certain were repeatedly the scenes of bloody engagements. stage of the proceedings in bankruptcy. The proIts length is about 250 miles; its breadth in the cedure is regulated by 32 and 33 Vict. c. 71. The plain of Lombardy, 650 feet; its depth, from 10 to petition prays that the trader may be adjudicated 16 feet. It is navigable as far as Trent, but the a bankrupt, and, after proof of the petitioning navigation is rendered extremely arduous, on account creditor's debt, and of the Act of Bankruptcy of the swiftness of the current. The A. is a transitriver for the trade of Germany and Italy, ADIPOCE'RE (Lat. adeps, fat, and cera, wax), a substance resembling a mixture of fat and wax, and resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies in moist places or under water. Human bodies have been found, on disinterment, reduced to this state. Lean beef kept under running water for three weeks, was found reduced to a fatty sub ADJUDICA'TION is a technical term used in (q. v.), which must have been committed within twelve months before the issuing of the fiat, an A. is made by the court that the party is bankrupt. Formerly, a trader might be adjudicated bankrupt summarily, and without previous petition for A.namely, where, after filing a petition for arrangement with his creditors, he appeared not entitled to the benefit of the arrangement. See BANKRUPTCY. In Insolvency, which differs from bankruptcy in this |