ARNOTTO-ARPAD. An held. been permanently impaired, and he was no longer spot where the famous Femgerichte (q. v.) of A. was capable of continued thought or decision. attack of cold in 1858 had permanently affected his hearing; but otherwise, his last years were characterised by his usual flow of spirits. A.'s genius shewed itself in a very unusual combination of inventive power with the art of popular exposition. His bent of mind was strongly towards human improvement in every department of thought and conduct. ARNOTTO, ARNATTO, ANNOTTA, ANNATTO, or ROUCOU, also known on the continent of Europe by the name of ORLEAN, is a red colouring matter, which is obtained in South America and the West Indies from the reddish pulp surrounding the seeds of the Arnotto-tree (Bixa orellana) by washing, maceration, fermentation, and subsequent evaporation. It appears in commerce in cakes or balls of 2-4 lbs. weight, wrapped up in leaves, externally brown, internally of a pale blood-red or yellowishred colour, and which have a peculiar animal smell and an astringent taste. Pure A. seldom appears in the market. It is obtained by the mere rubbing off and drying of the red pulpy pellicle which covers the seed; but that which is thus obtained is very pure, and occurs in small round or angular lozenges. The Indians rub this colouring matter into the skin of their whole body, thus intending both to adorn themselves, and to obtain protection against the bites of mosquitoes. Amongst us, A. is used in medicine for colouring plasters, ointments, &c.; and to a considerable extent by farmers for giving a rich colour to cheese. It is also used in dyeing, although it does not produce a durable colour. It is employed to impart an orange tint to simple yellows. It is an ingredient in some varnishes. It dissolves in alkalies, producing a brown solution, from which it is precipitated yellow by acids. It imparts little colour to water, but dissolves in alcohol; alum and sugar of lead throw down a brick-red precipitate from the alcoholic solution. In South America, A. is very extensively mixed with chocolate, not only for the sake of the colour, but also for the improvement of the flavour.-The genus Bixa belongs to the natural order FLACOURTIACE (q. v.), and is distinguished by complete flowers with simple stigma, a hispid calyx of five sepals, and a two-valved capsule. The A. shrub is a native of tropical America, but has been introduced into other warm countries. It grows to the height of 7-8 feet, and has heart-shaped pointed leaves, and large flowers of a peach-blossom colour, which grow in loose clusters at the extremities of the branches. The capsules are oblong, and contain 30-40 seeds enveloped in red pulp (the A.). The seeds are said to be cordial, astringent, and febrifugal. The roots are used in broth. They have the properties of A. in an inferior degree. A'RNSTADT, the chief town in the principality of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen, is situated in a picturesque country on the banks of the Gera, twelve miles south of Erfurt, and has a pop. (1871) of 8603. It is one of the oldest Thuringian cities, its existence being traceable as far back as 704 A.D. Formerly it was the chief emporium for the trade in fruit and timber between the fertile lowlands and the Thuringian forest region, but is now a manufacturing town, employing a very considerable number of hands in weaving, glove-making, brewing, pottery, &c. A rich vein of rock-salt has been recently discovered in the neighbourhood of the town, and a new copper-mine opened. ARO'MA, a term sometimes employed to designate those substances the extremely minute particles of which are supposed to affect the organ of smell so as to produce particular odours, and frequently as synonymous with odour. The particles diffused through the atmosphere, and affecting the olfactory nerves-if the theory of particles of matter so diffused be correct-must indeed be extremely minute, as odoriferous substances such as musk, the smell of which is felt at a considerable distance, continue to diffuse their odour, and according to this theory, these particles, for years, without sensible diminution of weight. See SMELLING. The term A. is usually employed only with reference to particular kinds of odours, not easily defined or distinguished in words. Thus, we speak of the A. of roast-meat, and of the A. or aromatic smell of hyssop, mint, and other plants. Aromatic smells are very characteristic of some natural orders of plants, as Labiata (Mint, &c.) and Composite (Milfoil, &c.). They have been very generally supposed to depend upon essential oils, but resins are often equally aromatic. A'RNSBERG, one of the three departments of the Prussian province of Westphalia (q. v.), having an area of 2900 square miles, and a population (1875) of 982,987. With the exception of the valley of the Lippe, the whole department belongs to the highlands of the Lower Rhine. Only in a few of the valleys is there good arable soil; on the other hand, there is a great deal of good timber, more than a third of the whole area consisting of forests. But the principal resources of the district are its subterranean riches, in coal, iron, lead, silver, &c. Its abundant water-power has also led to the establishment of numerous factories, mills, &c. ARNSBERG, the chief town of the department, is situated on the Rhur, 44 miles south-east from Münster; pop. (1875) 5490. It has several manufactures, such as linen, broadcloth, potash, &c. In the orchard below the castle is still pointed out the AROMATIC VINEGAR differs from ordinary vinegar (which is acetic acid diluted with water) in containing certain essential oils which impart an agreeable fragrance. It is generally prepared by adding the oils of cloves, lavender, rosemary, and Acorus Calamus (and sometimes camphor) to crystallisable acetic acid, or by distilling the acetate of copper in an earthen retort and receiver, and treating the liquid which passes over with the fragrant oils mentioned above." A. V. is a very pleasant and powerful perfume; it is very volatile, and when snuffed up by the nostrils, is a powerful excitant, and hence is serviceable in fainting, languor, headache, and nervous debility. A. V. is generally placed on a sponge in a smelling-bottle or in a vinaigrette; it can also be purchased as a liquid in phials; and a drop or two allowed to evaporate into a sickroom, overpowers, but does not destroy any unpleas ant odour. The liquid must, however, be cautiously dealt with, as it is a very corrosive substance. AROMATICS. See SUPP., Vol. X. ARONIA. See CRATEGUS. AROO'STOOK, a river which, rising in the north of Maine, falls into the St John in New Brunswick, after a course of about 120 miles. It possesses a historical interest from its connection with the longagitated question of the north-east boundary between British America and the United States. ARPAD, the national hero of Hungary, was the son of Amos, the leader under whom the Magyars first gained a footing in Hungary. He was chosen duke on his father's death in 889, and by a course of incessant and mostly successful warfare with the Bulgarians, Wallachians, Moravians, &c., extended the first conquests of the Magyars on all sides. He also made more than one successful incursion into ARPEGGIO-ARRACK. Italy about 900, and returned laden with booty. the barrel; and the A. then obtained the name of He died in 907, leaving his son in possession the haquebut. Soldiers armed with these two kinds of the supreme command. The A. dynasty became extinct in the male line with Andreas III. in 1301. A. yet lives in the popular songs of the country, and his history, even in the oldest chronicles, is mixed up with a deal of legendary matter. ARPE'GGIO, in Music, a chord of which the notes are given, not contemporaneously, but in succession. From any one chord, several forms of A. may be produced. Bass-chords thus treated form an Alberti Bass, so named from Domenico Alberti (1730-1740), a popular singer and player, who often played the bass in this style. ARPENT is the old French land-measure, corre- Acre, English imperial or statute, 0.40466 d'ordonnance, " common, 0:32400 ARPI'NO, the Arpinum of the ancients, a town of Southern Italy, the birthplace of Cicero and Caius Marius, is situated in the province of Caserta, 65 miles north by east of Naples. It stands on the lower ridge of a lofty hill, some 6 miles to the left of the river Garigliano, the ancient Liris. The old town, in early Roman times, was built on the top of a steep rock, forming part of the territory of the Volscians. Many remains of the ancient structures are still to be seen, especially a cyclopean wall, which runs along the northern brow of the hill occupied by the present town, and extending to the ancient citadel. About the year 188 B.C., the citizens received the freedom of the city of Rome, with all its privileges, and Arpinum, during the later years of the republic, was a flourishing municipal town. The population of A. is about 11,500. Manufactures of woollen cloth, parchment, paper, and leather are carried on. The town has a charming appearance from the highly picturesque character of the surrounding woods and mountains. Iron, white marble, variegated red marble, and marble of a yellowish colour, are got in mines and quarries in the neighbourhood. Arquebusier. of weapon were designated arquebusiers and haque butters-the former were common in the English army in the time of Richard III., the latter in that of Henry VIII. Arracacha ARRACA'CHA (Arracacha esculenta), a plant of the natural order Umbellifera, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighbourhood of Santa Fe de Bogota and Caraccas, and of regions of similar climate in other parts of tropical America. It is much cultivated in its native country for its roots, which are used as an esculent. The root divides into a number of parts, which resemble cows' horns or large carrots. When boiled, they are firm and tender, with a flavour not so strong as that of a parsnip. The plant is very like hemlock, and has a similar heavy smell. Humboldt, indeed, referred it to the genus Conium (Hemlock), but it has since been made the type of a new genus. The flowers are in compound umbels, and are of a dull purple colour. The A. was at one time very strongly recommended as a substitute for potatoes; it was introduced into Britain through the exertions of the Horticultural Society, and its cultivation perseveringly attempted; but it has been found unsuitable to the climate! of Britain and of other parts of Europe, where it has been tried, perishing on the approach of the A'RQUEBUS, or HA'RQUEBUS, was the first frosts of winter without having perfected its roots. form of hand-gun which could fairly be compared The dry weather of summer is also unfavourable to with the modern musket. Those of earlier date it. The climate of the south of Ireland resembles were fired by applying a match by hand to the that of its native regions more than any other in the touch-hole; but about the time of the battle of British Islands. It seems to require a very regular Morat, in 1476, guns were used having a contriv- temperature and constant moisture. ance suggested by the trigger of the arbalest probably some parts of the British colonies in which or cross-bow, by which the burning match could the A. would be found a very valuable plant. In be applied with more quickness and certainty. deep loose soils, it yields a great produce. It is Such a gun was the A. Many of the yeomen of generally propagated, like skirret, by offshoots from the guard were armed with this weapon, on the the crown of the root. By rasping the root and first formation of that corps in 1485. The A. washing, a starch, similar to arrow-root, is obtained. being fired from the chest, with the butt in a-There is another species of the same genus, right line with the barrel, it was difficult to bring A. moschata, a native of the same regions, the root the eye down low enough to take good aim; but of which is uneatable. the Germans soon introduced an improvement by giving a hooked form to the butt, which elevated ARQUA, a village in the province of Padua, Venice, 12 miles south-west of Padua, in the heart of the Euganean Hills. Pop. 1200. Petrarch's furniture is still preserved in the house in which he died here (July 18, 1374), and his monument of red marble is to be seen in the churchyard. There are ARRA'CK, RACK, or RAKI, is the East Indian name for all sorts of distilled spirituous ARRAGONITE-ARRAIGNMENT. from it in the form of its crystals, of which the primary form is a rhombic prism with angles of 116° 16′ and 63° 44', the secondary forms being generally prismatic and pyramidal. The effects of heat on them shews another difference, A. being reduced to powder by a heat in which calcareous spar remains unchanged. Such differences between minerals of the same chemical composition appeared very improbable, and when Stromeyer, in 1813, detected the presence of a little carbonate of strontia in A., they were immediately ascribed to this as their cause; but it has since been shewn not only that the quantity of strontia is very small, variable, and therefore to be regarded as accidental, but also that the differences between the two minerals may be accounted for by difference of temperature when crystallisation was taking place. A. appears to be the product of a crystallisation taking place at a higher temperature than that in which calcareous spar is produced; and accordingly it is frequent in volcanic districts and in the neighbourhood of hot springs, as at Carlsbad. It is frequently found in trap-rocks, as in Scotland. It derives its name from the province of Aragon in Spain. It sometimes occurs stalactitic. Its crystals are sometimes prisms shortened into tables, sometimes they are lengthened into needles. Twin crystals (macles) are very common. Satin Spar is a variety of it, in which the crystals are of a fine fibrous silky appearance, and combined together into Flos ferri (i. e., flower of iron) is a a compact mass. name given to a coralloidal variety which sometimes A occurs in iron mines. liquors, but chiefly to that procured from toddy or the fermented juice of the cocoa and other palms, The palms in other tropical and from rice. countries furnish a fermented beverage similar to the toddy of India, and in a few instances also it is distilled, but arrack essentially belongs to India and the adjacent countries. The cocoa-nut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a chief source of toddy or palm wine, and is obtained from trees ranging from twelve to sixteen years old, or in fact at the period when they begin to shew the first indication of flowering. After the flowering shoot or spadix enveloped in its spathe is pretty well advanced, and the latter is about to open, the toddy-man climbs the tree and cuts off the tip of the flower-shoot; he next ties a ligature round the stalk at the base of the spadix, and with a small cudgel he beats the flower-shoot and bruises it. This he does daily for a fortnight, and if the tree is in good condition, a considerable quantity of a saccharine juice flows from the cut apex of the flower-shoot, and is caught in a pot fixed conveniently for the purpose, and emptied every day. It flows freely for fifteen or sixteen days, and less freely day by day for another month or more; a slice has to be removed from the top of the shoot very frequently. The juice rapidly ferments, and in four days is usually sour: previous to that it is a favourite drink known in India by the natives as callu, and to the Europeans as toddy. When turning sour, it is distilled and converted into A., known better to the Hindus by the name of Naril, and by the Cingalese as Pol or Nawasi. similar spirit is made pretty largely from the magnificent fan-leaved palm, Borassus flabelliformis, and also from the so-called date-sugar palm, Areuga saccharifera. Large quantities of arrack are made from fermented rice prepared as malt-both in India, Ceylon, and Batavia; in the last-mentioned place, sugar and molasses are also added to the rice. A'RRAH, a town in the district of Shahabad and the presidency of Bengal, in lat. 25° 31′ N., and long. 84° 43′ E. It is situated in a fertile country, and contains, according to the census of 1871, a pop. of 39,386. It is on the route between Dinapore and the latter. During the mutiny of 1857, A. became Ghazeepore, 25 miles W. of the former, and 75 E. of in variety and intensity of interest second only to Cawnpore, Delhi, and Lucknow, connected as it was with a heroic defence, a heavy disaster, and a brilliant victory. The defence was that of an isolated house, for eight days, against 3000 sepoys with 2 field-pieces, the garrison consisting of less than 20 The unscientific method of preparing these whites, all civilians, and 50 Sikhs, whose fidelity alcoholic spirits renders them generally very dis- perhaps was doubtful till proved by trial. The distasteful to European taste, the process of rectifica-aster was the nocturnal surprise in the jungle of a tion being rarely if ever employed. Some care-detachment almost entirely European, sent to the fully prepared samples of great age, however, find relief of the beleaguered dwelling the loss having favour, and are used in making punch and other been 290 out of 415. The victory was won by a drinks, not only in India and Java, but small force of 172 men, 12 of them mounted volunteers, In fact, A., happily with the exception of the coldquantities also find their way to Britain, for the and 3 guns, over a host numbering nearly 20 to 1. gratification of palates trained in India. The cocoanut tree is especially valuable for this industry, blooded massacre of women and children, presented, because it bears twelve times in the year after it in miniature, nearly all the phases of the most formionce begins, and continues to do so for as much as dable and eventful insurrection on record. forty years. It is the rule, therefore, to pre-detailed account of these events, see Chambers's vent undue exhaustion of so valuable a tree, to dis- History of the Indian Revolt. continue the collection of juice at intervals, and allow the natural process of fruit-bearing to go on: in this way, it is usual to divide the year between the two crops. Of late years a considerable amount of rum has been produced in the East Indies from the sugar-cane, and the molasses yielded by it. This is often called arrack by the natives, and leads to errors as to the statistics of the latter material. The word Saki, used by the Japanese for rice spirit, seems only an alteration of Raki or arrack. An imitation A. is prepared by dissolving benzoic acid in rum, in the proportion of 20 grains of the former to 2 pounds of the latter. It is probable that the use of arrack is more 1 widely diffused among the human race than the produce of the vine (wine and brandy) and of barley (whisky, beer). The date-palm of the Sahara, the oil-palm of West Africa, and the cocoa-nut palm of the Pacific Islands are made to yield it. A'RRAGONITE, a mineral essentially consisting of carbonate of lime, and so agreeing in chemical composition with calcareous spar (q. v.), but differing For a ARRAIGN'MENT, in the practice of the criminal law in England, means calling a prisoner by his name to the bar of the court to answer the matter charged upon him in the indictment. And having the presumption of innocence in his favour, it is the law, and so laid down in the most ancient books, that, though charged upon an indictment of the highest nature, he is entitled to stand at the bar in the form and in the garb of a free man, without irons or any manner of shackles or bonds, unless there be evident danger of his escape, or of violence at his hands. When arraigned on the charge of treason or felony, the prisoner is called upon by name to hold up his hand, by which he is held to confess his identity with the person charged. This form, however, is not an essential part of the proceedings at 431 ARRAN. sheltered by Holy Island, once the seat of a monastery. A picturesque mass of columnar basalt, 900 or 1000 feet high, succeeds. Further south lies Whiting Bay, near which are two cascades 100 and 50 feet high respectively. At the south-east point of A. is Kildonan Castle, opposite which is the small isle of Pladda, crowned by a light-house. Large caverns occur in the cliffs of the south and south-west coasts. In one of these, the 'King's Cave,' in the basaltic promontory of Druimodune, Robert the Bruce hid himself for some time. Shiskan Vale, opening into Druimodune Bay, is the most fertile part of A. Loch Ranza, a bay in the north end of A., runs a mile inland, and is a herring-fishing rendezvous. There is daily communication with A. by means of steam-boats from the Clyde, the ports touched at being Brodick, Lamlash, and Corrie. the trial, and it is sufficient for the prisoner, when arraigned, to confess his identity by verbal admission or otherwise. When thus duly arraigned, the indictment is distinctly read over to the accused in the English tongue, and he then either confesses the fact that is, admits his guilt or he puts himself upon his trial by a plea of Not guilty. Formerly, one of the incidents of the A. was the prisoner standing mute, as it was called-that is, refraining from, or refusing, a direct answer to the indictment; in which case the court proceeded to inquire whether the silence was of malice on the part of the prisoner, or was produced by the visitation of God, and to deal with him accordingly. But by the 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, s. 2, it is enacted that where a prisoner shall stand mute of malice, it shall be lawful for the court to order the proper officer to enter a plea of 'Not guilty,' on which the trial shall proceed, The geology of A. is almost unique, and displays a as if the plea had been actually pleaded by the greater succession of strata than any other part prisoner himself. Where there is reason to doubt, of the British Isles of equal extent. The southhowever, that the prisoner standing mute is sane or east half of A. consists of Devonian sandstone, not, a jury consisting of any twelve persons who extending from the east coast 4 or 5 miles inland, may happen to be present is forthwith charged to and running south-west from Brodick beyond the inquire whether he has intellect enough to plead and centre of the island; and of trap rocks and carbonto understand the course of the proceedings. If iferous strata, which occupy the middle and western they find the affirmative, the plea of 'Not guilty' is portions. The north-west half consists of a central entered, and the trial goes on; but if the negative, granite nucleus, including Goatfell, bordered on the the insane person will be ordered by the court to be west by a tract of mica-slate, and on the north, east, kept in strict custody during Her Majesty's pleasure, and south by lower Silurian rocks, which, again, have according to the 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, s. 2. a run of Devonian sandstone on the east and south. Lias and oolite lie on the mica-slate. There are only rivulets in A., and one of them tumbles over a precipice 300 feet high. Some level parts in the south half of A. are fertile. The chief crops are oats and potatoes. Cattle, sheep, fish, and oats are exported. The greater part of A. belongs to the Duke of Hamilton, whose seat is Brodick Castle. A. forms part of the county of Bute, and contains two parishes. Many antiquities occur, such as cairns, unhewn obelisks, monumental stones, and Druidical circles. Several stone coffins were found By 19 and 20 Vict. c. 16, facilities are provided for the trial of prisoners in the Central Criminal Court, although the offence may have been committed out of the jurisdiction of that tribunal, and it directs the A. to take place in the ordinary form. In the Scotch criminal law, the expression Calling the Diet corresponds to A. The prisoner is called upon by name by the presiding judge to attend to the indictment against him, which is read aloud by the clerk, and the prisoner is then required to plead, which he does, as in England, by a plea of Guilty' or of 'Not guilty;' in the event of which latter, the trial proceeds-the prisoner, either by himself or his counsel, having always the last word before the court and before the jury. In this respect, it is only so in England in some cases. According to Sir Matthew Hale, the term A. is derived from arraisoner, ad rationem ponere, to call to account or answer, which in ancient French law would be ad-resoner, or, abbreviated,_a-resner. See TRIAL, INDICTMENT, INFORMATION, PROSECUTION, PLEA, VERDICT, NOT PROVEN. A'RRAN, an island in the mouth of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, about 5 miles south-west of Bute, 13 west of Ayrshire, and 4 east of Cantire, from which it is separated by Kilbrennan Sound. It is of an oval form, about 20 miles long and 12 broad; area, 165 sq. miles, about 15,000 acres, or a seventh part, being cultivated. Pop. (1871) 5234. The general aspect of A. is mountainous and heathy, and in the north, the jagged peaks are singularly grand. Around the coast is a low belt of ground, with lofty cliffs on the south and south-west shore, from which the country rises abruptly. The highest point is Goatfell (the Gaelic name of which is Beann-gaoith, 'mountain of the wind'), an obtuse pyramid, 2865 feet high, and a prominent feature in the island. From its sides slope the romantic glens of Rosa and Sannox, and at its base to the south-east opens Brodick Bay, at the head of which lay, until lately, Brodick village. The houses which composed it have now been removed, and a new village has sprung up on the opposite side of the bay, called Invercloy, where there is a spacious hotel. To the south of this, round a bluff headland, is Lamlash Bay, the chief harbour of A., and the best on the Firth of Clyde, in a cairn 200 feet in circumference. Loch Ranza Castle, now in ruins, was once a residence of the Scots kings. See Landsborough's Arran, &c. (1875). The A'RRAN, SOUTH ISLES OF. These are three small islands lying N.E. and S.W. across the entrance to Galway Bay, about 4 miles off the W. coast of Ireland, and 27 west of Galway city. They form the barony of A., and give the title of Earl to the Gore family. Total area, 11,287 acres. principal or west island, Inishmore, is 7 miles long and 2 broad; Inishmaan, or Middle Isle,' comes next; and then Inishere to the S.E. Pop. in 1871, 3050, of which number 2122 inhabited Inishmore, 433 Inishmaan, and 495 Inishere. Of the total pop. all but 57 were Roman Catholics; 504 could read and write, 143 could read only, and the rest were illiterate. The islands consist of the carboniferous limestone of the bed of Galway Bay, and rise to the height of 100 to 200 feet on the west side, ending in cliffs facing the Atlantic. Most of the land is rudely cultivated. The chief crops are rye, oats, and potatoes. Most of the inhabitants engage in fishing; and the corragh or wicker-work skiff is still to be seen here. They are subject to famines from parching rainless west winds in August destroying the potato-crop. These islands contained at one time 20 churches and monasteries. Inishmore was the centre of these, still known as Aran-na-naomh, or 'Arran of the Saints.' Many pilgrims still visit the old shrines and relics scattered through the islands. St Kenanach Church, built in the 7th c., still exists, all but its stone roof, as well as the stone oratories and little bee-hive stone huts of the monks of the 6th and 7th centuries. There are nine circular cyclopean fortresses of unhewn ARRANGING-ARREST. uncemented stones (portions of the walls still being 20 feet high), supposed to have been built in the 1st c. by the Fir-Bolg or Belgæ. The largest of these, Dun-Aengus, on a cliff in Inishmore, 220 feet high, is one of the most magnificent barbaric monuments in Europe. when Louis XIII. of France took it after a long siege. ARRA'YER, a title given to certain military officers in England in the early part of the 15th c. There were two of them in each county, sometimes called Commissaries of Musters. Their duties were set forth in an ordinance of Henry V., from the terms of which it appears that the arrayers were army inspectors, or, rather, militia inspectors, and in some sense precursors to the modern lordslieutenant of counties. ARRA'NGING, a term in Music which means the adapting of a piece of music so as to be performed on an instrument or instruments different from those for which it was originally composed, as when orchestral or vocal compositions are set for the pianoforte, or the reverse. An arrangement is often a mere lifeless transposition of the original, the only guiding principle being the mechanical possibility of performance. Of this kind are most of the pianoforte arrangements of the orchestral works of Mozart, and civil process. Criminal A. has already been ARRE'ST is a legal term used both in criminal Beethoven, &c.—partly from the arranger working sufficiently considered under the word APPREHEND merely for hire, and partly from a mistaken reverence for, and fear of altering, the original. It is different (q. v.); and in civil procedure it may be simply when an arranger, who thoroughly comprehends the defined to be the execution of a judicial or prerogaspirit of the original, takes advantage of the peculiar tive order, by which the liberty of the person may means of expression afforded by the new form of In the practice of the Court of Chancery, a defendant be restrained, and obedience to the law compelled. presentation, to reproduce as much as possible the original effects. In this last respect, the arrange- may be arrested for his contempt in not putting in ments of Franz Liszt have excelled all others, in all the superior courts may be arrested or his answer to a bill filed against him; and persons although in some cases he may have overstepped the boundary of propriety. See POT-POURRI and attached for contempt. But in its ordinary legal FANTASIA. acceptation, A. is used to signify the enforcement of the judgment or order of a court of law, in order to satisfy justice. In the execution of such judg ment, the party against whom it has been given may be arrested by means of a writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, or a ca. sa., the purpose of which is to imprison the body of the debtor till he pays the debt or damages and costs. It is directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take the body of the debtor, and have him at Westminster immediately after execution thereof, to make the plaintiff satis faction for his demand. This writ might, at one time, issue for a judgment debt of any amount; but by very recent statutes it was provided that it shall not issue in the case of a debt not exceeding £50, exclusive of costs; subject, however, to this proviso, that where such debt should appear to the judge trying the cause (being a judge of the superior courts, or a barrister or attorney) to have been incurred under false pretences, or with a fraudulent intent, or without a reasonable assurance of being able to pay or discharge the same, it shall be lawful for such judge to order the defendant to be taken and detained in execution upon such judgment, as if the act had not passed. This has since been adopted as the general law applicable to debts of any amount, and the abolition of imprisonment for debt was effected by the Debtors Act, 32 and 33 Vict. c. 62. No person, since 1869, can be imprisoned in England for making default in payment of a sum of money except in a few rare cases; such as when a court has ordered a sum of money to be paid, and it is not paid, and the debtor has since acquired the means to pay it, but refuses. In such cases, the judge may order the debtor to be committed to prison for six weeks or less until the money is paid. So that under this statute of 1869 none can be imprisoned for debt except for some special cause resembling fraud; and even then the imprisonment is limited to one year. ARRAS (the ancient Nemetacum), a fortified town and capital of the department of Pas-deCalais, as it was formerly of the province of Artois, in France. It is situated on the banks of the Scarpe, partly on an eminence, and partly on a plain, and consists of four divisions-the city, upper town, lower town, and citadel. It is a principal station on the French Northern Railway, distant from Paris by this route 134 miles, and from Brussels, 97. The pop. in 1872 was 21,447. The houses are of hewn stone, and in the lower town they are handsomely built and uniform; the streets straight and wide, set off with several fine squares, and many beautiful public buildings. Among the principal edifices are the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the residence of the prefect, the town-hall, the theatre, and the public library. A. ranks as a fortified town of the third class, its fortifications being the first that were constructed by the celebrated Vauban, according to his own system. It has been the seat of a bishop since 390 A.D., and two ecclesiastical councils have been held here one in 1025, the other in 1490. The corn-market of A. is the most important in the north of France. Its principal manufactures are iron-ware, woollen and cotton goods, hosiery, lace, pottery, and leather. Its trade, which is considerable, is in corn and flour, oil, wine and brandy, with the industrial products of the city. It appears from the writings of Jerome that A. was remarkable for its woollen manufactures in his time; and afterwards, during the middle ages, it was famed for its tapestry; indeed, the name of the town was transferred to this article of manufacture, and arras was the name given in England to the richly figured hangings that adorned the halls of the kings and the barons. In 1482, A. with Artois was ceded by the states of the Netherlands to Louis XI. of France; but the inhabitants having revolted, the king laid siege to the town, stormed it, and slew or expelled the people, whom he replaced by others brought from all parts of his dominions, ordering the city to be thenceforward called Franchise, to obliterate the very name of A. Soon afterwards (1493) it was ceded to Maximilian of Austria, and was possessed by the Spanish branch of the House of Hapsburg till 1640, A defendant may also be arrested under a writ of capias ad respondendum, which issues as followswhere a plaintiff swears by affidavit that he has a cause of action against a defendant to the amount of £50 or upwards, or has sustained damage to that amount, that there is reason for believing that the defendant is about to quit the country, and that his absence will be detrimental to the plaintiff's action. An order is made by a judge, when the writ in |