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BADEN-BADEN-BADEN.

constitution. The parliament, which meets regularly and acquired successively the dignity of elector and every two years, consists of two chambers. The the title of grand duke. In 1811 he was succeeded first chamber consists of the princes of the grand-by his grandson, Charles Ludwig Frederic, who, five ducal house, the heads of the seignorial families years before, had married Stephanie Louise Adrienne (seven princes and three counts), and of the nobility Napoleone, an adopted daughter of Napoleon. After -on whom, when they possess hereditary property, the battle of Leipsic, Charles Ludwig seceded from under feudal tenure, to the value of 500,000 marks, the Confederation of the Rhine, and (1815) joined the king confers the rank of the high nobility—the the German Confederation, in which B. holds the Catholic archbishop and the Protestant prelate, two seventh rank. representatives of the universities, and eight members chosen by the grand duke, without regard to rank or birth. The second chamber consists of 63 representatives chosen for eight years, 22 for the cities, and 41 for the country districts, giving one representative for about 21,540 inhabitants. As to the franchise, less regard has been paid in B. than elsewhere to the property qualification; every settled citizen and all state officials may take part in the nomination of electors, and may become electors; only representatives must either pay tax on a capital of, 16,000 marks, or about £800, or be in possession of an ecclesiastical or secular office bringing in at least 2500 marks, or £125. The highest deliberative and executive body in the country is the council of state. The grand duke is its president, and it is divided, since 1870, into the ministries-(1) of the Grand-ducal House, of Justice, and of Foreign Affairs; (2) of the Interior; (3) of Commerce. The expenditure, according to the budget estimates for the year 1875, was 30,200,813 marks; the estimated net receipts for the same year amounting to 29,896,478 marks. budget dealing with the finances of the railways, There is a particular and the steamers on the Lake of Constance. 26 millions of florins were added to the public debt of the country by the events of 1848 and 1849. The general debt of B. in 1875 amounted to 91,369,656 marks; that on the railways to 265,051,973 marks. The military affairs of B. are now exclusively regulated by the imperial power; the troops of B. form the major part of the fourteenth corps d'armée of the empire. The effective warstrength of the army in 1868 was 43,705; peace, 14,263. There exist three orders of knighthood, besides a medal for military service, and other decorations of merit. The capital and residence of the sovereign is Carlsruhe; the capitals of the four 'circles' are Constanz, Freiburg, Carlsruhe (formerly Rastadt), and Mannheim.

History. The original inhabitants of B. were Alemanni. These fell under the dominion of the Franks, the conquerors of Gaul, and submitted at the same time to the Christian religion. Under their duke, Gottfried, they made repeated attempts to regain their independence, but in vain; and the dukedom of the Alemanni was abolished in 748 by Pepin the Little. In the 11th c., a Duke Berthold, said to have been a descendant of the Alemannian Gottfried, built the castle of Zähringen in Breisgau, and with him begins the unbroken line of the princes of the House of Zähringen. A descendant of his second son took the title of Margrave of B., and became the ancestor of the still flourishing House of Baden. He died in 1130. The history of this House presents, for long, little else but a succession of partitions of the territories among brothers, to be again and again reunited by one or other of the collateral branches becoming extinct. The prosperity of the country was thus greatly retarded. The present capital, Carlsruhe, was built in 1715 by the reigning count, Charles III. It is to his grandson, Charles Frederic, who succeeded in 1746, that B. owes considerable accessions of territory and political importance. By favouring the policy of Napoleon, and joining the Confederation of the Rhine, he doubled his possessions in extent and population,

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rate territories composing the grand duchy having mostly become extinct, the Grand Duke Charles The original constitutions or 'states' of the sepa granted (1818) the charter which forms the basis of the present constitution. Charles was succeeded in the same year by his uncle Ludwig, who was inclined to absolutism, and had to contend at first with a powerful opposition, which led him frequently to dissolve the Chambers. He succeeded, in 1825, in carrying through an alteration of the constitution, extending the duration of the parliaments; after which the government and the Chambers acted more harmoniously. Ludwig dying childless (1830), was succeeded by his brother Leopold. The known liberal tendencies of this prince promised at first a new life to constitutional government; but the tide of reaction, become strong since the fall of Warsaw, soon seized the government, and the act establishing the freedom of the press, which in 1831 had been hailed with delight by B. and the whole of Germany, was, in 1832, declared impracticable and abrogated. A fluctuating contest between a was carried on till 1846, when the constitutional reactionary government and a growing opposition Bekk was made minister of the interior, and liberalism thus placed at the helm. The first effect was to calm the public mind, and to cause a split between the liberals and the radicals. The ninth parliament met (December 1847) under the most friendly and promising auspices; when the French revolution (February 1848), the vibrations of which were first felt by B., suddenly called the radical party into the most violent activity. Not satisfied with a multitude of liberal measures passed by the legisla ture, the revolutionary leaders, Hecker and Struve, aimed at establishing a republic, and stirred up an insurrection. The troops having sided with the insurgents, the grand duke fled, and a Constituent Assembly was called (May 1849). The duke had recourse to Prussian aid, and after several battles, restoration was followed by some thirty executions, was reinstated on his throne (July 1849). consisting chiefly of soldiers that had borne arms The against the government, and of a few political leaders. Upon the whole, the reactionary tendency has been less marked in B. than in most other German states, and many valuable reforms effected in 1848 have been retained. See GERMANY, in SUPP., Vol. X.

in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, is situated on
the left bank of the Limmat. It has a pop. of (1870)
BA'DEN, a town and fashionable watering-place
3412. It is of ancient date, being known to the
the baths is as high as 117° Fahrenheit. B., from
the 15th to the beginning of the 18th c., was the
Romans as Therme Helvetica. The temperature of
seat of the Swiss diet.

Baden, situated in a pleasant valley at the base of
BA'DEN-BADEN, a town in the grand duchy of
the Black Forest. It contains (1875) 10,958 inhabit-
ants; but its visitors during the season, which is
at its height in July and August, are often double
the number of the settled population. It is chiefly
celebrated for its medicinal springs, which were
known in the time of the Romans. B. having been
a fashionable place of resort so early as the days
of Antoninus and Aurelius, numerous Roman

BADEN BEI WIEN-BADGE.

and putting it on Joseph's hand, as a token of the power which he committed to him (Gen. xli. 42); and still earlier (Gen. xxxviii. 18), Judah left his signet with Tamar as a pledge. In the New Testament, rings are spoken of rather as marks of wealth and luxury than as badges of official rank; e. g., James ii. 2, and Luke xv. 22, where, on the return of the prodigal son, the father ordered that a ring should be put on his finger. As to the workmanship and materials of ancient rings, see RING, SIGNET, &c. Of badges assumed for the purpose of distinction, none are more famous than the white and red roses of York and Lancaster. Henry VII. combined these two emblems, first carrying a rose per pale, white and red, and afterwards placing the white rose within the red one. One of Queen Elizabeth's badges was a golden falcon perched on the stump of a tree between two growing branches of white and red roses, a B. which is said to have been given to bear and ragged staff, which still exists as a sign in her mother, Anne Boleyn, by Henry VIII. London, was the B. of the great Earl of Warwick. The white hart and silver swan, which are frequently met with as signs to inns, have a similar origin, the first having been the B. of Richard II., and the second having belonged to the House of Lancaster. The garb and sickle, the B. of the

antiquities have been found in the neighbourhood, and commonly supposed to have been of Asiatic origin. are preserved in a museum here. There are several Rings are often mentioned in Scripture as badges of springs of a saline character, varying in tempera- authority both amongst the Jews and other oriental ture from 117° to 154° F. These springs are impregnations. We read of Pharaoh taking off his ring nated with iron, magnesia, and lime, with sulphuric and carbonic acid, and are especially recommended in chronic cutaneous diseases, gout, rheumatism, &c. The chief spring discharges in 24 hours about 4200 cubic feet of water. The gaming-tables of B., the most renowned in Europe, were closed with the rest of the licensed German gaming-houses in 1872. BA'DEN BEI WIEN (i. e., Baden near Vienna'), a much-frequented watering-place of Lower Austria, about fifteen miles S.S.W. of Vienna. It was the Aqua Pannonia or Cethic of the Romans, and is still famous for its warm mineral springs, which are frequented during the season by from 12,000 to 15,000 persons chiefly from the Austrian capital. The temperature varies from 90° to about 99° F. The baths are frequented by persons of both sexes, who, in the bath, promenade arm in arm. Many of the Austrian nobility have palaces here. The favourite walk in the neighbourhood is along the romantic valley, the Helenenthal. Pop. (1869) 7590. BA'DENOCH, a Highland district in the southeast part of Inverness-shire, 30 miles long by 15 broad, bounded by Lochaber, Athole, Braemar, and Murray, and traversed by the Spey. It is much covered with forest, and is chiefly composed of gneiss rock, with a little granite. It was a lordship, held during the 13th c. by the eldest branch of the great House of Cumyn, on whose forfeiture Bruce bestowed it on his nephew Randolph. In 1371, King Robert II. gave it to his son, the Wolf of Badenoch,' on the failure of whose descendants it reverted to the crown, which, about 1456, granted it to the Earl of Huntly.

BADGE, the term by which, in general, all honorary decorations and special cognizances are known. Badges are either conferred by the state or sovereign, or assumed by the individual for purposes of distinction, the former class having very frequently had their origin in the latter. Of badges conferred by public authority, for the purpose of inciting to exertion, and gratifying honourable ambition, numerous instances are to be met with in every part of the world. The garter of the English knight, the golden fleece of the Spanish grandee, and the button of the Chinese mandarin, will occur as familiar examples. To the same class helong not only the stars and crosses with which princes and other persons of rank are adorned in this country, and to a far greater extent on the continent, but the medal of the private soldier, and even those not less honourable decorations which are now frequently conferred by private societies for acts of voluntary daring, such as the medal given by the Humane Society for saving from drowning. Amongst the ancients, one of the most usual emblems of authority was a gold ring, which was worn generally on the fourth finger. A ring of this description was the mark of senatorial and magisterial dignity, and latterly of knighthood at Rome; iron rings, during the earlier period, at all events, having been used by private citizens. The right of wearing a gold ring jus annuli aurei) was gradually extended, till at length Justinian conferred it on all the citizens of the empire. In the early times of the republic, when ambassadors were sent to foreign states, they were furnished with gold rings, which they wore during their mission as badges of authority. From an early period, every freeman in Greece appears to have used a ring, though the custom, not being mentioned by Homer, can scarcely have belonged to the

Garb and Sickle.

The

Hungerfords, is another very beautiful and less
common example of the same class of badges.
Different countries have also
distinctive badges, generally
connected with the history
either of the actual ruling or of
some former dynasty. Of these,
the fleur de lis of France (repre-
sented in the accompanying
engraving of the seal of Louis
VII.), and the other badges, for
which it from time to time
makes way-viz., the cap of
liberty and other emblems of Fleur de lis of Louis
republicanism, the eagles of the
Empire, borrowed from Rome,
and the bees and other insignia which the Bonaparte
family have assumed, may all be taken as examples.

[graphic]

VII.

B. of England.-The present B. of England is a rose white and red, ensigned with the royal crown. The initials V. R., ensigned with a crown, which are used on military accoutrements, is also a species of national badge.

B. of Scotland is a thistle ensigned with a royal crown.

B. of Ireland.-Ireland has two national badges -the golden harp and the trefoil, both of which

BADGE-BADGER.

The three badges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, carried conjoined, may be seen under any representation of the royal arms.

B. of Wales is a dragon passant, wings elevated, gules, on a mount vert.

B. of Ulster is on a shield or canton, or, a sinister hand erect and apaumée, gu. This B., which is popularly known as the bloody hand,' is borne in the paternal coats of English baronets.

B. of Nova Scotia, which is borne by the Nova Scotia baronets, is, or, a saltire azure, thereon an escutcheon of the arms of Scotland, and ensigned with an imperial crown, the motto being, Fax mentis honesta gloria.

One of the oldest and most celebrated badges in existence is the so-called jewel of King Alfred. For

hind feet, and the feet are peculiarly adapted for digging and burrowing. A peculiar characteristic of the badgers, not found in any other quadrupeds of the same family, is the possession of a bag, beneath the tail, for the secretion of a peculiar substance, of a disagreeable odour, which is supposed to be of use in directing the sexes to each other in their solitary wanderings.-The common B. (M. Taxus or M. vulgaris) is the only quadruped of the Bear family now found in the British islands. It is widely diffused over Europe and the middle parts

[graphic]
[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][merged small]

Badger (Meles vulgaris).

of Asia. It is grayish brown above, and black beneath; the head white, with a longitudinal black band on each side; the body long but robust, in size about equal to that of a small fox, the hair coarse and reaching to the ground as the animal walks. The average length is 2 feet 6 inches, and the height at the shoulder 11 inches. It haunts

the gloomy recesses of woods, or thick coppices on the sides of hills, and digs for itself a deep and well-formed domicile, consisting of more than one apartment, the single entrance to which is by a deep, oblique, and even tortuous excavation.' In this, or similar excavation, the B. sleeps through the winter. The B. makes use of its nose in digging, scrapes with the fore-paws, flinging the earth as far back by them as possible, and when the accumu lation is considerable, pushes it away by means of the hind-feet. The B. is extremely cleanly in its habits. It is one of the most perfectly omnivorous of animals, in a wild state as well as in confinement; fruits, roots, beech-mast, eggs, young birds, small quadrupeds, frogs, snails, worms, and insects, equally constitute its natural food. It has been known to visit a garden for strawberries. It is also fond of honey, and of the larvae of wasps and wild bees, for the sake of which it digs up their nests, its hide being impervious to their stings. It is often caught by placing a sack in the mouth of its hole, when it is out at night; dogs are then sent into the wood to alarm it, upon which it flees to its hole. Dogs sent into the hole are often foiled by earth which the B. throws back upon them, to block up their way, nor is it easy for a dog to contend with it, owing to its great strength, and particularly the strength of its jaws. A barbarous sport was formerly, and to some extent still is practised, called B.-baiting, or drawing the badger. A badger kept in a barrel was assailed by dogs, and at last, yielding to superior numbers, was dragged out, upon which it was released, and allowed to go back to its den, to recover itself, and be baited again, which happened several times daily, when the B. was kept as an attraction to a public-house of the lowest sort. The verb to badger, expressive of persevering annoyance by numerous assailants,

BA'DGER (Meles), a genus of quadrupeds of the Bear family or Ursidae (see BEAR), and included by Linnæus in the genus Ursus or Bear, but forming a sort of connecting-link between this family and the Mustelida or Weasel and Otter family. To the Skunks (q. v.), which are ranked in that family, the badgers have a particularly strong resemblance, and their dentition and habits are almost the same. The dentition of badgers differs from that of bears chiefly in the large size of the tuberculous molar teeth at the bottom of each jaw, shewing a still greater adaptation to vegetable food. Badgers, like the rest of the family to which they belong, are plantigrade, i. e., they walk on the whole sole of the foot, and not merely on the fore part of it. The body is thus brought nearer to the ground than it otherwise would be from their length of limb. The head is long, with a pointed muzzle, the tail short, the skin very thick and tough, the hair long. The gait is slow, the habits nocturnal and solitary. There are five toes on each, both of the fore and

BADIA-Y-LEBLICH-BAEZA.

was originally employed with reference to the
practice of B.-baiting. The flesh of the B. is said
to be very agreeable, particularly when cured in
the form of hams. It is much used in China. The
B. is easily domesticated when taken young, and
becomes very familiar. In Scotland and the north
of England, a B. is still called a Brock, its Anglo-
Saxon name; and in some parts of England it is
termed a Grey, from which some derive greyhound.
-The Balysaur of India, also called the Sand
Bear and Indian B. (M. collaris), very much
resembles the common B., but is taller, and has a
more hog-like muzzle, and a longer tail. Its habits
and its food are similar to those of the common
B., and when attacked, it defends itself with great
vigour. It is chiefly found in hilly districts.-The
American B. (M. Labradorica) was at first supposed
to be a mere variety of the European B., but has
proved to be very distinct, so that it has been
regarded by some naturalists as worthy of a separate
genus (Taxidea), and is sometimes called Taxel.
Its teeth are more adapted than those of the B.
for carnivorous subsistence, and it chiefly preys on
small animals, such as marmots, which it pursues
into their holes in the sandy plains near the Missouri
and the Rocky Mountains. It is in that region that
it abounds, over a considerable range of latitude,
but it is not known to exist in Labrador, so that
its specific name is perhaps the perpetuation of an
error. In its pursuit of the smaller quadrupeds
upon which it preys, it enlarges their burrows, and
renders some parts of the plains dangerous to
persons on horseback.
Its prevailing colour is
hoary gray in winter, yellowish brown in summer,
the under parts generally yellowish white; a white
stripe runs from the nose over the forehead to the
neck. The hair becomes not only very long but
woolly in winter.-The burrowing powers of this
animal are extraordinary. It sometimes makes
burrows six or seven feet deep, running under
ground to a length of 30 feet.

arrived at Constantinople, whence he had soon to
flee, the reality of his Mohammedanism being sus-
pected. After his return to Spain, he was made
Intendant of Segovia and Prefect of Cordova; but
the easy way in which he shelved his patriotism, and
submitted to the French conquerors, was fatal to
his prospects, for, on the expulsion of the latter, he
was compelled to leave the country. He went to
Paris, where, in 1814, he published an account of
his travels under the title Voyages d'Ali-Bei en
Afrique et en Asie pendant les Années 1803 à 1807.
His work was translated into most of the European
languages. Four years after the publication, B. set
off on another journey to the East, but died sud-
denly at Aleppo on 30th Aug. 1818. The Pacha
of Damascus seized his papers, so that his second
enterprise has been without results for Europe.
BADMINTON. See SUPP., Vol. X.
BAEL or BHEL. See AEGLE.

BAE'NA, a town in the province of Cordova, Spain,
of about 12,000 inhabitants. It is situated about 24
miles south-south-east from Cordova, on the river
Marbella, and carries on a considerable export and
inland trade, chiefly in grain and oil.
Roman town; and a Roman sepulchre was dis-
covered here in 1833.

B. was a

As a

BAER, KARL ERNST VON, a distinguished Russian naturalist, was born February 17, 1792, in Esthonia. During 1810-1814, he studied medicine at the university of Dorpat, but convinced that Russia as it then was presented very few advantages for the acquisition of scientific knowledge, he went to Germany in 1814, where he studied com parative anatomy under Döllinger in Würzburg. He also made the acquaintance of Professor Nees of Esenbeck, who exercised a considerable influence over him. In 1817, he went to Königsberg, where, two years after, he was appointed professor of zoology, and charged with the organisation of the zoological museum. In 1834, he was called to St BADI'A-Y-LEBLICH, DOMINGO, known also by Petersburg, and was soon known as one of the most the name Ali-Bei-el-Abbassi, one of the most enter- active members of the Academy (of which he prising of modern travellers, was born at Barcelona, became an honorary member in 1862). April 1, 1767. He studied the Arabic language, naturalist, he has specially occupied himself with and also physical science and mathematics at the difficult subject of embryology; and to his Valentia. Possessed of a lively and restless spirit, laborious investigations we owe several most valuhe formed the project of visiting Africa and Asia, able discoveries in regard to the development of under the disguise of a Mussulman, both for the pur- organic bodies. Beginning with his Epistola de pose of avoiding the suspicions of the natives when Ovi Mimmalium et Hominis Genesi (Leip. 1827), visiting those places forbidden to Christians, and he still further elucidated this subject in his also for giving greater éclat to his adventures. In History of Animal Development (Königsberg, 1828 pursuance of this scheme, therefore, he resigned an 1837) and History of the Development of Fishes office under government in the year 1797, and went to Madrid, to make proposals of a scientific and mercantile tour of exploration in Africa. Having gained promises of support from Don Godoi, the Prince of Peace, he betook himself for a short time to London, to study commerce and politics. He also spared no labour to make himself familiar with the manners and customs of the people he was about to visit; and in his anxiety to escape detection, he even ventured to undergo the severe ordeal of circumcision. In 1803, he sailed for Africa, where he represented himself, under the name Ali-Bei, as a descendant from the Abbasides. His tact and talents gained for him such esteem that he was invited to the court of the Emperor of Fez and Marocco. After a two years' residence in Marocco, he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1805, and after sojourning some time in Tripoli, Cyprus, and Egypt, arrived at the holy place in 1807, being the first Christian that had visited it since the institution of Islam. Subsequently, he visited Jerusalem and the chief places in Palestine and Syria, and in the autumn of 1807

(Leip. 1835). After his return to St Petersburg, he made the polar regions the objects of his study. Setting out (1837), by order of the czar, from St Petersburg on his voyage of exploration, he examined carefully the northern shores of Russia, and published a minute description of these and of their peculiar animals and plants. In 1856 appeared his Reflections on the Russian Empire and the Neigh bouring Countries of Asia. In 1864, the fiftieth year of his doctorate was celebrated by the Esthonian nobility, at whose expense a splendid volume was published, containing B.'s autobiography.

BAE'ZA, a handsome old town of Spain, in the province of Jaen, from the capital city of which it is about 22 miles distant in a north-east direction. Pop. about 12,000. It was here that the younger Scipio routed Asdrubal with immense loss, taking 10,000 Spaniards prisoners. It was a flourishing city under the Moors, several of whose caliphs and kings resided here, but it never fairly recovered its sack by St Ferdinand in the 13th c. Gaspar Becerra, the celebrated sculptor, was born here in 1720; but B. is chiefly proud of being the birthplace

BAFFA-BAGDAD.

of the 11,000 virgins, usually named of Cologne. Its principal buildings are the university, the old monas-trifle), the name of a game somewhat resembling BAGATE'LLE (Fr. signifying primarily any tery of St Philip de Neri, the cathedral, and the billiards. A bagatelle-table is usually about 7 feet Jesuits' college. B. has manufactures of leather. BA'FFA, the Paphos of ancient times, a seaport a game is performed on it with balls and a cue long and 21 inches broad; it is lined with cloth, and town on the south-west coast of the island of or mace. Cyprus. It has now fallen much into decay, and the sport consists in striking one or more into The balls are small ivory spheres, and has but a small population, who trade in cotton, holes at one end of the board. silk, and grain; but under the Venetian rule, it was a place of considerable importance. this and other feats, some skill and experience To perform town occupies the site of New Paphos, which, ing in a cheerful parlour circle. The present are required, and the sport is far from unamusunder the Romans, was a beautiful city, full of bagatelle-tables have become very common in the fine temples and other public buildings. The Old houses of the middle classes of society; they possess Of late years, Paphos, famous as the place where Venus landed the recommendation of being purchasable at a small immediately after her birth from the foam, and as expense. her favourite residence, stood a little to the southeast. A hundred altars were here erected to her in the south-east of Asiatic Turkey. The pachalic name, to which numerous worshippers, male and extends from lat. 30° to 38° N., and from long. 40° to BAGDAD, the name of a town and pachalic female, from New Paphos, trooped annually to pay 48° E.; and is bounded on the N. by the pachalics their devotions. An earthquake in the time of of Diarbekir and Van; on the W. and S., by Syria Augustus destroyed the Roman Paphos, but it was and Arabia; and on the E., by Persia; while at its rebuilt soon afterwards. The Roman deputy-gover- south-east extremity lies the Persian Gulf. Extreme nor, Sergius Paulus, was here converted by St Paul. length, 550 miles; breadth, 350. BA'FFIN'S BAY, a gulf, or rather sea, on the It is watered by the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, north-east coast of North America, extending which unite their streams at the town of Korna, in Pop. 2,000,000. between that continent and Greenland. Lat. 68° lat. 31° N., and long. 47° E. The pachalic of B. is to 78 N., and long. 51° to 80° E. It is about 800 usually divided into three parts. 1. That east of miles long, with an average breadth of 280. greatest depth is 6890 feet. The tides do not (anciently, Susiana) and Kurdistan (part of ancient Its the Tigris, comprehending the districts of Khuzistan rise more than 10 feet. ally towards the south, though recent investiga- fruit. 2. That west of the Euphrates, a sterile The currents are gener- Assyria), the former of which is rich in grain and tions would seem to shew that on the east waste, losing itself at last in the great Syro-Arabian side of Davis' Strait and B. B. a current from desert. Spitzbergen flows northwards round Cape Farewell. northern portion of which is known under the 3. That between the two rivers, the The shores are for the most part lofty and precipit- name of Algesirah, or the Island' (anciently, ous, backed by ranges of snow-clad mountains. The Mesopotamia), and the southern under that of prevailing rocks are granite and gneiss; the princi- Irak-Arabi (anciently, Babylonia and Chaldaæa). pal animals inhabiting the coasts are, on land, bears, The last of these divisions, though now a barren black foxes, and hares; in the sea, the black whale, wilderness, was in ancient times luxuriantly fertile, walrus, and seal, gulls, ducks, and other sea-fowls. the seat of mighty empires, and inhabited by indusThe south shore of Whale Sound on the east coast trious populations. The barbarous misgovernment in lat. 77° 20' N. was found by Captain Inglefield and wretched incapacity of the Turks have reduced in 1852 to be inhabited. There are Danish settle- it to its present condition. The pachalic produces, in ments on Disco and Whale Islands. B. B. communi- the better-cultivated districts, crops of rice, wheat, cates with the Atlantic Ocean by Davis' Strait; and maize, barley, with some hemp, flax, tobacco, &c., with the Arctic Ocean by Smith Sound on the north, while dates are brought to great perfection. The and Lancaster Sound on the west. Strait, which forms the north-west outlet of Lan-hyenas, jackals, wolves, gazelles, ostriches; the chief Wellington chief wild animals are lions-not numerous caster Sound, was entered in 1852 by Sir E. Belcher. domestic ones are horses, asses, mules, buffaloes, B. B. was first explored in 1616 by William Baffin, camels, and dromedaries. after whom it was called, and who was pilot of composed of Turkomans, Armenians, Turks, Jews, the expedition, which was commanded by Bylot. Arabs, and Kurds; the last two of which races are The inhabitants Baffin's title to this honour seems to have been most notorious for their open and audacious depredations, faithfully earned; and the accuracy of his observa- their mutual wars, and their utter contempt for tions and descriptions has been confirmed by subse- the authority attempted to be exercised over them. quent navigators. secuted to a large extent in B. B., which, on account a description of the cities which in ancient times Whale and seal fishing are pro- Principal cities-Bagdad, Bassora, and Mosul. For of ice, is only navigable for some two months in adorned this region, see ASSYRIA, BABYLON, NINEVEH, CTESIPHON, SELEUCIA, &c.

summer.

cane.

BAGASSE, CA'NE-STRAW, or CAʼNETRASH, is the refuse matter obtained during the expression of the saccharine juice from the sugarIn the manufacture of sugar (q. v.), the sugar-canes, in lengths of 3 to 4 feet, are passed between heavy rollers, which only partly squeeze out the juice, and yield the bruised canes, or B., still retaining a large percentage (usually about 18) of sugar. The only use to which the B. is put is as fuel in the heating of the boilers and pans in the sugar-manufactory. The improved apparatus introduced of late years has done much to save the large amount of sugar wasted in the B. and in other parts of the process, which at one time amounted to not less than one-half of the entire quantity of sugar in the sugar-cane.

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are

same name, is situated on both banks_of_the Tigris, in lat. 33° 20′ N., and long, 44° 23′ E. BAGDA'D, the capital of the pachalic of the estimated at 60,000. The city is surrounded by a brick-wall, 5 miles in circumference; the two Pop. parts are connected by a bridge of boats, and the communication is guarded by a citadel. It has an extremely picturesque appearance from the outside, being encircled and interspersed with groves of date-trees, through which one may catch the gleam of domes and minarets; but it does not improve on narrow, crooked, unpaved, and dirty, full of ruts, and strewed with dead carcasses, which, however, closer inspection. The streets are are for the most part removed by dogs, the only public scavengers in the east. The exterior of the

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