BANANA BIRD-BANCROFT.

BANA'NA BIRD (Xanthornus Icterus), a beauti- Europeans and 41,748 natives and Chinese. Gold, ful bird, allied to the Baltimore Bird (q. v.), which iron ore, silver, lead, and amber are found, and the it considerably exceeds in size; a native of the West tin exported to Java for Holland averages 4200 Indies and warm parts of America. Its colours tons. The sales in 1872 had a value of £533,137. are tawny and black, with white bars upon the BA'NCO (It.), a commercial term meaning the wings. It is very lively and active. It is gregari-standard money in which a bank keeps its accounts, ous, and a number of the nests may often be seen near each other, suspended to the extremities of slender branches of trees, so as to be out of the reach of snakes and monkeys. It is often kept in houses to destroy insects. It is very easily domesticated, and delights to be caressed.

BA'NCA, an island north-east of Sumatra, St Paul's Cathedral in 1585. 1° 30-3° 5' S. lat., and 105° 10-106° 53′ E. long., he was admitted D.D. By the Lord Chancellor, has an area of 6883 square miles. Pop. (1871) 153 | Hatton, to whom he was chaplain, he was presented

BAND-BANDEL.

to the rectory of Cottingham, Northamptonshire. applied, the tails are crossed and tied so as to make In 1589 he became a prebendary of St Paul's, in an extemporaneous night-cap. In applying the roller 1592, of Westminster, and in 1594, of Canterbury. Consecrated Bishop of London, May 8, 1597, he attended Queen Elizabeth during her last illness. At the famous Hampton Court Conference under James I., he was one of the chief commissioners on behalf of the Church of England, and took the lead in the disputations. In the convocation of 1603-4, he sat as president. In October 1604, he succeeded Whitgift as Archbishop of Canterbury; and was sworn in one of his majesty's privy council in September 1605, and chancellor of the university of Oxford, 1608. He died November 2, 1610. B. had a high character as a preacher and statesman; and was a vigilant ruler of the church. He is author of two sermons, one of which, preached at St Paul's in 1588, contains a furious invective against the Puritans, and of two treatises respecting church order and discipline. B. left his library to his successors in the see of Canterbury for ever. -His nephew, JOHN B., Bishop of Oxford, 1632, died 1640, built the palace of Cuddesden for the bishops of that see. Burned by the parliament troops, 1644, it was rebuilt, 1679.

BAND, or BANDS, a portion of clerical dress, and the only relic of the ancient amice, a linen vestment which was used in the ancient church to cover the shoulders and neck of the priest. It also forms a part of the full dress of the bar, the universities, and the leading functionaries in schools of old foundation. At Winchester and some other schools, it is even worn by the scholars themselves. The bands worn by lawyers and other civilians, may be a relic of the wide stiff collar which was a part of the ordinary civilian dress in the reign of James I. BAND, in Architecture, is the name given to any kind of ornament which is continued horizontally along a wall, or by which a building is encircled. Bands often consist of foliage, quatrefoils, or of simple bricks. B. of a shaft is the moulding or suits of mouldings by which the pillars and shafts are encircled in Gothic architecture. Several bands are often placed at equal distances on the body of the shaft, when it is long, in which case they are known as shaft-rings.

H

Band of a Shaft.

BANDA, chief town of a district in Bundelcund, in lat. 25° 28' N., and long. 80° 23 E. In 1872, its population was 27,573. It is a great mart for cotton. It is situ

Bandage.

bandage to a leg, the surgeon first turns it round the foot, then round the ankle; and so by repeated turns, each one of which should overlap about a third of the previous one, till he reaches the calf of the leg, when he must fold at each turn the bandage sharply back on itself, by which manœuvre the bandage will lie flat and smooth on the limb. The operator must remember that the bandage must be applied more tightly at the foot than in the leg, so that it may not impede the course of the blood through the veins. This requires to be practised, as the effect of a bandage is always for good or evil as it is well or ill applied.

BA'NDA ISLES, a portion of the Moluccas, habited, about 50 miles to the south of Ceram. consisting of 12 islands, 6 of which are uninPop. (1870) of Banda and Amboyna, 236,737; of the former alone probably about 110,000. Their mean lat. and long. respectively are 4° 30′ S., and 129° 50° E. Their chief production is the nutmeg, the annual export of that spice being about 1,000,000 lbs., with corresponding quantity about one-third-of mace. Like most of the islands in this neighbourhood, they belong to the Dutch. They are lofty and volcanic.

a

BA'NDA ORIENTAL, a state of South America. See URUGUAY.

BANDA'NA, a kind of printed handkerchief of Indian origin, now extensively made in Britain, usually of cotton. The cloth is first dyed Turkey red, and then the pattern is made by discharging the colour with bleaching liquor in a powerful Bramah press. The pattern to be discharged is cut out on two plates of such metal (lead) as may not handkerchief. A dozen or more are put in at once be acted on by the liquor, and of the full size of the between the plates, and so many of these courses are entered together as fill the press, when the ated on the right bank of the Cane or Keyn, pressure is applied, and the liquor is run in on the an affluent of the Jumna, being 95 miles to the to receive it, and holed to pass it from plate_to uppermost plate, which is grooved on the upper side south-west of Allahabad, 560 to the north-west of plate through all the cloth-folds in the press. pressure on the cloth to make clean work by preventing the spreading of the liquor, is enormous. The patterns in the real B. style of printing are spots and diamond prints, the best suited for discharging, and even for these a pressure of 500 tons is required to work them clean. See CALICO PRINTING.

Calcutta, and 190 to the south-east of Agra. The district of B. contains 3030 square miles, and (1872) 697,611 inhabitants.

BA'NDAGES are used by surgeons to apply pressure on a part, or to retain dressings upon wounds. The most common bandage is a strip of linen, calico, or elastic web, from 3 to 5 or more inches in breadth, rolled longitudinally; hence the name roller. There are also B. to suit special purposes, as the four-tailed for the head or knee, which consists of a piece of cloth split up on each side towards and nearly to the centre. When

The

BA'NDEL, ERNST VON, an eminent modern sculp tor, was born in 1800, in Anspach. While attending the academy at Munich, he prosecuted his studies so diligently that in 1820 he sent to the exhibition a plaster figure of Mars reposing, as large as life, which procured for him considerable reputation.

BANDELLO-BANDIERA.

Of various models of this kind done by him, one, waves and currents. Their singular form, and the

a figure of Charity, was executed in marble. This work occupied the artist about ten years. It exhibits great chasteness of design, and a minute carefulness of execution. Among his best portrait busts, in which he excels, are those of Maximilian, king of Bavaria (1832), and of the artists D. Quaglio and Peter Hess. In 1834, he removed to Berlin, where his chief works were a colossal statue of Hermann (q. v.), the foundations of which were laid in 1841, but which was not inaugurated till 1875; a life-size statue of Christ; a life-size statue of Hermann's wife; and a bust of the poet Grabbe. For Hanover, where he has chiefly resided of late years, he has executed the statues of Shakspeare and Goldoni for the theatre, and other works. For Göttingen, he executed a statue of William IV.

BANDELLO, MATTEO, an Italian writer of novelle or tales, was born at Castelnuovo in Piedmont about the year 1480. In early life, he became a Dominican monk, in the Convent delle Grazie at Milan, but soon abandoned this vocation for a more free and independent life. His uncle, who had been elected general of the order in 1501, took him to travel with him; and in Rome and Naples, B. devoted himself to the study of belles-lettres. He then returned to Milan, whence he was driven by the Spaniards, as a partisan of France, after the battle of Pavia in 1525. He accompanied Francis L to France, and was, in 1550, made bishop of Agen by Henry II. He left the care of his diocese to the Bishop of Grasse, in order to be able to devote himself without disturbance to the completion of his tales, which he published in the Italian language in three volumes (Lucca, 1554), to which a fourth was added after his death, which took place in 1561. The tales of B. rank next to those of Boccaccio in Italy. They are distinguished by unaffected simplicity of style, fluency and vividness of narrative, and a harmonious brevity of periods. It must be confessed, however, that they are not unfrequently very impure in tone. B. wrote several other works.

BANDE NOIRE (Black Band') was the name given, during the first French Revolution, to the societies of capitalists who bought the confiscated buildings which had belonged to the church, emigrants, &c. The opprobrious name was fixed on them on account of their vandalism in the destruction of old relics, works of art, churches, convents, abbeys, episcopal residences, &c., many of which possessed both a scientific and historical interest. It has, however, been alleged, on the other hand, that these societies have frequently done considerable service to the community, in removing old and useless edifices, and that their minute subdivision into lots of the old territorial domains, has both favoured agriculture and ameliorated the condition of the people.

beauty of their colours, make them objects of great interest. One species, the Red B. (C. rubescens), not uncommon in the Mediterranean, is occasionally cast ashore by storms on the British coasts. It is about fifteen inches long. Its brilliant appearance, when seen moving in the water, has suggested the names of Fire-flame and Red Ribbon, by which it is known at Nice.

BA'NDICOOT (Perameles), a genus of marsupial 9. v.) quadrupeds, occupying in the zoology of

Australia a place somewhat analogous to that of
shrews (q. v.) in Europe. Their dentition is remark-
able, as they have ten cutting teeth in the upper
jaw, and only six in the lower, the posterior ones of
which are two-lobed: in other respects, it nearly
resembles that of opossums. They have an elongated
head and pointed muzzle; the hind-legs are consi-
derably longer than the fore-legs; the thumb and
little toe of the fore-feet are little more than simple
tubercles, so that there seem to be only three toes;
and there is a fleshy tubercle in place of a thumb on
the hind-feet. Their movements are similar to
those of hares or rabbits. They live on bulbs,
insects, &c., make ravages in potato-fields, and
devour corn in granaries. There are several species.
The Long-nosed B. (P. nasuta) is about a foot and
a half in length from the extremity of the nose to
the origin of the tail, which is not unlike that of
a large rat, but better covered with hair.
chiefly found in the mountainous parts of New
South Wales. P. Gunnii is common in Van
Diemen's Land.

It is

BA'NDICOOT, BA'NDICOOT RAT, MALABA'R RAT, or PIG-RAT (Mus giganteus), the largest known species of rat. The name B. is a corruption of the Telinga pandikoku, literally signi fying pig-rat. The animal inhabits many parts of India, and is plentiful in Ceylon. It is chiefly found in dry situations, and often in hilly districts. It attains the weight of two or three pounds, and is 24-30 inches long, including the tail, which at the base is 2 inches in circumference. The body is BA'NDEROLE, a small streamer thick, and greatly arched, black above, grayish fixed immediately under the crook, below. Its flesh is a favourite article of food with on the top of the staff of a crosier the coolies of India, and is said to be delicate, and (q. v.), and folding over the staff. much to resemble young pork. It feeds chiefly on Also an architectural term for the flat grain and roots, and is very destructive in gardens. inscribed band used in the Renais-Its nests, when rifled, are frequently found to sance buildings, similar to those now contain considerable quantities of rice, stored up against the dry season.'-Sir J. E. Tennent's Ceylon.

Banderole. used for mottoes to coats-of-arms. BA'ND-FISH, or SNA'KE-FISH (Cepola), a genus of fishes of the Ribbon-fish (q. v.) family. The body is much elongated and compressed. The bones are little more solid than a mere fibrous net-work, and everything else exhibits a corresponding delicacy, so that specimens are seldom to be obtained in an uninjured state. All the species inhabit quiet depths, and are incapable of contending with

BANDIE'RA, ATTILIO and EMILIO, two brothers well known for their tragic fate, were descended from a distinguished aristocratic family of Venice, which had once held a place in the red book of the republic. They were lieutenants in the Austrian navy, their father being rear-admiral; but, instead of sharing the pro-Austrian sentiments of their parent, they cherished enthusiastic dreams of the free and

BANDINELLI-BANDOLINE.

boasted that he excelled even the ancients themselves. He also executed statues of some of his patrons; all his works exhibit power, vigour, and skilful drawing, but it is alleged, apparently with considerable truth, that he was too fond of the terrible graces of composition.'

united republic of Italy. In the year 1842, they Gallery are his copies of the group of the Laocoon entered into correspondence with Mazzini, whom a masterly imitation of the antique, in which he they regarded as almost a demigod. Their glowing and enthusiastic patriotism breathes in every line of their letters. Both were noble spirits, ready for any sacrifice, but unfortunately impressed with the delusive idea that their native country could be saved by means of a conspiracy. Emilio, the younger, of a stronger bodily frame, but of a lighter BA'NDIT, a word originally signifying a 'bandisposition, was under the influence of his graverished' or outlawed person; then one who, because and more thoughtful brother. In the year 1843, outlawed, wages war against civilised society; they believed that the time was come for a revolu- and finally, a highway robber. The banditi, or tion by force of arms; but their premature appeal banditti, formed in Italy in earlier times, as it finding no practical response, they fled to Corfu in March 1844, where they endured many bitter dis- mitted to their own stringent laws, carried on were, a separate community or guild, who subappointments and much misery. Hope alone inspired them with life; but at length, misled by and kept up a certain romantic idea of honour. both open and secret war with civilised society, false rumours of a rising in Naples, with which it By means of the severe measures which were is supposed the Neapolitan police had something adopted in 1820 by the papal government against to do, they ventured to land with twenty com- the banditti and their abettors, their haunts were panions at the mouth of the small river Nieto, in broken up. Those who still occasionally disquiet Calabria, believing that their appearance would be the frontiers of Naples are in general people settled the signal for a general insurrection. The Neapolitan on the spot, who regard robbery and murder as government expected them; one of their companions, a certain Boccheciampe, had betrayed Peter the Calabrian, one of the most famous B. equally a branch of their trade with agriculture. them. They were attacked by an overwhelming chiefs in 1812, assumed the titles of Emperor of force, and were nearly all taken prisoners at once. the Mountains, King of the Woods, and Lord of the One only fell on the spot, and two escaped. Nothing Highroads from Florence to Naples. The govern was ever allowed to transpire respecting the trial of ment of Ferdinand I. found themselves obliged to these unfortunate men. Attilio and Emilio were shot along with seven of their comrades in the conclude treaties with him. The banditti must be public square of Cosenza, on the 25th July 1844. distinguished from common robbers, who were called Malviventi. In later times, the banditti were They died joyfully, exclaiming Viva l'Italia!' The public mind had not then become accustomed to joined by adventurers of all kinds, to such an hear of bloody deaths for political causes. extent, that the Austrian troops who occupied of indignation resounded through Europe at this Naples were obliged to make frequent expeditions 'kingly revenge,' as it was called in a conservative against them. In Sicily, the banditti are most numerous in the Val Demone. They formerly paper of the day. A year later, their remaining acquired so much power there, that the Prince of companions were pardoned. The fate of the brothers Villafranca, as a piece of policy, declared himself B. attracted much attention in England, from the their patron, and treated them with much confi circumstance that letters of M. Mazzini, then in dence. In the years 1841-1843, political fugitives London, had been opened in the post-office by united with robbers and adventurers of all kinds authority of government, which was accused of in the Abruzzi, Calabria, and Romagna, and since giving such information to the Italian governments then they have never been entirely extirpated. as enabled them to entrap the insurgents. The revolutions of 1848-1849 added greatly to their numbers, and in several districts of Italy, especially in the States of the Church, between Ferrara and Ancona, they reached an unheard of degree of boldness, notwithstanding the Austrian army of occupation. Under the command of one Bellino (known by the name of 'Il Passatore'), a daring and talented man, who died in March 1851, they kept the country in terror, and even burned several villages to the ground. They also carried on a real guerrilla warfare against the military forces. of the country. Recent events in Italy, have, it is said, recalled numbers of these banditti to a more honourable course of life.

A cry

BANDINE'LLI, BACCIO, the son of a famous goldsmith of Florence, and one of the best sculptors of his time, was born at Florence in 1487. His first instructions were probably received in the workshop of his father, for in those days goldsmiths wrought from their own designs. He was afterwards a pupil of Rustici, and the friend of Leonardo da Vinci. He was an angry and jealous rival of Michael Angelo, whose grandeur of conception he strove to equal, and who is said to have retaliated his enmity by contempt. It must be admitted, however, that we have only prejudiced sources from which to draw our information regarding him. Benvenuto Cellini, whose language is generally passionate and hyperbolical, is his chief accuser, although Vasari also speaks of his proud and envious disposition. Whatever may have been his moral infirmities, it is impossible to deny that, as a sculptor, he was in his day second only to Michael Angelo. His feuds with his brother-artists do not appear to have injured him in the opinions of persons of distinction. He was patronised by Cosmo de' Medici, Charles V., Francis I., Clement VII., and other powerful friends Clement even bestowed on him an estate. He died at Florence, 1559-1560.

His best works are bassi-rilievi, among which are those that adorn the choir of the Duomo at Florence. On the high-altar in the same building is to be seen his Corpse of Christ, supported by an angel, with God the Father, over it. His most ambitious work is Hercules with Cacus at his feet. In the Medicean

BANDOLEE'R, or BANDALEE'R. Two centuries ago, soldiers' muskets were provided with matchlocks, a very slow and ineffective contrivance for firing. The musketeers were furnished with gunpowder in small cylindrical boxes made of wood, tin, or leather, each containing sufficient for one charge. Twelve of these little boxes were fixed to a belt called a bandoleer, worn over the left shoulder. In what way these were superseded by a superior arrangement, will be found noticed under CARTRIDGE.

BA'NDOLINE is a mucilaginous substance used for stiffening hair, and keeping it in shape or form. It is much used by ladies in the present prevailing mode of wearing the hair, and by gentlemen, to dress their moustaches. The usual receipt for making the B. sold in the shops is to boil Carrageen

(q. v.) or Irish-moss with water till a thick mucilage is obtained, which is afterwards scented with Eau de Cologne or other perfumed spirit; a second mode of preparing B. is to soak quince-seeds in cold water for a day or two, then strain, and add perfume; and a third process is to heat gum tragacanth with water, and when a mucilage is obtained, add the scent.

BANDON. See SUPP., Vol. X.

BANDO'NG, a commercial town on the west coast of Java, in the vicinity of the volcano Gunong Guntour, by an eruption of which eighty villages were destroyed in 1822.

BANFFSHIRE.

a mile to the east. The chief exports are corn, cattle, salmon, and herrings. In 1872, 429 vessels of 70,386 tons, entered the port. Pop. (1871) 7439 in B., and 3407 in Macduff. În 1873-1874, valued rental, £9947 in B., and £5021 in Macduff. B., with Elgin, Cullen, Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead, sends one member to parliament. Robert II., in 1372, made B. a royal burgh. Archbishop Sharp of St Andrews was born here in 1613. Macpherson, a noted robber, was executed here in 1700. Some houses and much property in B. were destroyed by the August flood in the Doveran in 1829.

shire.

BANFFSHIRE, a county in the north-east of BANDS, MILITARY, consist each of a body of Scotland, bounded N. by the Moray Firth; E., S.E., skilled musicians, attached to a regiment in the and S. by Aberdeenshire; W., by Elgin and InverBritish service. According to military regulations, ness shires. It stands thirteenth among the Scotch the only indispensable instruments are drums, fifes, counties in size, and fourteenth in population. Its bugles, and trumpets, all of which are employed to greatest length is about 68 miles, its greatest breadth give signals on the march or in active service, either about 32-average 12; its extent of sea-coast about for infantry or for cavalry. To supplement this 30; estimated area, 686 square miles. The surface, meagre musical establishment, however, the officers especially in the south and south-east, is mounof regiments organise, chiefly at their own cost, tainous, interspersed with fertile valleys and fine effective military bands, who use a variety of instru- pastures; but the surface near the coast is comments such as flutes, clarionets, bassoons, horns, paratively level. The chief mountain-ranges, rivers, ophicleides, big drums, cymbals, triangles, &c. This and strike of the stratified rocks, run from southarrangement has assumed almost the force of west to north-east, and the whole county is an a regulation; for officers above the rank of subaltern extensive slope in the same direction, from the are obliged to contribute a sum not exceeding Grampians to the Moray Firth, into which the twelve days' pay in the course of a year, and an rivers flow. The coast is rocky, but not high, extra sum when promoted, to the band-fund. The except to the east of Banff. The highest peaks are members of these bands are selected from the ranks; the North Cairngorm, 4083 feet; Ben-a-main, 3874; but the band-master, though in uniform, is often Ben Rinnes, 2763; Corryhabbie, 2569; Knock, a civilian who is hired for the purpose, and who 1416. Ben Macdhui, 4295 feet, is partly in Banffgenerally refuses to accompany the regiment abroad, The chief rivers are the Spey, which bounds except at an increased rate of remuneration. The a third of the county on the west; and the Doveran, musicians, generally, are in an anomalous position; 60 miles long, and mostly included within the for, whilst serving in the band, their pay, and county. The predominant rocks are granite, quartz eventually their pensions, are restricted to those rock, mica-slate, clay-slate, syenitic greenstone, of the private soldier. Good musicians have at graywacke, graywacke-slate, old red sandstone with all times a tendency to quit the B.; their better fossil fishes, metamorphic limestone, and serpentine. prospects as teachers, and players in orchestras and The serpentine near Portsoy has long been famous concerts, induce them to obtain release by paying as the Portsoy Marble.' Beryl and rock-crystal the amount of compensation prescribed by regulation. occur on Cairngorm. Lead, iron, antimony, and An attempt made by the Duke of Cambridge in 1856, plumbago occur in small quantity. The soil in to relieve the commissioned officers of part of the many parts is very fertile, and highly cultivated. In 1874, a third of the surface of B. was in crop, expense entailed upon them by the present system, failed, except as regards subalterns, and, with that the chief crops being oats, turnips, and grass. The exception, matters remained as they were. In most breeding of cattle is the chief object of the farmer. of the regiments of the line, the band consists In 1874, B. had 7098 horses, 44,540 cattle, 53,509 of a band-master and about fifteen musicians; B. are weaving, bleaching, tanning, distilling, and sheep, and 3576 pigs. The chief manufactures of but in the choice corps the number is often much larger. The band plays on parade and at celebrated. The chief exports are grain, meal, and artificial manures. Glenlivet whisky has long been mess, as a part of regular duty. When M. B. play at festivals, concerts, &c., by permission of cattle. There are twelve fishing towns and villages the commanding-officer,' the payment goes to the along the coast. The herring-fishery is extensively musicians; and the chance of obtaining these fees Doveran are very valuable, the Spey ranking after carried on. The salmon-fisheries of the Spey and is one of the inducements to the men to remain in a the Tweed and Tay as a salmon-river. B. is service which has very few attractions in relation to the actual regular amount of pay. The bands of the divided into the districts of Enzie, Boyne, Strathisla, three regiments of foot-guards-Grenadier, Cold-Strathdoveran, Balveny, Glenlivet, and Strathavon. stream, and Scots Fusilier-are very frequently Portsoy, Keith, Cullen, Buckie, Dufftown, and The chief towns and villages are Banff, Macduff, engaged in this way during the London season. Tomantoul. Pop. in 1871, 62,023, with 107.7 females to every 100 males; 84-79 per cent. of the children between the ages of 5 and 13 were receiving education. There are 23 civil parishes in the county, and 81 places of worship (of which 33 belong to the Established Church, and 24 to the Free Church). Valued rental of county, £205,919. The parliamentary constituency in 1875-1876 was 2501. B., along with the counties of Aberdeen and Elgin, enjoys the Dick Bequest (q. v.) for parochial education. Two-thirds of B. belong to four landed proprietors. The county returns one member to parliament, and Banff and Cullen unite with Elgin, Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead in returning another. B.

BA'NEBERRY. See ACTÆA.

BANFF (pron. Bamf), the capital of Banffshire, a seaport in the north of the county, on the left bank of the mouth of the Doveran, 45 miles by road, and 50 by rail, north-north-west of Aberdeen. It forms a higher or inland town, and a lower or sea town, on the Moray Firth. On a height between the towns are some remains of a royal castle, on the site of which is now a large house-the 'Castle.' To the east of B. is Duff House, the seat of the Earl of Fife, with a large park. The harbour is liable to be sanded up. A seven arched bridge over the Doveran unites B. with the seaport of Macduff, half