BAYAZID-BAYEUX TAPESTRY. on his entry into Paris, he was hailed as the saviour of his country, was made knight of the order of St Michael, and appointed over a company of 100 men, led in his own name, an honour which until then had been confined to princes of the blood-royal. He was slain by an arrow from an arquebuss, while crossing the Sesia, April 30, 1524. So highly was he esteemed for all noble qualities, that his death was lamented not only by the French king and nation, but also by his enemies. His love of virtue, especially of that kingliest of virtues, justice, was so passionate, that he was wont to declare that all empires, kingdoms, and provinces where justice did not rule, were mere forests filled with brigands. His body was taken by the enemy, but was restored to France, and interred in the church of the Minorites' monastery, near Grenoble. BAYAZI'D, or BAYEZEE'D, a town of Turkish Armenia, in the pashalic of Erzeroum, from which place it is distant east-south-east about 150 miles. It is situated about 15 miles to the south-west of the foot of Mount Ararat; is fortified; and has a population of about 5000, mostly Kurds. Prior to 1830, its population was estimated at upwards of 15,000, and it had a brisk trade; but since that time, on account of Russian interference, its commerce and inhabitants have gradually decreased. B. has repeatedly been the scene of conflict between Russians and Turks; and at the close of the war of 1877-78, Russia demanded the cession of B. by Turkey. BAYAZI'D I. See BAJAZET. BAY'BERRY. See CANDLEBERRY. BA'YER, JOHANN, a German constructor of charts of the stars, was born, either at Augsburg or at Rhain, in Bavaria, in the latter part of the 16th c., and fulfilled the duties of a Protestant pastor in several places. His zeal for the Protestant Church was so conspicuous that he obtained the cognomen, Os Protestantium (the Mouth of Protestants); other accounts state that he was an advocate at Augsburg. It matters little which, as he is now remembered only on account of his Uranometria (1603, and 2d ed. 1639), in which he gave 51 maps of the heavens, constructed from the observations of his predecessors, and followed by explanations in his Explicatio Caracterum Eneis Tabulis Insculptorum (Stras. 1624). Although his maps are not remarkable for accuracy, even for his time, he has the merit of introducing the simple plan of distinguishing the stars of a constellation by means of letters. The largest star of the constellation he named by the first letter of the Greek alphabet (a), and the rest in the order of their apparent brilliancy, by the following letters. This convenient plan is still followed. BAYEUX, a city of Normandy, in France, dep. Calvados, situated on the Aure, not far from its mouth. Pop. (1872) 7716. B. is chiefly built of wood and plaster, is famous for its porcelain, and has also manufactories of lace, linen, calicoes, leather, and hats. It is a town of great antiquity-its cathedral being said to be the oldest in Normandy. In it was preserved for centuries the famous Bayeux Tapestry (q. v.), now in the Hôtel de Ville of the place. B. is the seat of a bishop, and has a college. BAYEUX TA'PESTRY, a web of canvas or linen cloth, 214 feet long by 20 inches wide, preserved in the public library, Bayeux, upon which is embroidered, in woollen thread of various colours, a representation of the invasion and conquest of England by the Normans. Tradition asserts it to be the work of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, and it is believed that if she did not actually stitch the whole of it with her own hand, she at least took part in, and directed the execution of it by her maids; and afterwards presented it to the cathedral of Bayeux, as a token of her appreciation of the effective assistance which its bishop, Odo, rendered to her husband at the battle of Hastings. Some antiquaries contend that it was the work not of Queen Matilda (the wife of the Conqueror), who died in 1083, but of the Empress Matilda (the daughter of 6 King Henry I.), who died in 1167. According to Mr Bruce, the latest authority on the subject, the tapestry contains, besides the figures of 505 quadrupeds, birds, sphinxes, &c., the figures of 623 men, 202 horses, 55 dogs, 37 buildings, 41 ships and boats, and 49 trees-in all, 1512 figures.' The tapestry is divided into 72 distinct compartments, each representing one particular historical occurrence, and bearing an explanatory Latin inscription. A tree is usually chosen to divide the principal events from each other. This pictorial history-for so it may be called, and indeed, in several particulars, it is more minute than any written history we BAYEUX TAPESTRY-BAYLE. have-opens with Harold, prior to his departure for Normandy, taking leave of Edward the 08 Bayeux Tapestry. The crown offered to Harold by the people. Confessor. Harold is next observed, accompanied by his attendants, riding to Bosham with his hawk and hounds; and he is afterwards seen, successively, embarking from the Sussex coast; anchoring in France and being made prisoner by Guy, Earl of Ponthieu; redeemed by William Duke of Normandy, and meeting with him at his court; assisting him against Conan, Earl of Bretagne; swearing on the sacred relics never to interfere with William's succession to the Saxon throne, &c.; and finally re-embarking for England. The tapestry then represents Harold narrating the events of his journey to Edward the Confessor, whose death and funeral obsequies we next see. Harold then receives the crown from the Saxon people, and ascends the throne; and next we have the news brought to William, who takes counsel with his half-brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, as to the invasion of England. Then follow representations of the active war-preparations of the Normans; their embarkation; disembarkation; march to Hastings, and formation of a camp there; the battle, and death of Harold, with which the tapestry finishes. The B. T. gives an exact and minute portraiture of the manners and customs of the times; and it has been remarked that the arms and habits of the Normans are identical with those of the Danes, as they appear in the miniature paintings of a manuscript of the time of King Chut, preserved in the British Museum. M. Lancelot appears to have been the first to direct attention to the existence of this curious monument, by a description of an illuminated drawing of a portion of it he had discovered, in a paper presented to the Academy of Inscriptions and BellesLettres, in 1724. This led to the discovery of the tapestry itself, in the Bayeux Cathedral, by Père Montfaucon, who published an engraving of it in 1730, with a commentary on the Latin inscriptions. In 1767, Dr Ducarel gave an account of it in his Anglo-Norman Antiquities. From that time until 1803, when Napoleon had it conveyed to Paris, the B. T. excited little attention. Its exhibition, however, in the National Museum there awakened public curiosity concerning it, and gave rise to various speculations as to its age, intention, &c. The discussion satisfactorily established it to be what tradition asserted it a contemporary pictorial record of the events of the Norman Conquest. The Society of Antiquaries (London) published an engraving of the whole in the sixth volume of the Vetusta Monumenta. The B. T. would have been destroyed at the Revolution, had not a priest fortunately succeeded in concealing it from the mob, who demanded it to cover the guns. It was formerly preserved in the cathedral of Bayeux, where it was wont to be exhibited, on certain days every year, in the nave of the church, round which it exactly went. Bruce's Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated (London, 1855); Archaeologia, vols. xvii., xviii., xix.; Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi.; Pictorial History of England. BAYLE, PIERRE, one of the most independent thinkers in the 17th c., was born in 1647 at Carlat, in the old county of Foix, France, and studied philosophy under the Jesuits at Toulouse. The arguments of his tutors, but especially his friendly intercourse and quiet disputation with a Catholic clergyman, who lived in his neighbourhood, led him to doubt the orthodoxy of Protestantism, and shortly prevailed so far that he openly renounced his father's creed, and adopted the Catholic one. In the course of about 17 months, however, the conversation of his relatives brought him back to the Protestant profession. To escape ecclesiastical censure, he now went to Geneva, and thence to Coppet, where he studied the philosophy of Descartes. After a few years, he returned to France, and in 1675 was elected to fill the chair of philosophy in the university of Sedan. In this office he remained until 1681, when the university was disfranchised. His next appointment was that of professor of philosophy at Rotterdam. The appearance of a comet in 1680 having given occasion to a widely spread alarm, B., in 1682, published his Pensées Diverses sur la Comète, a work full of learning, and treating, in discursive style, many topics of metaphysics, ethics, theology, history, and politics. This was followed by his Critique Générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme de Maimbourg.' In 1684, he commenced a periodical, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres. The religious persecutions in France gave B. occasion to write his Commentaire Philosophique sur ces Paroles de l'Evangile: Contrains les d'entrer,' which professed itself to be a translation from the English, and contained_a strong defence of the principle of toleration. In BAYLEN-BAYONNE. consequence of the accusations brought forward by the theologian, Jurieu, who regarded B. as an agent of France, and the enemy of Protestants, B., though he skilfully defended himself, was deprived of his licence to teach (in 1693). He now assiduously devoted his leisure to the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (1st edition, 2 vols. Rotterd., 1696-last edition, 16 vols., Paris, 1820). This was the first work published under his own name. Again Jurieu came forward as B.'s adversary, and induced the consistory of Rotterdam to censure the Dictionary, chiefly on account of the supposed irreligious tendency of the article on 'David, and the commendation bestowed on the moral character of certain atheists. B. promised to expunge all the objectionable matter; but afterwards, when he found that the public entertained a different and more favourable opinion of the peculiar passages than the Rotterdam Consistory, he judged it best to allow them to remain as they were, or made only slight alterations. New opponents were called into the arena by his Réponse aux Questions d'un Provincial, and the continuation of his Pensées sur la Comète. Jacquelot and Leclerc now attacked his religious opinions, while others persecuted him as the enemy of Protestantism and of his adopted country, Holland. These literary and theological controversies had a bad effect on his failing health, and a disease, for which he refused to employ medical aid, proved fatal. He died, December 28, 1706. as the protest of the enlightened human intellect against the irrational dogmatism of the churches. In his personal character, B. was amiable, obliging, disinterested, and modest, but at the same time morally courageous and independent. His Œuvres Diverses were published in four volumes at the Hague, 1725-1731. See life of B. by Des Maizeaux (Amsterdam, 1712), and by Feuerbach (1838). BAYLE'N, a town in the province of Jaen (Andalusia), Spain, situated 22 miles N.N.E. of Jaen. It has manufactures of linen, glass, bricks, tiles, soap, &c. Pop. 8000. B. is celebrated as the place where the Spaniards won their first and only victory over the French in July 1808, and that more by accident, and the errors of the French commander, Dupont, than by good generalship on their part. About 18,000 French soldiers laid down their arms at B., the only condition being, that they should be sent to France; and other detachments of French troops afterwards offered their submission. The Spaniards, however, basely broke faith with them, and sent them to the hulks at Cadiz. the French arms. Joseph Bonaparte at once fled The capitulation had the worst effect on from Madrid, and Napoleon could find no words strong enough to express his indignation at the folly and pusillanimity of the surrender. BA'YONET, supposed to be named from Bayonne, as the place of its invention, is a dagger or small spear fixed at the end of a musket or similar weapon. The first bayonets, used in France in 1671, called bayonetsa-manche, had handles which fitted into the muzzle of the guns; but at a later date were introduced the bayonets-à-douille, or socket-bayonets, having a socket which enabled the B. so to be used as not to interrupt the firing. The use of pikes went out when that of bayonets came in. It seems very probable that the first B. was a dagger, which the musketeer stuck by means of its handle into the muzzle of his weapon, to shield him from a cavalry charge; and that the usefulness of the contrivance suggested a permanent arrangement. Bayonets are now made with great rapidity at the government rifle factory at Enfield. Two pieces of metal are first selected-viz., a piece of the very best cast steel, 7 inches long by inch square; and a piece of the best wrought-iron rod, 4 inches long by about 1 inch in thickness. The steel is to form The B. stands at the head of modern sceptics and logicians. Accustomed to view every question scrupulously on all sides, he was apparently led to doubt on religious matters generally; at least, it is not to be denied that his scepticism carried him the length of doubting the worth or the wisdom of the religious dogmatism that ruled both Catholics and Protestants in his day. B. was thus the antithesis of a bigot, but his hostility to bigotry rather originated in his indifference to the doctrines about which theologians quarrelled, than in any clear or high perception of the iniquity of religious persecution. With great eloquence and persistency, he vindicated the doctrine that moral characteristics and convictions may exist and flourish independently of particular religious opinions; and considering the barbarous manner in which the rival churches in B.'s time sought to enforce conformity of sentiment, and crush the liberty of private judgment, it is not to be wondered at that this doctrine, however objectionable abstractly, should have found a wide acceptance in Europe. Voltaire calls him a more admirable logician than a profound philosopher;' and adds that he knew almost nothing of physics.' This probably means no more than that he was ignorant of the then recent discoveries of Newton; for the scientific articles in the Dictionary presuppose a knowledge of the theories of Descartes (q. v.), with which he was conversant enough. The style of B. is clear and natural, but diffuse, and often impure. The articles in the Dictionary seem to have been chosen merely as vehicles to introduce numerous digressions in notes, many of which are prolix and uninteresting; but the greater number of the articles are characterised by good sense, logic, critical acumen, and great learning. Though it is impossible to detect the BAYONNE, one of the most strongly fortified presence of a religious or a philosophical system in towns of France, in the department of the Bassesthe work, it everywhere gives indications of the Pyrénées, situated at the confluence of the Adour and high intelligence, honest principle, and universal Nive, about 3 miles from the mouth of their united knowledge of the author. It was proscribed both waters in the Bay of Biscay. These rivers divide in France and Holland, and was consequently very the town into three parts-Great and Little B., widely diffused in both countries, and has exercised and the suburb of St Esprit. Population in 1872, an immense influence over the literature and philos- 17,977. B. is beautifully situated at the foot ophy of the continent. It was the dawn of scepti- of the Pyrenees, and is itself a handsome place. cism in the 18th c., and may be historically regarded It has extensive ship-yards, rope-walks, glass the blade, and the iron, the socket-handle. BAY-SALT-BAZOCHE. manufactories, sugar-refineries, and distilleries, and a brisk export trade in hams, for which it is famous, chocolate, liqueurs, timber, tar, and cork. Its chief imports are wool, olive-oil, and liquorice. It is the see of a bishop, has a cathedral, a mint, and schools of commerce and navigation. B. is also historically interesting. It is said that here Catharine de' Medici and the Duke of Alba planned the massacre of the Huguenots, which took place on St Bartholomew's Day, 1572. Here the great Napoleon cozened Charles IV. out of the crown of Spain, after he had ineffectually endeavoured to get Ferdinand VII., to whom Charles had previously resigned it, to give it up. The forcing of the passage of the Nive, immediately in this vicinity, by the British, in December 1813, occasioned some of the most bloody conflicts of the Peninsular campaign. The place was invested by the British early in the following year, and a sally from it by the French, in April 14, was only repulsed after great loss on the side of the British. B. is also famous as the place where the bayonet was invented about the year 1670. BAY'-SALT is a name applied to common salt which is obtained from sea-water by solar evaporation. It is extensively obtained from salt-marshes which exist along the coasts of France and on the shores of the Mediterranean. See SALT. BAZAINE, FRANÇOIS ACHILLE, a marshal of France, born 13th Feb. 1811. Entering the army in 1831, he served with distinction in Algeria, in Spain, in the Crimea, and in the Italian campaign of 1859. He took part in the French expedition to Mexico in 1862, and from 1863 till the end of the war held supreme command of the French forces. When in Africa in 1836 he had gained the cross of the Legion of Honour; in 1856 he had been promoted to be Commander of the Legion; in 1863 he received the Grand Cross; and in 1869 he was made commanderin-chief of the Imperial Guard. At the outbreak of the great war with Germany, B. was at the head of the 3d army corps near Metz. After the battles of Wörth and Forbach he took command of the main French armies, and on Aug. 14, 1870, began a retreat from Metz. Defeated at Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte, he retired within the fortifications of Metz, which was immediately invested by Prince Frederick Charles. Attempts to escape failing, B. capitulated Oct. 27; when 3 marshals, over 6000 officers, and 173,000 men laid down their arms and became prisoners of war. In 1873 B. was tried by a courtmartial, and sentenced to degradation and death for having failed to do his duty. The sentence was commuted to 20 years' imprisonment. But in 1874 B. contrived to escape from the fortress on the Ile Ste Marguerite, on the S. coast, where he was then confined, and ultimately made his way to Madrid. BAY-WINDOW, or (corruptly) BOW-WI'NDOW, a window peculiar to Gothic architecture, so called because it forms a bay or projecting space BAZAR, or BAZAA'R, an oriental marketoutwards from a room. The external walls of bay-place, either open or covered, where various articles, windows are, for the most part, either rectangular or including slaves, are exposed for sale, and where polygonal, the semicircular form from which the term eastern merchants meet for transaction of business, bow was probably derived having been unknown as on 'Change or at the Bourse in England and previously to the introduction of the debased Gothic. France. In European cities, handsome establishments, especially for the sale of fancy goods, are now often styled bazars. Bay-Window, at Compton, Wingate, Warwickshire. Though mentioned by Chaucer, bay-windows are not found in any of the styles before the perpendicular, during the prevalence of which they were frequently introduced, particularly in halls. Baywindows generally reach to the floor, and are frequently supplied with a seat, which is called the bay-stall. There are many very beautiful examples of bay-windows in the colleges and halls of Oxford and Cambridge. When used in upper stories, such windows are supported on corbels, or large projecting mouldings. See ORIEL. BA'ZA (the Basti of the Romans), a town of Spain, in the province of Granada, and about 50 miles east-north-east of the city of that name. It lies in a rich plain, is generally ill built and irregular, with no feature of architectural interest. Population about 11,000, who are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. BAZARD, AMAND, a French socialist, was born at Paris 19th September 1791. After the Restoration he helped to found the revolutionary society of the Friends of Virtue ;' and in 1820, an association of French Carbonari (q.v.), which soon had 200,000 members. He was the leading conspirator in the plot of Befort.' After some time, B., impressed with the necessity of a total reconstruction of society, attached himself to the school of St Simon. In 1825 he became one of the editors of a St Simonian journal, termed Le Producteur. In 1828, he delivered at Paris a series of prelections on his politico-religious creed, which met with extraordinary success. His socialistic views were afterwards published in the chefd'œuvre of the sect, Exposition of the Doctrine of St Simon (1828-1830), of which only the first part was by B., the second, containing the principles of the new social religion, being the composition of Enfantin. After the July revolution, a larger scope was afforded to the St Simonians. The masses were attracted by the flattering doctrine, that 'all social institutions ought to have for their end the moral, intellectual, and physical amelioration of the poor. In a short time, B. and his coadjutors had created a new society, living in the midst of the old,' with peculiar laws, manners, and doctrines. But B.'s connection with it was of short duration. He differed from Enfantin on the doctrine of a community of wives,' and in November 1831 seceded in disgust. His efforts to found a school of his own proved unsuccessful, and during a heated discussion with his former friend Enfantin, he was struck with apoplexy, from the effects of which he never recovered. He died at Courtry, near Montfermeil, on the 29th July 1832. 6 BAZOCHE, or BASOCHE, a kind of burlesque translation into French of the Latin word basilica, i. e., royal palace. When the French parliament BDELLIUM-BEACON. whilst the SICILIAN B., formerly used in medicine, is produced by Daucus gummifer, a species of the same genus to which the carrot belongs, growing on the coasts of the Mediterranean. The B. mentioned in Gen. ii. 12 is probably not a gum-resin at all; but what it is, is uncertain. BEA'CHES, RAISED. Modern geology teaches that the frame of the land is liable to risings and depressions, even in the present age. Several districts in different parts of the world have been raised, in consequence of earthquakes, within the remembrance of the present generation. There is good proof that certain parts of Eastern Sweden, bordering on the Gulf of Bothnia, have been elevated about three feet within the last hundred years. These facts prepare us to learn that, around the British Islands, and in other parts of the earth, there are tracts of ground at various elevations above the present sea-level, which have evidently been sea-B. at a former time. The evidences consist of, first, the levelness of the ground in the general direction of the present shores over considerable spaces; second, the alternating beds of sand and gravel, such as we see composing the present B.; and, third, the presence of marine shells, which, in our country, are generally of species now living in the boreal seas. There are also what may be called terraces of erosion-indentations made in a rocky coast by the lip of the sea in ancient times-usually consisting of a flat platform ceased to be the grand council of the king, and confined itself exclusively to administering justice, a distinction of name necessarily sprang up between those noblemen who formed the royal train and the habitués of the court of justice. The former were called courtiers; the latter, basochians, or parliamentary clerks. But inasmuch as the word basilica necessarily presupposed a king, the basochians, to keep up their dignity, gathered round a mock one of their own making, who resided at the Château des Tournelles or the Hôtel St Pol, just as the courtiers did round the reality at the Louvre. Such was the origin of the Basochian king and kingdom. Their historical existence can be traced to the beginning of the 14th c., when Philip the Fair conferred on the brotherhood certain privileges. The principal authorities in this harmless monarchy, after the sovereign himself, were, the chancellor, the masters of requests, the referendary; and the attorney-general. Henry III. suppressed the title of king, and conferred all the privileges and rights attached to that office on the chancellor. Still the B. continued to exist as a kingdom, minus its head, and affected on all occasions the language of royalty. Its jurisdiction included the consideration and decision of all processes and debates that arose among the clerks. It administered justice twice a week, and also caused a species of coin to be struck which had currency among its members; but if we are to judge from the proverb about la monnaie de basoche, it did not enjoy an immense credit in the outer world of hard cash. The mock-presenting patches of gravel, and of a backing wall monarch also possessed the extensive privilege of selecting at his pleasure, yearly, from the French royal forests, a tall tree, which his subjects, the clerks, were in the habit of planting, on the 1st of May, before the grand court of the palace, to the sound of tambourines and trumpets. But this was not all. In the public sports, this fantastical little kingdom was worthily honoured; its chancellor had rooms at the Hôtel de Bourgogne; at the carnival, the basochians joined themselves to the corps of the Prince of Fools, and to the performers of low farces and mysteries. They acted in their turn a species of satirical 'morality (q. v.), in which they made extensive use of the liberty granted to them, in ridiculing vices and the favourites of fortune. Of course, they could not fail to provoke enmity and occasion serious scandal. Louis XII. patronised these amusements. In 1500, he gave the brotherhood of the B. permission to perform plays in the grand saloon of the royal palace. Francis I. witnessed them in 1538; but in 1540, they were interdicted as incorrigible. This interdict only applied to those of Paris, for several years after, we read of the Basochian farces of Bordeaux. In their later development, they seem to have resembled the Fastnachtspiele (Shrove Tuesday Plays), so popular in Germany both before and after the Reformation. They were the beginning of French comedy. BDE'LLIUM, a gum-resin, resembling myrrh (q. v.) in appearance and qualities, but weaker, and at the same time more acrid. High medicinal virtues were ascribed to it by the ancients, but it is now little used. It is supposed to be the produce of Balsamodendron Roxburghii in India, and of B. Africanum (also called Hendelotia Africana) in Senegal-trees or shrubs belonging to the natural order Amyridaceae (q. v.), so remarkable for the number of similar substances which it produces.-EGYPTIAN B., however, is obtained from the Doom (q. v.) palm, Hyphane Thebaica. A similar substance is yielded also by Ceradia furcata, a half-succulent plant of the natural order Composite, inhabiting the most sterile regions of the south-west of Africa; or sea-cliff, the latter sometimes penetrated with deep caves. In Scotland, there is a very decided terrace of erosion all round the bold coasts of the West Highlands and Western Islands, at an elevation of about 25 feet above the level of the similar, but scarcely so well-marked indentation which the sea is now making. In Lapland, there is a similar terrace, but stooping from 220 to 85 feet in the well-marked terrace of the same kind, at about 520 course of thirty miles. There is also a clear and feet above the present sea-level, behind Trondhjem in Norway. The whole subject is treated elaborately in Ancient Sea-margins, by R. Chambers, 1848, where a series of gravelly terraces are described as existing in Scotland at various heights above the sea, telling of an uprise of the frame of the land in stages, and indicating by their uniformity of level that this movement was equable. BEACHY HEAD, the loftiest headland on the south coast of England, projecting into the English Channel, 2 miles south-south-west of Eastbourne, Sussex. It consists of perpendicular chalk-cliffs, 564 feet high, forming the east end of the South Downs. Several caverns have been cut out in the rock, for shipwrecked seamen to take refuge in; but shipwrecks have been far fewer since 1828, when the Bell Tont Light-house was built here. This lighthouse is 285 feet above the sea, in lat. 50° 44′ 24′′ N., long. 0° 12′ 42′′ E., and is seen above 20 miles off. The view from B. H., in clear weather, extends to Hastings, the Isle of Wight, and France. The cliffs are the resort of myriads of sea-fowl. Off this point, the French fleet beat the combined English and Dutch fleets in 1690. BEA'CON (allied to beck or beckon, to give a signal) denotes any signal set upon a height, but especially the alarm-fires at one time used to spread the intelligence of foreign invasion or other great event. These fire-signals were in use in the earliest times, and notices of them are found in the literary remains of ancient Persia, Palestine, and Greece. They were made by kindling a pile or bale of wood on the tops of lofty mountains, and keeping the flame bright by night, or having the fire so covered |