Long-term Worldwide Effects of Multiple Nuclear-weapons Detonations

50 percent amount animals aquatic organisms areas assumed atm-cm atmospheric average BEIR benthic Biologic Effects biota calculations chemical chromosomal CIAP Monograph climatic change Committee considered crops Crustacea damage decrease distribution dose commitment dose rate ecological environmental erythema estimates expected exposed fallout Figure fish freshwater gamma genetic effects global human impact increase in uv-B injection ionizing radiation irradiation latitude levels long-term magnitude major marine environment mutation rate northern hemisphere nuclear detonations nuclear exchange nuclear explosions nuclides occur ocean ozone column ozone depletion ozone reduction particles perturbation photosynthesis plants population predicted processes produce rad/min radiation dose radiation exposure radioactive radionuclides range relatively result sediment sensitive significant skin cancer skin-cancer incidence snow blindness soil solar uv southern species stratosphere stratospheric ozone Strontium-90 studies sunburn surface Table temperature tion total ozone tropopause troposphere U.S. AEC ultraviolet radiation uv radiation uv-B uv-B exposure wavelengths yield