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thirteenth century, it is obvious that the latter were a distinctly heavier burden on society and that they formed a more tightly knit and self-conscious body, one better able to act in its own interests, yet more alien to the society which it dominated.

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260 - Page 7
de R. Stephen Humphreys - 1977 - 504 pages
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Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350

Janet L. Abu-Lughod - 1991 - 466 pages

...this way: "If one compares the armies of twelfth century Syria... with the Mamluk forces of the later thirteenth century, it is obvious that the latter...yet more alien to the society which it dominated." 25. It would not be until the nineteenth century, with the digging of the Suez Canal by the French...

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