utility, furnish us with but few examples of their use. The reason, I believe, is, that the epochs of the subjects on which they treat do not require to be determined with the same precision as common incidents. A VIEW OF THE COMPARATIVE OR DOUBLE COMPOUND TENSES. INFINITIVE. Avoir eu porté, to have carried. PARTICIPLE. Ayant eu porté, having carried. INDICATIVE. PAST COMPARATIVE, OR PRESENT DOUBLE COMPOUND. J'ai eu porté, &c. I have carried, &c. PAST COMPARATIVE ANTERIOR, OR IMPERFECT DOUBLE COMPOUND. J'avais eu porté, &c. I had carried, &c. PAST COMPARATIVE ANTERIOR PERIODICAL, OR PAST COMPARATIVE POSTERIOR, OR FUTURE DOUBLE J'aurai eu porté, &c. I shall have carried, &c. CONDITIONAL. PAST COMPARATIVE, OR present double compound. J'aurais eu porté, &c. I should have carried, &c. SUBJUNCTIVE. PAST COMPARATIVE, OR PRESENT DOUBLE COMPOUND. Que j'aie eu porté, &c. that I may have carried, &c. PAST COMPARATIVE ANTERIOR, OR IMPERFECT DOUBLE COMPOUND. Que j'eusse eu porté, &c. that I might have carried, &c. CONVERSATION XI. OF PREPOSITIONS. Scholar. What is a preposition? Master. It is a word placed between two other words, to point out or express a relation between the ideas denoted by those two words. S. What do you mean by a relation between two ideas? M. A relation or correspondence, which renders them mutually necessary, and which is pointed out by the word called preposition. When, for instance, I say, Alexander was the son of Philip, in this sentence there is evidently a relation between Alexander and Philip, which is, that the former is the son of the latter: the preposition of points it out. The relation which the mind perceives between ideas has its foundation, or prototype, in Nature, the objects of which are dependant upon one another; thus the universe supposes a creator, a mother awakens the idea of a husband, children, education, &c. as Pope so elegantly expresses in the following lines: Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole; The relations between objects, being various, have given rise to various prepositions by which they are distinguished. S. Are there as many prepositions as there are relations? M. No; for the same preposition is often used to express different relations: the same relation is also sometimes expressed by different prepositions. A table is annexed, which will give you an idea of the use of prepositions in the French language, exemplified in a series of familiar phrases. S. Is the preposition always placed between two words? A1. It should be so; the preposition having been introduced as a channel of communication between two words, reciprocally necessary to each other, for the complete expression of the thought. However, exceptions have been made in favour of poetical harmony, and of brevity of language: this accounts for the preposition being separated from, or deprived of, its first term, which, to denote its place, is called the antecedent. In French poetry you will often meet with the prepositions separated from its antecedent, as in the two following lines: Aux êtres saus raison, le Ciel, par indulgence, De leur dernière fin cache la connaissance. To each unthinking being, Heav'n, a friend, Gives not the useless knowledge of its end. The antecedents of the prepositions à (aux put for à les) and de, are the words cache and connaissance. In the inscription on the statue of Maffei at Verona, A Scipion Maffei, vivant, To Scipio Maffei, during his life, the antecedent words, statue consacrée, are understood, On the direction of letters, for instance, A Messieurs Bateson & Co. à Livourne. The words, cette lettre sera rendue, this letter will be delivered, are understood. S. Is the second term of a preposition always expressed in French? M. No: there are seven prepositions, after which it may be understood,―auparavant, before; depuis, since; dehors, out; alentour, round; dedans, within; dessus, over or above; and dessous, under ;exemplified in the following phrases: Ce n'est pas d'aujourd'hui que je le sais; il me l'avait dit aupa ravant. It is not to day that I learnt it; he had told it me before. Si vous vous plaisez dans ma bibliothèque, restez dedans (or, in better terms, restez y.) If you find pleasure in my library, stay in it. Au lieu de mettre les souliers sous la table, il les a mis dessus. Instead of putting the shoes under the table, he put them over (or upon it.) Il s'est trompé s'il les a mis dessus; il aurait dû les metre dessous. He made a mistake if he put them on the table; he should have put them under it. On m'a refusé l'entrée du jardin; pour m'en dédommager, je me suis promené alentour. They refused me entrance into the garden; but, to make myself amends, I took a walk around it. Vous le vites l'année dernière, mais ne l'avez-vous pas vu depuis? You saw him last year, but have you not seen him since? The words, aujourd'hui, bibliothèque, table, jardin, l'année dernière, are understood. We call such words the consequents or complements* of a preposition. S. Are prepositions useful only to express relations between objects and qualities? M. They discharge a very important function in forming the derivative of verbs: you have seen instances of it in our conjugation, in the derivatives of mettre, venir, &c, Here follow those in use for that purpose, many of which are borrowed, in that instance, with a slight alteration, from the Latin.-Ad ou A: mettre, admettre; prendre, apprendre.-Con, com, contre: courir, concourir; battre, combattre; venir, contrevenir.-De, dis: faire, défaire; paraître, disparaître.— E, en, em, entre, ex: puiser, épuiser; trainer, entraîner; porter, emporter; prendre, entreprendre ; traire, extraire.—In, im, inter: disposer, indisposer; poser, imposer ; rompre, interrompre.- Me, mau: connaître, méconnaître; dire, maudire.-Ob: tenir, obtenir.-Par, per, pré, pro, pour : venir, parvenir; mettre, permetre; munir, prémunir; poser, proposer; suivre, poursui vre.—Re, ré: commencer, recommencer; former, réformer.—Se, sou, sur, sus: courir, secourir; tenir, soutenir; prendre, surprendre; pendre, suspendre.-Trans: porter, transporter. An accurate knowledge of the meaning of the prepositions and primitive verbs will, in general, lead you to that of the derivatives. You are now to commit to memory the following table, subjoined to this conversation: in it you will find the prepositions exemplified sufficiently to direct you. * We observe here, once for all, that in this treatise the word complement, of which we already gave an idea, in treating on the adjective, means, as in the grammars of Beauzée, Sicard, &c. that which is added to a word, to determine its signification in any manner whatever. There are two sorts of words, the signification of which may be determined by complements:-1. all those which have a general signification susceptible of different degrees; 2. all those which have a signification relative to any term whatever. Those of the first class are, 1. nouns common, 2. every adjective and adverb, which, implying in their signification an idea susceptible of quantity, are themselves susceptible of what is called degrees of signification; and 3. every verb, the individual idea of which may also receive those various degrees. Those of the second class are, 1. several nouns common, 2. several adjec tives, 3. a few adverbs, 4. every active verb, as well as some others, and 5. every preposition. If we abstain from giving examples, it is to avoid swelling this note, and, because the doctrine of complements has been treated in a masterly manner by Beauzée, to whom we refer all those whom a love for the science induces to explore that part of grammar. Exemplifications. Outre mon cheval, je lui ai donné cent écus. Besides my horse, I gave him one hundred crowns. Nous avons fait environ deux lieues. Je me suis trompé ; j'ai pris l'un pour I have made a mistake; I took one for the other. Rendez à César ce qui est à César. I have something to tell you, con- Il est plus grand que vous de trois He is taller than you by three inches. On le trouva enseveli sous un tas de blessés. They found him buried under a Il faut raisonner selon Locke et We must reason according to Locke SJ'obéis, suivant vos ordres. |