is a word that once signified plus, as may be ascertained prin cipally by the works of the old French romance writers, where this expression often occurs: now, that it is used to connect a phrase with another, it has preserved a part of its ancient meaning, and signifies that " quelque chose de plus que," something more than has been said, is going to be said, that will fix the ideas completely about the subject of the discourse. It may also be solved by the expressions et de plus.

is used to account for a proposition brought forward,

EXAMPLES.

Je ne pourrai y aller, car je suis rete- I shall not be able to go thither, for I nu au lit par une fièvre ardente. am confined to my bed by an ardent fever.

In the above sentences, car stands very clearly for par la raison que.

OR

answers to the English now. Or, comme je vous ai dit, Now, as I have told you.

This conjunction designates the actual existence of a condition,

without which what one is speaking about could not take place; it is derived from the Latin word hora, which became hor, and then or in French. Here is an application of this conjunction.

Tous les hommes sont mortels.

Or vous êtes homme.

Donc vous êtes mortel.

All men are mortal.

Now you are a man.`
Therefore you are mortal,

Or stands for à cette heure, à présent, dans ce moment.

DONC,

which generally follows or, may, according to SICARD, be thus analysed:

"Tous les hommes sont mortels,"

or vous êtes homme.

Thus the word DONC contains in itself the value of the preposition de, the Latin adverb unde, and the Latin word quod. The French donc is the equivalent of these words: de-là vient que. The guttural, c, supplies the place of q, and reciprocally; it is easy, therefore, to find in the word donc the representation of the four Latin words, de unde venit quod.

S. Is the que denoting comparison, and the que, denoting admiration or desire, of the same species with the que just mentioned? M. Exactly.

S. I do not fully perceive this. In "Je crois qu'il est malade," I

clearly see two propositions; but, in " Le soleil est plus grand que la lune; que vous êtes boune et aimable ! que le ciel comble vos vœux!" I see but one proposition in each: this que must, therefore, certainly be of a different species from the first que, which serves to connect two propositions.

M. I profit by your remark to speak of the ellipsis, a mode of expression by which man abridges his speech, in order the more speedily to manifest his sentiments. It occurs frequently in all languages, and is one of the chief causes of grammatical error.

The sentence," Le soleil est plus grand que la lune," stands in the place of another, "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune n'est grande," in which you may perceive the whole part of the second proposition which the que was designed to unite with the first: Le soleil est plus grand.

In the sentences

Que le ciel comble vos vœux !

vous êtes et aimable!

the whole of the first proposition is suppressed. In the first it is such a one as, On ne peut répéter assez que, &c. It cannot be sufficiently repeated, how, &c. In the latter, Je désire que, &c. I wish that, &c. From the above, I have a right to conclude that the comparative, exclamative, and admirative que, is neither more nor less than the conjunctive que.

S. What are the compound conjunctions?

M. They are the following, which we have divided into two classes, according as they govern the indicative or subjunctive. They are called compound, because the conjunction que, which gives them a conjunctive property, is combined with some of the other parts of speech. Owing to that circumstance, they have with propriety been denominated conjunctive phrases.

COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE

Ainsi que.

As, as well as.

Aussi que.

So, as.

Aussi peu que. As little as. Aussitôt que. As soon as.

Aussi bien que. As well as. Autant

que.

INDICATIVE EXEMPLIFIED.

Je l'ai fait ainsi que je vous l'ai promis.

I have done it as I promised you.

Une place aussi forte que l'était cette ville, n'aurait pas dû être prise.

A place so strong as that city should not have been
taken.

Vous en prendrez aussi peu qu'il vous plaira.
You will take as little as you please.

Je suis arrivé aussitôt qu'il m'a été possible.
I am come as soon as I could.

que vous.

Il est en état de le faire aussi bien
He is able to do it as well as you.
Il aime la lecture autant que vous aimez le jeu.
He loves reading as much as you love play.
Nous sortirons après que vous aurez dîné.
We will go out when you have dined.
Attendu que (sel-Je l'ai puni attendu qu'il avait tort.

As much as.
Après que.

When.

dom used).

Since, because.

A (à) ce que.

I punished him because (or since) he was in the wrong.

A ce que je vois, vous ne l'aurez pas à temps. By, according as. By what I see, you will not have it in time. A(a) mesure que. A mesure qu'ils paraissaient, ils étaient accablés d'une grêle de balles.

As fast or as soon As fast or as soon as they appeared, they were overpowered by a shower of balls.

as.

A (à) cause que. Faut-il qu'il soit insolent, à cause qu'il est riche ? Must he be insolent, because he is rich?

Because.

A (à) condition J'y consens, à condition qu'il viendra.

que.

On condition that. I agree to it, on condition that he will come. A (a) la charge Je vous loue cette maison, à la charge que vous que.

l'entretiendrez.

On condition that. I let this house to you, on condition that you will keep it in repair.

Bien entendu que. Je vous l'accorde, bien entendu que vous tiendrez

Provided.

C'est pour que.

It is for that.

Dès que.
As soon as.

paroles

I grant it to you, provided you will keep your

word.

cela C'est pour cela que je ne lui ai pas accordé sa de

ป

mande.

It is for that I did not grant him his request.

Dès que la paix sera faite, je partirai pour l'Europe. As soon as peace is made, I shall set off for Europe.

M 4

As long as.
Tellement que.
So that.

Tellement que.
So very that.

Vu que.

Qu'avez-vous fait, depuis que vous êtes ici ?
What have you done since you have been here?
De manière qu'il n'était pas content du tout.
So that he was not pleased at all.

De sorte qu'il n'a pu en venir à bout.
So that he could not bring it about.

La nuit vint, de façon que je fus contraint de me
retirer.

Night came on, so that I was obliged to retire. Lorsqu'il apprit cette fatale nouvelle, il partit sur le champ.

When he learnt this fatal news, he set off immediately.

Je vous reprends de vos fautes, parceque je vous

aime.

I chide you for your faults, because I love you.
Pendant que vous jouez, il étudie sa leçon.
While you play, he studies his task.
Puisque vous le voulez, cela m'est égal.
Since you will have it so, it is all one to me.
Sitôt que j'eus reçu le paquet, je le lui adressai.
As soon as I had received the bundle, I forwarded
it to him.

Tandis que vous causez, le chat emporte la viande.
While you prate, the cat carries off the meat.
Tant que j'aurai de l'argent, vous n'en manquerez

pas.

As long as I have money, you shall not want any.
Tellement que Vous ne voulez pas me répondre.
So that you refuse to answer me.

Il est tellement occupé qu'il ne reçoit personne.
He is so very busy that he admits nobody.
Il ne le fera pas, vu qu'on le lui a défendu.

Seeing that, con-He will not do it, seeing that it is forbidden to him.

sidering.

COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE

SUBJUNCTIVE EXEMPLIFIED.

A (à) Dieu ne A Dieu ne plaise que j'en aie envie.

God forbid that. God forbid that I should wish for it.

plaise que.

Afin que.

Je suis sa caution, afin qu'il soit mis en liberté.

That, to the end I am his surety, that he may be set at liberty.

that.