4(a) moins que, Vous ne l'aurez pas, à moins que vous n'en payiez la moitié.

Unless. Avant que. Before

Au cas que.
if.

In case,
En cas que.
In case, if.

A (a) la bonne
heure que.
I, &c. agree.

Bien que.

You shall not have it, unless you pay the half of it.
Il est entré avant que nous fussions levés.
He came in before we were up.

Il faudra nous retirer, au cas que cela arrive.
We must withdraw, in case it should happen.
En cas qu'elle vienne, dites-lui que je suis sorti.
If she comes, tell her I am gone out.

A la bonne heure qu'il sorte, pourvu qu'il revienne

bientôt.

I agree he shall go out, provided he soon comes back.

Il est honnête homme, bien qu'il soit pauvre. Though, although. He is an honest man, though he be poor. Encore qu'il soit riche, il n'en vaut pas mieux. Although he be rich, he is not a bit the better for it.

Encore que.
Though, although.

Ce n'est pas que.
It is not that.
De peur que
For fear, lest.
De crainte

For fear.

que.

Ce n'est pas que je croie un mot de ce qu'il dit.
It is not that I believe a word of what he says,
Il a fait son testament, de peur qu'il ne mourut.
He made his will, for fear, or lest, he should die.
Dépêchez-vous, de crainte que l'heure ne soit
passée.

Make haste, for fear the hour be past.
Loin qu'il fasse du bruit, il est tranquille.
Far from making a noise, he is quiet.

Il l'aura, moyennant qu'il en paye la valeur.
He shall have it, provided that he pays its value.
Non que (ou non pas que) j'y prétende.

Not that I should pretend to it.

Plút à Dieu que les hommes entendissent leurs vrais intérêts!

Would to God that men understood their own interests!

Il faut un autre gouvernement, pour que j'aille dans ce pays-là.

Before I go to that country, there must be another
government,

Il le fera, pour peu que vous lui en parliez.
He will do it, if you speak ever so little to him
about it.

Ils travailleront, pourvu qu'on les paye bien.
They will work, provided they are well paid.

Quoique.

Though.

Sans que.

Without.

Soit que. Whether.

Supposé que.

Supposing that.

Sa philosophie fut adoptée, quoiqu'on s'y opposât d'abord.

His philosophy was adopted, though they opposed it at first.

Cela pourrait arriver, sans qu'il méritât des reproches.

That might take place, without his deserving reproaches.

Soit qu'il parte ou qu'il demeure.

Whether he sets out or remains.

Quel fruit en retirerez-vous, supposé qu'il y consente?

What will you gain by it, supposing that he consent to it?

NOTE. The following modes of expression, having de, instead of que, require the verb in the infinitive alone.

A (à) la charge de. Je lui ai vendu ma terre, à la charge de payer mes

créanciers.

I sold him my estate, on condition of his paying
my creditors.

Il est allé le trouver, afin d'obtenir sa grâce.
He called upon him, in order to obtain his pardon.
Les troupes se fortifièrent, de crainte d'être sur-
prises,

The troops fortified themselves where they were,
for fear of being surprised.

Nous avons fait venir du blé, de peur d'en manquer. We have caused corn to be brought, for fear of wanting it.

CONVERSATION XV.

OF THE INTERJECTION.

Scholar. What are the interjections?

Master. They are sounds which serve to pourtray, in a lively manner, the affections of the soul, whether in joy, pain, trouble, despair, indignation, admiration, surprise, &c.; but those sounds are sometimes equivalent to whole sentences.

S. Please to acquaint me with the principal French interjections, exemplified in sentences.

M. With pleasure, They are as follow: ah! ha! aïe ! eh! hé! fi! O! oh! ouf! him! hom! hon! hélas! hi, hi, hi!

Ah! expresses remorse, wrath, admiration, or joy.

Ah! si tu l'avais vu, le poignard dans le sein,
S'attendrir à la vue de son lâche assassin!

Ha! expresses nothing but surprise, and is used only in this

Aie! aie! voilà mes douleurs qui me reprennent.

Eh! expresses mercy, pity, or tenderness.

Jouis-Je le ferai-Mais quand donc? dès demain,
Eh! mon ami, la mort te peut prendre en chemin.
Jouis dès aujourd'hui.

LAFONTAINE.

Eh! seigneur, excusez sa jeunesse imprudente.

Eh! mon père, oubliez votre rang à ma vue.

VOLTAIRE.

RACINE.

Hé! serves chiefly to call. It is used also with bien in interrogation, and then it expresses no passion.

O! expresses inward and profound grief, despair, love, or indig

nation:

O douleur, ô regrets; ô vieillesse pesante!
O vengeance, ô tendresse, ô nature, ô devoir!

VOLTAIRE.

Oh! expresses indignation, as in

Oh! vieillesse facile! Oh! jeunesse imprudente!
Oh! de mes cheveux gris, honte trop évidente!
Est-il dessous le ciel père plus malheureux?

GRESSET.

Oh! is sometimes followed by que, and then expresses desire; as,

Oh! que le ciel, soigneux de notre poésie,
Grand roi, ne nous fit-il plus voisins de l'Asie!

Oh! que si cet hiver un rhume salutaire.

BOILEAU.

BOILEAU.

Ouf! expresses suffocation, excess of fatigue.

Ouf! ne m'étrangle pas-Ouf! je n'en puis plus.

Him, hom, hon, express doubt, interrogation, and astonishment: Hon! que dites-vous là?

Hi, hi, hi, comme vous voilà bâti! Vous êtes si plaisant que je ne saurais m'empêcher de rire, hi, hi, hi,

MOLIÈRE.

OF SYNTAX,

LESSON THE FIRST.

Scholar. WHAT is the meaning of syntax?

Master. Syntax is the right ordering of words when united to express thoughts, and is founded on the polite custom of the language of which it treats.

S. Instead of so many phrases, why did you not first teach me the laws and rules of syntax, according to the plan indicated by every writer on French grammar, for the use of the English pupil?

M. For one reason only, but which is irresistible. Those very phrases constitute the language with which I wished you to be acquainted, while all the rules of the language, put together, do not yield a jot.

S. What then are the rules of a language?

M. They are the result of observations on a language; and, as observations on a language cannot be the language itself, a language must necessarily be learned before its rules can be taught.

These principles have guided me in the course of your instruction in French. What is the consequence? You are now, owing to the numerous phrases and modes of expression with which your memory is stored, not only able to speak and understand French, but even to understand and relish the poets, although, a few months ago, you knew not a single word of the language.

Moreover, from the plan pursued with you, besides the advantage of acquiring, in an amazingly short space, a sufficient knowledge of the French language, you have derived another, equally precious, that of improving the faculty of thinking: nor is this to be at all wondered at, considering that the true teachers of all things, Nature and Analysis, have been our only guide in this mode of tuition.