a plainer language. When that which is placed immediately before a verb, it is rendered, in French, by ce qui.-EXAMPLE: Ce qui coûte peu, est trop cher, That which costs little, is too dear, dès qu'il n'est pas nécessaire. when it is not necessary. Should a pronoun come between that which and the verb, that which is always rendered by ce que.-EXAMPLES: Nous ne devrions jamais parler de | We ought never to speak of that ce que nous ne savons pas. Ce que vous proposez là pour le guérir, n'est que de l'onguent miton-mitaine. which we do not know. That which you propose to cure him with, is mere powder of post. RULE IV.-This, that, these, those, when used in order to avoid the repetition of the noun they relate to, are rendered, by celui, M. celle, F. ceux, M. P. cellés, F. P. EXAMPLES: Observe, that ci and là are annexed to the above words, in pointing or alluding to the contrast or comparison of objects.-EXAMPLES: Voici plusieurs draps; choisissez celui-ci, ou celui-là. Je ne veux ni de celui-ci, ni de La vertu et le vice produisent des Here are several cloths, choose this or that. I will have neither this one nor that. Virtue and vice produce different effects; this causes the misery of man, that makes him happy. There are pears and apricots; these are ripe, but those are not yet So. The body perishes, the soul is immortal; nevertheless, we neglect this, and sacrifice every thing for that. RULE V.-Such expressions as he who, she who, they who, that which, those who, such as, &c. are expressed by celui qui, M. celle qui, F. ceux qui, M. P. celles qui, F. P. Whom, &c. that which (being objects), are rendered by celui que, &c.-EXAMPLES: Celui qui ne sait pas garder un secret, est indigne de confiance. Celle qui vient de passer, est mariée. Ceux qui sont paresseux, ne connaissent pas le prix du temps. Ceux qui sont contens de leur sort sont heureux. Celles qui ont le mieux dansé ont été récompensées. On doit encourager les efforts de ceux qui s'appliquent aux arts et aux sciences. Celui que vous voyez a manqué d'être pendn. Ceux que vous protégez, vous traHissent. He who does not know how to keep a secret, is unworthy of confidence. She who just went by, is married. Suck as are idle, know not the value of time. Those who are contented with their condition, are happy. Those who have danced the best, have been rewarded. We ought to encourage the efforts of those who apply themselves to the arts and sciences. He whom you see, had like to have been hanged. They whom you protect, betray you. Observe, 1st. That qui may be separated from celui; in that case là is joined to it; so, instead of saying, Celui qui médit de son prochain | He who slanders his neighbours is est un homme méchant. a wicked man, We may say, Celui-là est un homme méchant, | He is a wicked man who slanders qui médit de son prochain. And instead of his neighbours. debts, bring upon themselves Ceux qui négligent de payer leurs | Those who neglect to pay their dettes, se préparent bien des chagrins, We may say, Ceux-là, se préparent bien des chagrins, qui négligent de payer leurs dèttes. many cares, They bring upon themselves many cares, who neglect to pay their debts. 2d. If a question be asked by the English relative which, it is, in French, rendered, in the answer, by celui que, celle que, &c. or celui qui, celle qui, &c. in such occasions as in the following EXAMPLES: Which of these two oranges will Laquelle de ces deux oranges voulez-vous? Celle qu'il vous plaira. Lequel de ces deux draps préférez-vous? Celui qui vous plaisait beaucoup. Lequel de ces deux hommes est le plus grand? Celui qui est à votre droite. you have? Which you please. Which of these cloths do you like best? That which pleased you much. Which of these two men is the tallest? The one on your right. RULE VI.-Ce joined to the verb être requires it should accord with the substantive that follows.-EXAMPLES: C'est votre temps, ce sont vos soins, Sont-ce là vos gens ? Ce furent ces associations qui firent fleurir si long-temps la Grèce. Ce furent les Français qui prirent la place d'assaut. It is your time, it is your cares and Are these your people? Poets and Prose-writers occasionally deviate from the above rule. Observe, that if être be followed by several nouns in the singular, it remains in the singular, though those nouns united, be equivalent to a plural.-EXAMPLES: C'est votre frère et votre ami, qui | It is your brother and your friend vous demandent. who ask for you. Ce qui fait le triomphe d'une | That which forms the triumph of femme, c'est la vertu et l' es- a woman is virtue and understanding. prit. RULE VII. Should the verb étre be followed by a plural pronoun, it remains notwithstanding in the singular, except that pronoun be of the third person plural; and then it assumes the number corresponding thereto.-EXAMPLES: C'est nous qui avons enlevé le | It is we who have carried the co drapeau. Est-ce nous qui l'avons oublié ? lours off. Is it we who have forgot it? RULE VIII.-When a question is asked, in French, by est-ce là, sont-ce là, &c. if it relate to one thing, the answer, in the affirmative, is oui, ce l'est; if to several, oui, ce les sont; but if to persons, the proper pronouns are used and placed after the verb, être.-EXAMPLES: Est-ce là la maison de votre père? | Oui, ce l'est. l'est-Non, ce ne l'est pas. Sont-ce là vos gants? Oui, ce les sont-Non, ce ne les sont pas. Sont-ce là ses amusemens? Oui, ce les sont. Est-ce là leur maître de Français ? Etait-ce là sa sœur? Oui, c'était Sont-ce là vos amis? Oui, ce sont eux. Sont-ce là vos parentes? Oui, ce sont elles. Is this your father's house? Yes, it is. Is that your handkerchief? Yes, Is that their French master? Yes, Was that his or her sister? Yes, it was. Are these your friends? Yes, they are. Are these your kinswomen? Yes, they are. Observe, 1st, When such an indeterminate question as, sont-ce des hommes que je vois? are these men that I see? is asked, the answer is, c'en est, yes, they are: one cannot answer c'en sont, which would be quite as harsh as sont-ce eux? 2d, The answer to such a question as est-ce là nos gens? are these our people? (which can be resolved, in French, by cela est-il nos gens? is that our people?) is, oui, c'est eux; that is to say, cela est eux; but, if the question was expressed thus, which is the most correct way, sont-ce là nos gens? the answer would be, ce sont eux. * In interrogation, sont ce eux? would be too grating to the ear; the singu lar, est-ce eux? though it militates against the above rule, is preferred. LESSON THE SEVENTH. OF QUI, QUE, &c. RULE I.—Who, that, and which, not acted upon by a preposition, are expressed by qui, which, when those words are placed before á verb, in English, if some one of the active pronouns I, thou, &c. be not interposed between them and the verb, is appropriate to any object to be determined.—EXAMPLES: EXCEPTION. Who or whom, though placed before an active pronoun, when it is meant to express what person, must be translated by qui, which stands for quel est or qui est celui que.-EXAMPLES: RULE III. Of whom, of whose, or whose, are generally expressed by dont, for all sorts of objects (singular or plural, masculine or feniinine,) when the noun they relate to is the subject or object of a sentence. Of whom, or whose, relating to persons only, may also be rendered by de qui.-EXAMPLES: 3 |