Et and ni (when the verb is not used negatively) are an exception among the conjunctions; for they require the suppression of the active pronouns before the verbs which follow.-EXAMPLES: RULE IV. The active pronouns, occurring without a mark of interrogation, are, in the three following cases, placed after the verb. 1st. They are placed after the seven following verbs, when they are joined with them only by way of parenthesis: dire, répondre, répliquer, repartir, continuer, poursuivre, s'écrier.-EXAMPLES: Vous voyez, dit-il, l'état affreux où je suis réduit. Il fallait, poursuivis-je, avec cha- You see, said he, the frightful con dition to which I am reduced. Why, answered I, have you not told it me sooner ? I could not inform you of it be fore, replied he to me. Nevertheless, retorted I bluntly, you have seen me often. Oh! continued he, I never dared You should, pursued I with 2d. Principally after such expressions, as dussé-je, dút-il, &c. fusséje, fussiez-vous, &c. puisse-t-il, puissiez-vous, &c. in the subjunctive. EXAMPLES. Je l'entreprendrai, dussé-je é chouer. Il partira cette nuit, dût-il être assassiné. Dussiez-vous m'en vouloir, je vous dirai ma façon de penser. I will undertake it, though I He will set off to-night, though he Fussé-je le seul de cette opinion, Though I were the only one of that opinion, it would not prevent me from manifesting it. Though you were more numerous, you would experience resistance. May he be cured of his illness, and still live long to be your happiness! Though the subject were not an active pronoun, it should always be placed after the verb, as in the two cases below.-EXAMPLES: Rien n'est plus commun que de | prendre un engouement passager pour de l'amitié. Il faut (dit Plutarque) avoir mangé un minot de sel avec celui qu'on veut aimer. Nothing is more common than to mistake a momentary partiality for friendship. We ought (says Plutarch) to eat three bushels of salt with him we wish to love. Puissent tous les vrais citoyens se | May all true citizens be united réunir contre les mal-intentionagainst evil-minded men! nés! 3d. When the verb is preceded by any of the following conjunctive words, aussi, peut-être, autant, du moins, au moins, en vain, encore, à peine.-EXAMPLES: La rose est la reine des fleurs ; aussi est-elle l'emblème de la Il lui a manqué essentiellement; Autant vaudrait-il, une bonne fois, lui dire ce qu'il en est. On le soupçonnait d'être le chef de la conspiration, du moins est-il certain qu'il était instruit du complot. En cela, au moins, ou du moins, aviez-vous raison. En vain lui porta-t-il ses plaintes; tout cela ne lui servit à rien. Il a été long-temps à se faire prier, encore, ne l'a-t-il accordé que de mauvaise grâce. The rose is the queen of flowers, He has affronted him grossly; It would be as well, once for all, tò tell him how the matter stands. They suspected him to be the head of the conspiracy, at least it is certain he was acquainted with the plot. In that, at least, you were very right. In vain did he lay his complaints before him; all that was of no service to him. He suffered himself to be long entreated, and finally he granted it with a bad grace. A peine César fut-il entré au sénat, | que les conjurés se jetèrent sur lui et le poignardèrent. Scarcely had Cæsar entered the senate, when the conspirators rushed on him and stabbed him. In some of the above examples the English construction might have been safely followed, but at much expense of the grace and energy of the sentence. RULE V. The active pronouns which, in English, are considered as useless in an interrogation in which a noun is the subject of the verb, must, in French, be always expressed.-EXAMPLES: Votre maître est-il à la maison? Le tailleur a-t-il apporté mon ha- Votre marchande de modes a-t elle reçu les nouvelles modes? Votre frère n'est-il pas arrivé des Indes. Is your master at hoine? Has the tailor brought my new coat? Has your milliner received the new fashions? Is not your brother arrived from the Indies? RULE VI.-If the verb used interrogatively were in the first person, and ended in e feeble, this e should be made open, by placing over it an acute accent, owing to the weak syllable je that follows it. EXAMPLE: Rêvé-je? Pensé-je? Dussé-je? Do I dream? Do I think? Should Should the verb in the first person be a monosyllable, terminated by two consonants, the pronoun je cannot follow it: thus, you will avoid saying, sors-je? mens-je? sers-je? Instead of it, you will place, in order to ask the question, est-ce que before the verb preceded by je, and say: Est-ce que je sors? Est-ce que je | Do I go out? Do I lie? Do I mens? Est-ce que je sers? serve? Observe, that est-ce que, which is a very familiar mode of expression among the French, is applicable, in the same manner, to other persons and tenses of the verb.-Examples: Est-ce que vous écrivez? Est-ce | Do you write? Do you not write? que vous n'écrivez pas s? Est-ce qu'il est venu? Est-ce qu'il | Is he come? Is he not come? n'est pas venu? Est-ce que votre frère obtiendra Will your brother obtain leave? permission? LESSON THE TENTH. OF THE PASSIVE PRONOUNS. RULE I.-Passive pronouns, in French, 1st, im m eit ey precede the verb. 2d, They must be repeated before every verb, in the sentence to which they belong.-EXAMPLES: N. B. To the above rule, verbs in the imperative afford an exception; for which, see Rule IV. of this lesson. RULE II.-If a verb be attended by two passive pronouns, they must both precede the verb; and the one affected by the preposition à (understood) corresponding to to (expressed or understood) in English, should precede.-EXAMPLES: Il me l'a promis-Je vous la mon- | He promised it to me--I will show trerai-Elle nous les renverra -Je crois qu'elle ne vous les renverra pas. her or it to you-She will send them back to us-I believe she will not send them back to you. RULE III. Should the two pronouns belong equally to the third person, the contrary of what is required by the preceding rule takes place; that is to say, the pronoun before which the preposition à is understood should follow the one unattended by it.—EXAMPLES: Nous le lui dirons-Vous les leur | We will tell it to him-You have avez promis-Je vous assure que je ne les leur ai pas promis-Je la lui présenteraiElle ne veut pas que vous la lui présentiez. promised them to them-I assure you that I have not promised them to them--I will introduce her to him or to her-She will not have you to introduce her to him or to her. RULE IV. When the pronouns le, la, les, attended by the disjunctives moi, toi, nous, vous, lui, or leur, become the object of the imperative without a negative, they should always precede the disjunctives, and both follow the verb.-EXAMPLES: Donnez-le moi-Envoyez la lui- | Give him or it to me-Send her or it to him or to her-Lend them to them-Bring them to usMake sure of them. It is to be noticed, that moi and toi become me and te, when they are linked with en.-EXAMPLES: Cherchez-m'eu - Donne-t'en de | Hunt some for me-Beware of it. garde. RULE V. When two imperatives, without a negative, accom panied by pronouns, follow one another, we place the first pronoun after the first verb, and the second pronoun before the second verb.— EXAMPLES: Cherchez-le, et lui dites que je l'attends. Levez-vous et vous apprêtez à | sortir. Prêtez-le moi ou me le vendez. | Look for him, and tell him I am waiting for him. Rise and make ready to go out. Lend or sell it to me. RULE VI.-If the imperative be attended with a negative, the pronouns occupy their natural place, before the verb, in the same order as they do in the other tenses of the verb; and moi, toi, become me, te.-EXAMPLES: Ne me trompez pas-Ne te flatte | Do not deceive me-Do not flatter pas ainsi, Ne me le renvoyez pas encore. thyself thus. Do not send it back to me yet. |