LESSON THE TWELFTH.

OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS LUI, EUX, ELLE, ELLES, SE, LUI-MEME, SOI.

RULE I.-The personal pronouns leur and lui, eux, elle, elles, acted upon by a preposition are not, in general, used for animals or things, except both the pronoun and preposition cannot be rendered by any of the adverbs and prepositions en, y, dessus, dedans, auprès, &c.— EXAMPLES:

La fortune de son frère va bientôt
augmenter la sienne; il ne devait
pas y compter sitôt; and not, il
ne devait pas compter sitôt sur
elle.

En traversant le désert, j'en avais
grand' peur; and not, j'avais
grand' peur d'eux.
J'en ai été content; and not, j'ai
été content de lui.
Je m'en approchai; and not, je
n'approchai d'elle.

Je m'y suis assis ou je me suis as-
sis dessus; and not, je me suis
assis sur elle.

J'y ai compté ou j'ai compté dessus; and not, j'ai compté sur lui.

Il faut y opposer de la résistance;

and not, il faut leur opposer,&c.
J'y donne mon consentement; and
not, je lui donne, &c.
Mon bonheur en dépend; and not,
dépend de lui.

Ne vous y fiez pas; and not, ne
vous fiez pas à lui,
Servez-vous-en; and not, servez-
vous de lui.

Ne crachez pas dessus; and not,
ne crachez pas sur lui.
Ne montez pas dessus; and not,
ne montez pas sur lui.
Je ne m'en suis pas encore servi;
and not, je ne me suis pas en-
'core servi de lui.
Nous allâmes camper auprès; and
not, près d'elle.

The fortune of his brother will

soon increase his own; he could not have counted on it so soon.

In crossing the desert, I was very much afraid of them-(tigers).

I have been pleased with it-(a poem).

I came near it-(a table).

I sat upon it-(a chair).

I relied upon it-(fair weather).

We must oppose resistance to them-(beasts).

I give my consent to it—(a proposition).

My happiness depends upon it(a law-suit).

Do not trust to it-(a bad bridge).

Make use of it-(a stick).

Do not spit upon it—(a carpet),

Do not get on him—(a horse).

I have not yet made use of him— (a horse).

We went to encamp near it(an army).

Vous pouvez être sûr que l'oiseau | You may be sure that the bird is no longer in it-(the cage).

n'y est plus ou n'est plus dedans; and not, dans elle.

Voyez-vous cette maison? Il demeure vis-à-vis; and not, vis-à vis d'elle.

Do you see that house? He lives over against it.

After the preposition sans, avec, or après, the above pronouns, acted upon by them, may be always properly used for animals or things.EXAMPLES:

Elle en raffole, elle ne saurait faire | She doats upon him, she cannot go un pas sans lui. a single step without him-(a lapdog).

On m'a dit qu'il ne sortait jamais sans ses pistolets. Cela est vrai, il ne sort jamais sans eux.

Ce torrent est si rapide qu'il en

traîne avec lui tout ce qu'il rencontre; il ne laisse après lui que du sable et des cailloux. Les plaisirs ne laissent souvent après eux que des regrets.

I have been told that he never
went out without his pistols. It
is true, he never goes out with-
out them.

This torrent is so rapid, that it
carries with it every thing it
meets; it leaves nothing behind
but sand and pebbles.
Pleasures often leave nothing after
them but regret.

In many other cases, which custom alone can point out, the above pronouns may be used for things with other prepositions.

1st. With the preposition à, in speaking of an enemy's army, we say, nous marchâmes à elle, we marched up to it. This is even the most proper way of expressing that idea.

2d. With de; as, ces choses sont bonnes d'elles-mêmes, these things are good in themselves.

3d. With pour; as, j'aime la vérité au point que je sacrifierais tout pour elle; I love truth to the degree that I would sacrifice every thing for it.

4th. With en; as, ces raisons sont solides en elles-mêmes; these reasons are solid in themselves.

Lui and leur, without a preposition, may apply to animals of things, as in the following phrases, and the like.-EXAMPLES:

Ce cheval a faim, donnez-lui à | This horse is hungry, give him

manger,

Cette plante et ces orangers ont besoin d'eau; il faut leur en donner.

something to eat.

That plant and these orange-trees want water: it ought to be given to them.

A man very partial to a house, which he has embellished, may say,

J'y ai fait de grandes dépenses; I have been at much expense mais elle m'en dédommage (with it) but it has well indemni

bien; car je lui dois ma santé

et mon bien-être : je ne vivrais pas sans elle.

fied me; for to it I owe my health and my comfort: I could not live without it.

We may also say, with great propriety,

Ce chien et ces oiseaux font tout | This dog and these birds are all

mon plaisir: je n'aime qu'eux; eux seuls font tout mon amusement; je ne songe qu'à eux.

my pleasure; I love nothing but them; they alone are all my amusement; I think of nothing but them.

The English compound pronouns, himself, herself, itself, themselves, are rendered in French, when they serve to make a verb reflected, by se, as it has been shown in the conjugation of s'habiller, to dress one's self.-But when they do not render the verb reflected, they are expressed by lui or lui-même; elle or elle-même ; eux or eux-mêmes; elles or elles-mêmes, according to gender and number.EXAMPLES:

Il parle toujours de lui, ou de lui- | He always speaks of himself, and même, et jamais des autres. never of others. Il m'a dit qu'il avait parlé à elle- | He told me that he had spoken to même, à eux-mêmes, à elles- herself, to themselves. mêmes.

One's self, himself, and herself, in the singular, used in a vague and indeterminate sense, or after the indeterminate words, one, people, a man, every body, nobody, whoever, &c. and itself, applying to things, are rendered, in French, by soi.-EXAMPLES:

On doit travailler non-seulement | A man should not only work for pour soi, mais aussi pour la société.

Chacun pour soi, dit l'égoïste.

Personne n'est sûr de soi.
L'homme qui n'aime que soi, ne
se fait point d'amis.
Quiconque ne pense qu'à soi, est
indigne de vivre.

La vertu est aimable de soi.
L'aimant attire le fer à soi.

Cela est bon en `soi.

himself, but also for society.

Every one for himself, says the
selfish man.

None can answer for himself.
The man who loves nobody but
himself, does not make friends.
Whoever thinks only of himself
is unworthy of living.
Virtue is amiable of itself.
The loadstone attracts iron to it
self.

That is good in itself,

In speaking of persons, même is very commonly, and sometimes indispensably added to soi, as in the following EXAMPLES:

Il ne faut pas se louer soi-même.
Il faut se rendre compte à soi-

même.

We must not praise ourselves.

| We should be accountable to ourselves.

Avoir un ami c'est avoir un autre To have a friend is to have anosoi-même.

ther self.

LESSON THE THIRTEENTH.

OF SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

FIRST DIFFICULTY.

The word le is used, in French, to represent,-1st. A part of a phrase, or even a whole one. 2d. An adjective, or a substantive taken adjectively. 3d. A substantive, or an adjective, taken substantively.

In the two first instances, le is an adverb, and of course can suffer no alteration. In the third, as it represents a substantive or a noun, it is subject to the laws of concordance, which require that it should assume the gender and number thereof.

1st, Le, representing part of a phrase, or a whole proposition.EXAMPLES:

Pouvez-vous aller à la Nouvelle

Orléans? Oui, je le puis.-(Le is used instead of y aller, which is understood). Si le public a eu quelque indulgence pour moi, je le dois à votre protection.-(Je le dois is clearly equivalent to, je dois que le public ait eu quelque indulgence pour moi).

Can you go to New-Orleans?
Yes, I can.

If the public has shown me some indulgence, I owe it to your protection.

Si Rome a souvent même estimé mes exploits,
C'est à vous, ombre illustre, à vous que je le dois.

2d. Le representing an adjective, or a substantive taken adjectively. -EXAMPLES:

(80).

Madame, êtes-vous malade? Oui, | Madam, are you sick? Yes, I am je le suis. Mesdemoiselles, êtes-vous musi-Young ladies, are you musicians? ciennes? Oui, nous le sommes. Messieurs, êtes-vous héritiers du défunt? Oui, nous le sommes.

Yes, we are (so). Gentlemen, are you heirs of the deceased? Yes, we are (so).

N. B. In the above phrases, the adverb, le, is the correspondent of the adverb so, which is understood in English.

3d. Le, la, or les, representing a noun, or an adjective taken substantively, according to circumstances of gender and number.-Ex

N. B. In the first example, le, instead of being used for an adverb, is used to avoid the repetition of the noun médecin; it is the same in the other examples with regard to la or ́les.

SECOND DIFFICULTY.

The words chacun and leur present great and numerous difficulties; but we shall enter into no critical investigation of the opinions of different grammarians upon this subject, because we cannot see what advantage could be derived to the scholar, to compensate for the tedium that must attend such discussion. We shall, therefore, pass on; and only give a few phrases, wherein chacun is put in its proper place,