whether it be intended to express something positive or determinate, or on the contrary, something dubious or indeterminate.

In the first instance, the verb of the complementary phrase must be expressed in the indicative; and, in the second, it must be expressed in the subjunctive.

The following phrases will completely establish and fix your ideas on this head.

PHRASES EXPRESSING SOMETHING POSITIVE.

Je lui donnerai des raisons qui pourront le convaincre.
Je veux épouser une femme qui me plaît infiniment.
J'aspire à une charge qui est agréable.

Montrez-moi le chemin qui conduit à Windsor.
Donnez-moi le mouchoir qui est blanc.

Préférez des expressions où la naïveté est unie à la clarté.

PHRASES EXPRESSING SOMETHING DOUBTFUL.

Je lui donnerai des raisons qui puissent le convaincre.
Je veux épouser une femme qui me plaise infiniment.
J'aspire à une charge qui soit agréable.

Montrez-moi un chemin qui conduise à Windsor.
Donnez-moi un mouchoir qui soit blanc.

Préférez des expressions où la naïveté soit unie à la clarté.

M. As it is important that you should know what tense of the subjunctive to use, in the complementary phrase, I desire you to fix your attention on the following rules.

RULE VI.-When the verb of the principal phrase is expressed in the present or future of the indicative, that of the complementary phrase, if it be meant to express a present or a future, must be in the present of the subjunctive.-EXAMPLES:

Je crains qu'elle ne vienne.
Il faut que vous passiez chez lui.
Il craindra qu'elle ne s'en aper-
çoive.

Il faudra que vous lui parliez.

|

I fear lest she should come.

You must call upon him.

He will fear that she should perceive it.

It will be necessary for you to speak to him.

RULE VII.-Though the verb of the principal phrase be in the present or future of the indicative, yet the verb of the complementary phrase, if it be intended to express a past, must be in the subjunctive past, instead of the subjunctive present as above.-EXAMPLES:

ין

Je ne crois pas qu'il ait eu autant | I do not believe he has had so de succès qu'il le dit, much success as he says.

On ne me persuadera jamais qu'il | Nobody shall ever persuade me ait appris le Français en si peu that he has learned French in so short a time.

de temps.

RULE VIII.-Though the first verb of the complementary phrase be in the present, the second is put in the present anterior, or imperfect; and in the past anterior, or compound of the imperfect of the subjunctive, when some condition expressed follows it.-EXAMPLES:

Croyez-vous qu'ils me refusassent, |

si je les en priais? Il n'est point d'homme qui ne fût. très-mortifié, s'il savait tout ce qu'on dit de lui.

Do you think they would refuse

me, if I should beg it of them? There is no man that would not feel much mortified, were he to know all that people say of him.

Je doute que votre frère eût réussi, I doubt whether your brother

RULE IX. When the tense of the verb of the principal phrase is not in the present of the indicative, but either in the present anterior, or imperfect, the present anterior periodical, or preterite, or any of the two first pasts, or compounds of that mood, or the conditional, then the verb of the complementary phrase must be put in the present anterior or imperfect of the subjunctive, if it be intended to speak of futurity.-EXAMPLES:

But, should we wish to express an idea of time past, while the verb of the principal phrase remains in either of the tenses just noticed, the

verb of the complementary phrase must be put in the past anterior, or compound of the imperfect of the subjunctive.-EXAMPLES:

M. I give you no list of the conjunctions that impose the subjunctive form on the verb which they precede, because this would be repeating what has been already said, in the conversation on that part of speech, to which I refer you.

Though this lesson, on the subjunctive, may appear to some very extensive, yet the subject is far from being exhausted: several more exceptions might have been noticed, and, perhaps, new rules discovered; but, as the cases which they embrace are not common, I trust that practice, and the habit of reading good authors will put you into possession of those niceties of the French language.

LESSON THE SIXTEENTH.

ON THE COMPLEMENT OF VERBS.

RULE I.-Active verbs, such as aimer, estimer, &c. require the word representing the object to which the action is extended (and such we call its complement, as it is necessary to complete the sense) to be united to them without the intervention of a preposition EXAMPLES:

J'admire le génie de Shakspeare. Aimez-vous les légumes et les fruits?

I admire Shakspeare's genius.
Do you like vegetables and fruits?

RULE II. When active verbs, instead of one complement have two, the one, which is the object of the action they express, may be called direct, and is placed immediately before the verb, when it is a pronoun, or immediately after, when it is a noun; the second, which may be called indirect, is expressed either by a preposition and its noun, which immediately follows the first complement of the verb, or

by a pronoun (before which the preposition à is understood) which precedes the verb.-EXAMPLES:

Tout le monde accuse cette femme d'un crime.

Tout le monde l'accuse du crime.

Le maître pardonne la faute à l'écolier.

Le maître lui pardonne sa faute.

Every body accuses that woman of a crime.

Every body accuses her of the crime.

The master forgives the fault of

the scholar.

The master forgives him his fault,

M. You have probably already taken notice, that the complement indirect of some verbs is formed with the preposition de, and its complement, while that of others is formed with the preposition à, and its complement. To prevent you from falling into an error, you will find subjoined a list of the principal verbs which require the preposition de, &c. after them; and of those which, on the contrary, demand the preposition à, &c.

You will exercise yourselves on them, by forming phrases of your own, which will insure you a facility and readiness in using the true preposition.

A LIST OF ACTIVE VERBS WHICH REQUIRE DE BEFORE THEIR COMPLEMENT INDIRECT.

A LIST OF ACTIVE VERBS WHICH REQUIRE A BEFORE THEIR COMPLEMENT INDIRECT.

RULE III.-When the verb être is joined to the past participle of an active verb, and any complement follows, it is generally composed of the preposition de, and its complement.-EXAMPLES:

Il est estimé de tous les gens de | He is esteemed by all men of probien. bity.

Elle est chérie de tous ses parens. She is beloved by all her relations.

Observe, that the preposition par, by, is generally used in speaking of physical actions.-EXAMPLES:

Par is required after verbs expressing the actions of the mind, when an adverbial phrase, or an adverb, has been previously used.EXAMPLES: