always placed before the verb, except in the imperative, where it is placed after. Examples The pronoun marked with (*) is also used as an indefinite adjective, but then it must be followed by a substantive. See p. 67. † Tout autre que lui s'en rirait, N'accablez pas les autres, si vous ne voulez pas être accablé, Any other than he would laugh at it. Do not overpower others, if you would not be overpowered. 335. Même is used after substantives and pronouns, in order to give more force to the Le général même y était, Les cendres du seigneur et du expression; as, The general himself was there. which attacked me. Ils me donnèrent même des They gave me even blows. coups, § 337. Quelqu'un, signifying somebody, is only masculine and singular. Plur. ni les uns ni les autres, ni les unes ni The pronoun marked with (*) is also used as an indefinite adjective, but then it must be followed by a substantive. page 67. See † 339. When tel is a pronoun, it is always placed before the verb, and followed by qui or que; as, Tel fait des libéralités, qui ne paie pas ses dettes, Ils sont tels qu'on le dit, Tel maître tel valet, (A proverb.) He makes presents, who does not pay his debts. They are such as it is said. 340. The verb construed with l'un, l'autre, must be a reflective one, unless it be the verb être ; as, Ils se disent des injures l'un, l'autre, Ils sont ennemis l'un de l'autre, L'un est riche, l'autre est pauvre, They insult one another. They are enemies to each other. § 341. Of course l'un et l'autre govern the verb in the plural, on account of the conjunction (et) and. Aucun is used for persons only in the nominative. Autrui, only used when speaking of persons, and is always preceded by a preposition. Ne faites pas à autrui ce que vous ne voudriez pas qu'on vous fit. Do not to others what you would not wish others to do to you. Chacun this pronoun is more a distributive than an in definite pronoun— Il l'a dit à chacun d'entr'eux, He has said so to each of them. † 342. Nul, personne, pas un, followed by a negation, have nearly the same signification— nul, personne, pas un, } ne veut venir, Not one will come. 343. Personne, signifying nobody, is accompanied by the negative ne, before the verb; as, Celui à qui personne ne plaît, est plus malheureux que celui qui ne plaît à personne, He whom nobody pleases, is more unhappy than he who pleases no one. 344. Personne is used without a negation, and is translated by anybody, in sentences of interrogation, admiration, wonder, and doubt, and where the adverb trop is used; as, Ya-t-il personne qui vous aime plus que moi? Il est trop poli pour insulter personne, Is there anybody who loves you more than I do? He is too polite to insult any body. § 344. Pas un, not one, requires NE after it; as, Pas un ne l'aime, Quiconque est riche, peut Qui que ce soit governs the dites lui d'attendre, Quoique ce soit qui arrive, faites moi chercher, Not one loves him. Whoever is rich is everything. verb in the subjunctive— Whoever comes, tell him to wait. Whatever may happen, send for me. QUESTIONS FOR THE PUPILS. The indefinite pronouns, are they always so? They are pronouns only when they are employed instead of a noun, but they become adjectives when they are joined to the substantives. What person does on or L'ON govern? Always the third person singular. Does ON or L'ON govern the substantive or adjective following the verb. No; see No. 327. NINETEENTH LESSON. ON THE ADVERB. 345. The ADVERB is an invariable word, which is immediately placed after verbs,* adjectives, and even after other adverbs, showing some circumstance of TIME, PLACE, or MANNER, expressing a perfect modification of their meaning; as, Cet homme parle BEAUCOUP, mais il s'exprime BIEN, Il a parlé AVEc prudence, D'où venez-vous ? * That man speaks a great deal, but he expresses him- He has spoken prudently. I will go now (or) to-morrow. Whence do you come? 346. The adverb is ONLY placed before its verb, 1stly, when you begin the phrase with it; 2ndly, before the Infinitive Present. Examples CEPENDANT il arriva que However it happened that Not to defend oneself is nonsense. Beaucoup, bien, avec prudence, à cheval, à présent, demain, sagement, d'où, are adverbs, because they modify the verbs to which they are joined. 347. A preposition followed by its complement,* as avec prudence, with prudence, is equal to the adverb prudemment, prudently; thus a preposition and a noun modifying a verb, become an adverb, which is called an adverbial phrase. Some adjectives cannot be formed into adverbs, therefore we must use a preposition with the noun ; as véhément, we do not say véhémentement, we must say avec véhémence, &c. Adverbs are either simple; as passablement, passably; fortement, strongly; or compound;† as au plus vite, with all speed; à tout moment, every mo ment. 348. There are nine kinds of Adverbs: Adverbs of Manner or Quality, of Order, of Time, of Place, of Quantity, of Comparison, of Affirmation, of Negation, of Interrogation. * 349. Complement signifies that which is added to a word, in order to determine and complete its signification. The adverb does not require a complement; it is a word which serves to modify other words, and which does not leave the mind in expectation of another expression, as the preposition without its complement does; for example, if we say, Il s'est comporté avec, par, &c. he behaved with, by;-these preposi tions cause us to wait for their complement; instead of which if we say, Il s'est comporté sagement, he behaved wisely; the mind requires no other explanation with regard to wisdom. †The compound adverbs are called adverbial phrases. |