The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220–1309Routledge, 11 окт. 2013 г. - Всего страниц: 432 This book explores the administration of Iran under Mongol rule through taxation and monetary policy. A consistent development is evident only from abundant numismatic material, from the conquest of Samarqand by Chingiz Khan to the reign of the penultimate ruler, Uljaytu. In many cases, the individuals responsible for initiating and conducting the policies can be identified from the histories or remarks of the mint master. The structure of the empire is clearly demarcated by mint production, coin styles and type of metal. This illuminates many controversial historical points such as the meaning and function of an Il-khan and the establishment of the Toluid dynasty under Hulagu. The Mongols broke the crust of an inflexible and archaic Islamic monetary tradition that had hampered economic development by encouraging extensive trade and the sciences (especially astronomy and higher mathematics) through determined and always pragmatic programmes. |
Содержание
3 | |
entering the land of gold and silver establishing | 31 |
collapse of the old order | 76 |
stabilizing the empire in the west | 87 |
fundamental shifts in imperial power | 121 |
Toluid claims and regional reforms 66780 H | 193 |
the first Toluid civil war | 235 |
inspired vision and rapid innovations | 245 |
imbalance and identity | 278 |
a secure but decentralized realm | 310 |
Mongol caravans markets and taxation | 375 |
people and positions | 381 |
Bibliography | 390 |
403 | |
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The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309 Judith G. Kolbas Недоступно для просмотра - 2006 |
Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
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