breeding which was pursued by Mr Quartly and his brother, the clergyman who interests himself much in live-stock. The ideal animal which the Quartlys kept before them and bred up to exactly corresponds to the typical Devon of to-day; and there is no doubt that their sound and systematic method of breeding imprinted an indelible stamp upon the race through which the blood of their stock has freely permeated. In former times, when cattle were beasts of burden, the Devons were greatly esteemed for their agility and hardiness. Now that the yoke has fallen upon other shoulders, the Rubies of the West,' as the plump little Devons have been called by their admirers, are holding a high position as beef-producers. The quality of their meat is excelled by none; and while they are small in size, they give a good return for the food they consume. Garrard, writing in 1800, attributed the excellence of Devon cattle mainly to the mildness of the climate and high dry ground, calcareous soil, and sweet pasture where they were bred; but he considered it might be also to some extent due to an admixture of finer blood from the still warmer continent of Europe. There may have been some slight foundation for this latter suggestion; but it is undeniable that the main forces and features now existing in Devon cattle are distinctively native to the south-west of England. This idea is strengthened by the recollection of the estimate of Devon cattle formed by Bakewell, who declared that they could not be improved by any cross. From the first and greatest of all our early improvers of farm live-stock this testimony is weighty. The dairy properties of the breed are not of a high order. The yield of milk is comparatively small, but its quality is exceptionally rich. Some rare specimens of the breed have reached 19 cwt. live-weight at four years old, but the average is much below that. At the London Christmas Fat Stock Show in December 1887 the class of two-year-old Devon steers (averaging 681 days) gave an average live-weight of 1235 lb.; steers over two and under three years old (averaging 996 days), 1489 lb.; and steers over three years (averaging 1320 days), 1734 lb. each.

The Red Polled cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk are supposed to bear a close affinity to the polled breeds of Scotland through the circumstance that formerly Scotch cattle were freely transported to be fattened on the Norfolk pastures. Be this as it may, the red polled breed has been sufficiently long associated with Norfolk and Suffolk to enable these counties to claim them as natives. Marshall in his Political Economy of Norfolk, published in 1782, tells us that the native cattle of Norfolk were a small, hardy thriving race, fattening as freely at three years old as cattle in general do at four or five. They are small boned, short legged, round barrelled, well loined; the favourite colour a blood-red with a white or mottled face.' Arthur Young, writing in 1794, says the Suffolk breed of cattle is universally polled, that is, without horns; the size small; few rise when fattened to above 50 stone (14 lb.); the milk veins remarkably large; cows upon good land give a great quantity of rich milk.' These are the progenitors of the modern red polls, and all the good features of the old breed have been retained and developed. The cattle are now relatively larger, still blood-red in colour, but with no white face, good meat-producers, and, taken as a whole, perhaps the best of all the native English breeds from a dairying point of view. Individual shorthorn cows will be found to exceed them in yield of milk, but red-polled cows are distinguished for high average milking properties. The breed has found much favour in the United States of America and elsewhere abroad. Its uniformity of colour, absence of horns, and

usefulness both as beef and milk producers have won for it many hearty admirers in America. Sussex cattle are also uniformly red in colour, with strong spreading horns, larger in size than the Devons, heavy meat-producers, but deficient in dairying properties. Marshall is probably right in stating (1796-98) that the Sussex, Devon, Hereford, North Wales, and Gloucestershire cattle had all sprung from the same aboriginal stock; and that in fact they were varieties arising from soils and management of the native breeds of this island.' Formerly Sussex cows were highly esteemed for their milking properties, but in the rage for beefproduction these have unfortunately been destroyed. Sussex cattle mature early, grow to great weights, and in late years they have been improving in quality. They have also found supporters in foreign countries, chiefly in the United States of America. Young Sussex steers (averaging 659 days) at the London Christmas Fat Stock Show in 1887 reached an average live-weight of 1436 lb., and three-year-old steers (averaging 1349 days), 2030 lb. each.

Longhorn cattle are now in few hands; so few indeed that the breed may be said to be approaching extinction. They are big, rough, ungainly cattle, with long drooping horns which are often so shaped as to make it difficult for the animals to graze short pasture. The cows give a fair quantity of very rich milk, and the bullocks grow and fatten to great weights. But for general utility they are being ousted by smaller, finer, and more rapidly maturing varieties. Peculiar interest attaches to this breed from the fact that it was upon it that the past great improver of farm live-stock, Robert Bakewell (q.v.) of Dishley, tried his earliest experiments. The improvement of live-stock upon scientific principles dates from 1755, when Bakewell began his great work with longhorns. These cattle were at one time widely diffused through England, and also obtained a footing in Ireland, but were many years ago supplanted by shorthorns, Herefords, Devons, or other varieties.

Welsh cattle present considerable variety of type and character, yet there is all through a noticeable family likeness, arising of course in their common origin in the aboriginal cattle of the principality. They are black in colour, with long horns, hardy in constitution, good milkers, slow in maturing, but able to subsist and thrive upon scanty fare. In late years they have been considerably improved, especially in their fattening properties. They vary greatly in size, but many of them attain great weights at from three to four years old. The average live-weight of Welsh steers at the London Christmas Fat Stock Show in 1887 was 2111 lb. each, their average having been 1286 days.

Amongst the four Scotch breeds of cattle the Polled Aberdeen-Angus is well entitled to precedence. Descended directly from the ancient polled cattle of Angus (Forfarshire) and Buchan (in Aberdeenshire)-two varieties of the same type, known in the former as 'Doddies,' and in the latter as Humlies'-this valuable beef-producing breed has made great strides in public favour since 1878, when, with five plump black polls the late Mr William M'Combie (1805-80) of Tillyfour carried off the champion prize for the best group of 'meatmaking' cattle at the Paris Exhibition, where no fewer than sixty different varieties of cattle were represented, including the best of the English breeds. That remarkable triumph has been followed by great achievements at home, the breed having in 1881, 1885, and 1887 won the £100 Champion Plate at the London Christmas Fat Stock Show. The improvement of the breed was begun before the advent of the 19th century, and all

through its breeders have been careful to preserve and cultivate its exceptionally high properties in the production of meat of the choicest quality. In this lies the chief excellence of the breed, and in these times the characteristic is one of great value. This property in the northern polls, combined with the sound system of feeding pursued in Scotland, has secured prime Scotch' beef the highest favour and longest price in the London market. At one time

Fig. 3.-Polled Aberdeen-Angus Bull and Cow.

the cows of this breed gave a bountiful yield of rich milk, but owing to the breeders' attention having so long been mainly directed to the cultivation of the fattening properties, they are now only moderate milkers. In recent years the breed has improved considerably in early maturity, and at the London Fat Stock Show in December 1887 it surpassed all other breeds in this important property. At that show the class of polled Aberdeen-Angus steers under two years (averaging 667 days in age) gave an average live-weight of 1475 lb.; and steers over two and under three years (averaging 984 days), 1874 lb. Black is the prevailing colour, but occasionally a red calf is dropped.

The Galloway breed, which takes its name from the south-west of Scotland, where it has existed it is believed for centuries, has an undeniable claim to an ancient lineage. Its origin is lost in the mists of bygone ages, but enough of its history is known to insure for this breed a high position amongst the native races of British cattle. Black and hornless like the polled Aberdeen-Angus breed, Galloway cattle differ substantially from the former, not only in outward features, Fig. 4.-Galloway Bull. but also in their inherent properties. They are similar in size, more shaggy and muscular in appearance, having a thicker hide and ranker coat of hair, but they do not mature so quickly, and are not so well suited for rapid house-feeding as the northern polls. But the Galloways are excellent grazing cattle, and for this property they have been highly esteemed for many generations, both in England and Scotland. In recent years they have been exported in large numbers to America, where they have been found admirably adapted for ranching purposes. They are exceedingly robust and hardy, and have surpassed several of the other finer varieties on the ranches of the western states of America, where the cattle have to accomplish a great deal of walking in finding food and water.

From a dairy-farmer's point of view, the Ayrshire is the most valuable of all the British breeds of cattle. Its origin is uncertain, but it is considered more than probable that its progenitors were of Dutch extraction. Be this as it may, it was well established as a famous dairy breed in

21

the south-west of Scotland before the close of the 18th century. The prevailing colours are brown and white, but some are almost entirely white, others are almost a whole brown. They are wide, low-set cattle, with fine horns curving upwards. They are second-rate cattle as beef-producers, but as profitable general dairy cattle they are unsurpassed. A fairly good Ayrshire cow will give 600 gallons of milk in a year, a very large quantity for her moderate size.

There is no more handsome animal of the bovine species than a genuine representative of the West Highland breed. Almost as large in size as the shorthorn, and quite as well proportioned in the frame, the West Highlander gains in appearance by his rank shaggy coat of hair, long, spreading, gracefully turned horns, and hardy, muscular, and defiant gait. With the Wild

White cattle of Chillingham and the tiny little Kerry of Ireland, the West Highland is regarded as the finest existing representative of the ancient cattle of Britain. The breed presents considerable variety in size and colour. Dun or yellow of various shades is the the prevailing colour, but many are black or brindled. They mature slowly, but their beef is much esteemed for its quality and flavour. They are unequalled for hardiness, and can be kept with advantage where no other breed would subsist. The cattle of Orkney and Shetland differ considerably from the varieties on the mainland, but they are as a rule of an inferior character and small in size.

Fig. 5.-West Highland Cow.

The Kerry is the smallest of all the recognised varieties of British cattle. The breed has its headquarters in the bleak hills and upland pastures of the county from which it takes its name, and having been much neglected by Irish farmers, it forms only a very small proportion of the cattle stock of Ireland, which now mainly consists of crosses between the improved shorthorn and old Irish cows,' which were of mixed-bred nondescript character. Kerry cattle are very hardy, and the attributes of the Kerry cow have thus been truthfully described by Youatt: Truly the poor man's cow, living everywhere, hardy, yielding for her size abundance of milk of good quality, and fattening rapidly when required.' Black is the prevailing colour, and their horns are upturned and often peculiarly cocked.' There is a sub-variety called the 'Dexter Kerry,' shorter in the leg, thicker in body, and heavier in the flesh than the Kerry proper.

The extension of dairy-farming in the United Kingdom, and the somewhat meagre milking properties of the greater proportion of British cattle, have led to the importation of large numbers of Channel Island cattle. These often indiscriminately called Alderney cattle-comprise the Jersey and Guernsey breeds, supposed to be from one common origin, but known to have been bred in purity in the respective islands of these names for upwards of a hundred years. They are both essentially dairy breeds, giving an abundant yield of rich highly-coloured milk. The Jersey is the smaller of the two, and is docile, delicate, and of graceful deer-like form. In the production of beef it is of little value. The Guernsey is not only larger, but also hardier and more generally useful. When in

full milk, whole herds of Jersey cows give an average of 9 lb. of butter each cow per week, an exceptional cow occasionally giving as much as 16 lb. of butter in one week. Good Jersey cows yield from 500 to 700 gallons of milk, and from 300 to 350 lb. of butter in twelve months. Guernsey cows have exceeded 800 gallons of milk in a year, and the noted cow Select,' when six years old, gave 22 lb. of butter in seven days, this quantity being obtained from 19 quarts of milk per day. In America still higher records have been obtained.

Fig. 6.-Jersey Cow.

It has been stated that the improvement of cattle-breeding on scientific principles was begun by Bakewell in 1755. Almost continuously since then the good work has been prosecuted with energy and success, and for many years the British Isles have been regarded as the origin and headquarters of almost all the most valuable varieties of farm live-stock. For generations foreign countries have freely resorted to these islands for improved live-stock, and this export trade goes on as briskly and as extensively as ever. The United States of America have in particular drawn very largely upon British herds, and a great stimulus to this trade with the United States has been given by the extension of the ranching system. Vast areas of grazing land in the western states and territories have been acquired by syndicates for the breeding and rearing of cattle; and with the view of improving the stock of native cattle, large numbers of wellbred bulls of the leading British varieties, either imported from the United Kingdom or descended from imported stock, have been sent to the West for use on ranches.

The cattle of the United States and Canada

present almost endless variety of form and character. This is what might be expected when it is remembered that they are descended from importations of cattle from Spain, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, France, and England, Scotland, and Ireland. About the year 1525, some six years after the discovery of Mexico by the Spaniard Cortes, cattle were introduced into that country from Spain, and in the abundant pasturage of the Mexican territory they increased rapidly, spreading with the enterprising Spanish settlers into Texas, California, and other parts of the Far West. Exactly a hundred years later the Dutch settlers in New York brought cattle thither from Holland, and a few years earlier small importations of cattle had been made from the West India Islands into Virginia. The earliest of these arrivals in Virginia are assigned to 1610 and 1611, but that colony was broken up in 1622 by the Indians, who massacred 347 men, women, and children, and, it is presumed, also destroyed their cattle. In 1624-four years after the landing of the English Plymouth colony there-cattle were introduced into Massachusetts from England, and many other importations followed during the next few years. The Swedes brought cattle into Delaware in 1627, and in 1631 and two following years Danish emigrants introduced cattle from their native country into New Hampshire. English emigrants settled in Maryland in 1633, in North and South Carolina in 1660 and 1670, and in Pennsylvania in 1682, and took with them, or had sent after them, large numbers of English cattle. The French colonists brought cattle into

Quebec as early as 1608; and towards the close of the 17th century fresh importations of European cattle poured into the great American continent. It so happens, however, that while importations of cattle were made from all the countries named, and perhaps from others also, the existing cattle stock of America-leaving out the Mexican, now more commonly called Texan, cattle, which are still a race by themselves-are largely of British origin. In the earlier importations, again excluding Mexico, British cattle preponderated; and just as the English language has submerged all others in the gradual development of the American continent, so has British blood become the dominating element in the main bulk of the cattle stock of the country. There is no authentic information as to the character of the cattle first introduced into America, but all the leading breeds of the British Isles, as well as the chief milking breeds of the European continent, are now strongly represented in North America. There, as at home, the English shorthorn predominates, and there are also strong representations of the Hereford, Polled AberdeenAngus, Galloway, Devon, Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polls, Jersey and Dutch breeds. The cattle of America are being speedily improved, chiefly by the use of well-bred bulls, either imported from the British Isles or bred from imported cattle. Still, the majority of them are of an inferior character- quite unworthy of the rich country which they occupy. The Texan cattle still retain the rough coarse character which distinguished their Spanish ancestors. Improvement amongst the Texan cattle is proceeding very slowly.

The cattle of Australia, which are small, slowgrowing, and of inferior quality as beef-producers, have also been greatly improved by the introduction of British stock, chiefly of the Shorthorn, Hereford, and Polled Aberdeen-Angus breeds.

The

In the management of cattle there is perhaps even greater variation than in the character of the cattle themselves. A full description of the various methods of management would itself occupy a moderate volume. It must suffice here to mention two or three leading features in cattle economy. In the British Isles the ox is no longer a beast of burden, save in a very few localities. yoke has fallen upon the horse, except where both have been relieved by the steam-engine. The two main purposes for which cattle are now reared are the production of milk and butchermeat. Certain breeds, as already indicated, are peculiarly adapted for milk-production, such as the Jersey and Guernsey and Ayrshire cattle; others, notably the shorthorn and red-polled breeds, are distinguished for the combination of both milking and fattening properties of the highest order; while others again, such as the Polled Aberdeen-Angus, the Hereford and Devon, &c., display remarkable aptitude to fatten, and yield meat of the choicest quality. The farmer of course selects the breed best adapted to the locality in which he lives, and to the purposes he has in view. As a rule cattle of all kinds, whether dairying or fattening, spend the summer on the pasture fields; and it is only in exceptional cases, either where there is a deficiency of grass, or where it is desired to force the growth, fattening, or milking of the animals, that any food beyond what they can pick up for themselves is given to cattle on the fields. Oil-cake, cottoncake, and bruised grain-partly imported, mostly home grown-are the principal auxiliary foods on pasture. Where a careful system of management prevails, the cattle are put into comfortable houses overnight as soon as the chill autumnal evenings set in; and throughout the winter they are kept almost entirely in the houses, store-cattle getting out now and again about mid-day when the weather

is favourable. As winter food, turnips and straw or hay preponderate, but in the improved practice of recent years smaller quantities of roots and more of the concentrated foods, such as cake and grain, are being given to cattle. Silage is fast becoming an important article of food for cattle. Now cattle are fattened off at from eighteen to thirty months old, instead of from three to five years, as prior to 1850. The essence of the feeder's art is to produce the maximum quantity of first-class meat in the shortest possible time and at the lowest possible cost; and in the struggle after this the maturing and fattening properties of cattle have been greatly accelerated. The young or 'baby-beef,' as it has been called, is more tender and perhaps more palatable than the substantial 'rounds' of the slowgrowing five-year-old beeves of 'fifty years ago;' but it is questionable if it is either so wholesome or so strength-giving. Be that as it may, the popular taste is entirely in favour of the 'baby-beef; and what the public desire the feeder must endeavour to supply.

Since 1880 there has been considerable growth in dairy-farming throughout the British Isles. When it is mentioned, however, that in 1887 butter to the value of £8,017,000, and cheese to the value of £4,509,000, were imported into the United Kingdom, it will be seen that there is room for still further extension. The system of management on dairyfarms varies according to the locality and objects of the farmer. Where the milk can be conveniently disposed of or despatched to towns, attention is given mainly to milk-selling, which is the least troublesome, and perhaps also the most profitable system of dairying. In other cases butter is the staple produce of the dairy; in other parts again, cheesemaking is the prevailing feature. The consumption of milk as human food has vastly increased in recent years. The rate of consumption keeps on growing, and ingenious facilities are devised for bringing fresh milk from distant dairies-dairies from 50 to 60 miles distant into towns every morning. As would be expected, the calves bred on dairy-farms get little of their mothers' milk. They are reared principally on milk substitutes,' either prepared at home or by firms who make the production of cattle foods their sole or chief business. Linseed in various forms is very extensively used in calfrearing.

Cattle are very variously used, and are the only or the chief beasts of draught in many countries, as Cape Colony and large part of America. In India also horned cattle are the only beasts used for ploughing, and are chiefly valued as draught animals. A famous breed was formed for military purposes; and in the Central Provinces there is a high-class breed of trotting bullocks. The best ghee of India is obtained from the milk not of cows but of buffaloes. In China, no use whatever is made of cow's milk, though human milk is sometimes given to old people as a restorative. Nearer home, in Italy even, milk and butter are but little used, and cows are in request mainly for rearing calves. The large Italian breed can do little more than feed their young; and milch cows, if wanted, are brought from Switzerland. In Italy and some other countries, cattle are all stall-fed, vine, elm, and oak leaves forming an important part of their food.

Wild Cattle.-In various parts of the world, species occur of cattle more or less wild, which are certainly different from any of the domesticated European breeds. Such are the Banteng (Bos banteng), the Gaur Ox (B. gaurus), the Gayal (B. gavaus). But besides these extra-European wild cattle, there are abundant remains of three virtually extinct European species, from which the domesticated breeds are believed to have gradually

originated. These are B. primigenius, B. longifrons, B. frontosus. The first became virtually extinct within historic times, is known as the Ur in the Nibelungenlied, was domesticated in Switzerland in the Neolithic period, was common in Britain and on the Continent in the time of Cæsar, seems to have persisted in Poland till the 17th century, and still survives in a semi-wild stage, though much degenerated in size,' in Chillingham Park in the north of Northumberland. In 1692 the flock numbered but 28; in 1875, 62 in all. At Cadzow near Hamilton is another herd, differing somewhat from those of Chillingham, but presumed to be also representatives of a detachment of the wild cattle that roamed the Caledonian Forest. Other herds are still found at Chartley (Staffordshire), Somerford (Cheshire), and Kilmory (Argyllshire); whilst that at Gisburn (Yorkshire) became extinct in 1859, and that of Lyme (Cheshire) dwindled from 34 head in 1850 to 4 in 1875. Though the interesting survivals preserved at Chillingham are less altered from the true primigenius type than any other known breed,' there is some reason to suppose from their white colour and some other features that they are descended from a partially domesticated ancestry. As to other descendants of B. primigenius, which have diverged further from the primitive type, it is generally supposed that the Podolian cattle of South Russia, Hungary, &c., the larger breeds in Friesland, Holland, and other parts of the Continent, and the Pembroke breed in England, are to be referred back to the same source.

B. longifrons or brachyceros was a smaller animal with short body. It was domesticated in Switzerland in the Neolithic period; it was early introduced into Britain (vast quantities of its bones having been found in remains of a lake-dwelling at Croyland); and it has its probable descendants in some of the mountain breeds of Switzerland, the Tyrol, and Bavaria (e.g. the Appenzell cattle), and, according to Owen, in some of the Welsh and Highland cattle.

B. frontosus is found along with the latter species, to which it is closely allied. It occurs in the peat-mosses of Scandinavia, and also in Ireland. It is regarded as the probable ancestor of the Norwegian mountain cattle, of the Bern cattle, and, according to Owen and others, of some of the Scotch Highland varieties. In regard to many of these pedigrees, dogmatic statement is quite impossible, and much difference of opinion obtains. The most divergent opinion is that of Wilckens, who maintains that some of the European domestic breeds are descended from the European bison.

Darwin's Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. i., may be conveniently consulted for facts and references. See the articles BOVIDE, BREED, BULL-FIGHT, GAUR, MUSK OX, RANCHING, YAK, ZEBU, &c. diseases of cattle are discussed under their own heads

The

thereof under CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. See G. Flem

CATTLE-PLAGUE, PLEURO-PNEUMONIA, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE, ANTHRAX, BLACK QUARTER, &c.; the law ing's Animal Plagues (1871-82). For the management of the DAIRY, see that head, as also BUTTER, CHEESE, and MILK; on cattle generally, see Pringle's Live Stock of the Farm; Wallace's Farm Live Stock of Great Britain; Stephen's Book of the Farm (new ed. by Macdonald); and Allen's American Cattle (New York). For Wild Cattle, see Wilckens, Rinderrassen Mittel-Europas (Vienna, 1876); J. A. Smith, Ancient Cattle of Scotland (1873); and Harting, Extinct British Animals (1880). Cattle, in English Law. See CHATTEL.

Cattle-plague (Ger. Rinderpest; Lat. Typhus Bovis Contagiosus). This is a specific malignant and contagious fever indigenous to the Asiatic steppes of Russia, India, Persia, China, Burma, Ceylon, &c.; never occurring in Britain but as a result of direct or indirect communication with imported

cattle, or with hides and offal which have been exposed to the contagion; and is hitherto unknown in America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is essentially a disease of the bovine family (ox, aurochs, and zebu), but may be communicated to the sheep, goat, deer, caniel, giraffe, antelope, gazelle, and even the peccary.

Records of fatal plagues in cattle have been handed down from very early dates, but the descriptions are so meagre that it is possible only to. surmise their nature. It is probable that one of the plagues of Egypt was a form of anthrax, but in the reign of Nero (69 A.D.) Columella describes a disease which resembles cattle-plague. He says: "The fever is present when tears are trickling down the face, when the head is carried low and heavily, and the eyes are closed; when the saliva flows from the mouth, when the respiration is shorter than in health, and seemingly embarrassed or sometimes accompanied by groaning.' About 400 A.D. Vegetius Renatus describes, under the term Malleus, a disease which might have been cattle-plague. In 809–10 A.D., during the wars of Charlemagne, occurred a great outbreak of cattle plague, which spread over nearly the whole of Europe, and particularly Britain. In 1348-49 a plague broke out amongst the cattle in England, just after the black death had destroyed thousands of human beings; it seems to have been similar to cattle-plague. Even in those days the stampingout system was understood, as the diseased cattle were slaughtered, and infected herds, and the herdsmen attending them, were kept from coming into contact with sound animals.

In 1480 another outbreak occurred which committed great devastation. It cannot be stated positively that these outbreaks were cattle-plague, as the symptoms have not been clearly handed down, but there is evidence to prove that outbreaks occurring in 1715, in 1745, and which continued until 1757, were those of the veritable plague. That of 1745 was brought from Holland either by two white calves, or by a parcel of distempered hides brought from Zealand. The disease broke out near London, continued for twelve years, and was only suppressed by most vigorous measures. It again made its appearance in 1865, and was introduced by 331 cattle shipped at Revel, and landed at Hull. Amongst these were 13 Russian cattle, the remainder of 46 which had been brought from St Petersburg and its neighbourhood. The cargo arrived on 29th May, and a lot of 146 were disposed of at Hull on the 30th. The remaining 175 were sent to London. Amongst them were 330 sheep which were sold at Hull to the butchers and killed, and all the 175 cattle except 20 were sold for killing, but the remaining 20 were sent to Gosport. From this source the disease spread rapidly, and by the end of July it appeared in Aberdeenshire, brought by 4 calves sent to Huntly from the south. By the beginning of November the plague was present in 30 counties in England, 17 in Scotland, and 1 in Wales; and on December 30 the disease had appeared on 7443 farms or in cattle-sheds in England, 2065 in Scotland, and 245 in Wales; total-9753 centres of infection. The total number of cattle on farms, in sheds, or other places where the disease had been officially reported to exist, was-England, 110,647; Scotland, 44,527; Wales, 4536; total, 159,710. And the number of healthy animals in contact and slaughtered were-England, 10,636; Scotland, 6578; Wales, 152; total, 17,366. The number attacked were-England, 48,964; Scotland, 22,298; Wales, 2287; total, 73,549. Out of this number 7045 recovered, 41,491 died, 13,931 were killed, and 11,082 remained diseased at this date. The plague continued to spread and to commit great havoc,

CATULLUS

until an Order in Council was issued making it compulsory to slaughter and bury all diseased cattle, as well as those which had been in contact with them. The beneficial effect of this order was soon made apparent, as the disease gradually diminished and eventually died out.

Had the restrictions upon cattle traffic been removed, there would have been another visitation in 1872, for in July of that year, animals affected with the disease were sent to Deptford, Hull, and Leith, but owing to its swift recognition, were not allowed to land in Scotland. From Hull, however, it spread to Bridlington, Pocklington, and two other parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire, but through the activity of the authorities was prevented from spreading further.

Sheep do not readily take the disease when kept in fields with affected cattle, but if kept together in close sheds, they take the disease in a short time.

Symptoms.-The virus absorbed into the blood gives rise to elevation of temperature (fever), which precedes all other symptoms, and occurs in from 36 to 48 hours after an animal has been inoculated. It will be thus seen that the period of latency incubation-is very short. Two days after this elevation of temperature, the mucous membrane of the mouth, as well as that of the vagina in the cow, assumes a salmon colour, and is covered with an eruption. Even at this time the pulse is but little affected, but on the fourth day from the first rise of temperature there are marked signs of illness; the constitution is thoroughly invaded, and now ensue the drooping head, hanging ears, distressed look, with rigors and twitching of the muscles, failing pulse, oppressed breathing, diarrhoea, fetid breath, discharge from the eyes, nose, and mouth, and constant moan so characteristic of this dreadful malady; death usually occurs on the seventh day from the first perceptible elevation of temperature, but the third or fourth after the illness is apparent to ordinary observers.

The Virus. It is now supposed that the disease is due to micrococci found by Klebs in 1872, and by Semmer in 1874, in the lymphatic glands and blood. The micrococci, which will grow rapidly in beef-broth and other special preparations, form zooglea and chains; calves inoculated with them die from the plague in seven days. By repeated cultivations the virus loses its potency; inoculated into sheep it secures their immunity from the disease.

No medicinal treatment has as yet been found beneficial in this disease. Almost every remedy was tried in 1865, and although there were recoveries, no one attributed these to any remedies. The disease is much milder in cattle indigenous to those countries where it has its home and origin, and there the mortality is not great; but this mild type propagates the disease in its most virulent form when introduced amongst cattle of other countries.

Cattolica, a town of Sicily, with sulphurworks, 14 miles NW. of Girgenti. Pop. 6591.

Catullus, GAIUS VALERIUS, the greatest lyric poet of ancient Italy, and one of the greatest poets of all ages, was born at Verona either in 87 or, more probably, in 84 B.C. Few of the incidents in his life are known to us, and the dates assigned to these are in most cases only conjectural. He appears to have belonged to the equestrian order, and his years were spent mainly at Rome, where he settled about 62 B.C., and at his villas, to which he was fond of retiring, at Tibur and Sirmio. He began to write verses when a boy of sixteen or seventeen. 'When my primrose youth was in its