DELAWARE but many are navigable. In the north kaolin and iron ore are found, and bog ore or limonite occurs to some extent in other parts. The state is divided into three counties, New Castle in the north, Kent in the centre, and Sussex in the south. The state is well provided with railroad facilities, and is crossed by a canal connecting the Delaware and Chesapeake bays. The northern section has large and varied manufacturing interests. Fishing and the taking of oysters and crabs are important industries in Sussex county, and along the shores and tidal streams. Peaches and the various small fruits, as well as market-garden products, are leading articles of export; the principal cereal crops are maize, wheat, and oats. Pop. (1870) 125,015; (1880) 146,608 (of whom 26,448 were of pure or mixed African descent); (1890) 168,493. The principal towns are Wilmington (pop. in 1880, 42,478, in 1890, 61,437), New Castle (4010). Dover, the state capital (3061), and Smyrna (2455). Delaware's first permanent white settlements were made by Swedes and Finns who settled at Christiana (Wilmington) in 1638; for a Dutch settlement of 1613 at Hoornkill (now Lewes) was destroyed a year later by the Indians. The colony of New Sweden included a small part of Pennsylvania and a section of New Jersey. For several years the Dutch and Swedes contended for the possession of this region, till in 1655 it passed under Dutch sway. After the transfer of New Amsterdam (now New York) to the English rule in 1664, Delaware, like the stronger colony, became English also. It was governed from New York until 1682, when William Penn became proprietary of the three Delaware counties, which, however, were never considered as forming any part of Pennsylvania, to which colony they were attached. In 1776 a constitution was adopted, which was set aside by another in 1791; and this was revised in 1831. Delaware was a slave-state until the war of 1861-65, but took no part in the secession movement. offers several curious survivals, such as its division into hundreds, and the retention of whipping-post and pillory. It Delaware, THOMAS WEST, LORD, the first governor of Virginia, arrived there from England in June 1610, but nine months later was prostrated by ill-health, and died in 1618. Delawares. See AMERICAN INDIANS. Del Crederé Commission, the higher rate or allowance charged by a factor or agent, in respect of which he guarantees the solvency of the purchaser, and renders himself personally liable to his principal in case of the purchaser's failure to pay the price of the goods sold. It is not necessary that the contract be in writing. The amount of the premium is of course variable, but it is frequently double an ordinary selling commission. Deleb Palm, or ETHIOPIAN FAN-PALM ( (Borassus æthiopum), is very common and widely distributed throughout Central Africa, where it often practically replaces the date palm in the domestic economy of many negro tribes. Its large hard nut is eaten fresh, but also largely planted until germination has fairly commenced; the young embryo thus laden with sugar, &c., is then eaten raw or cooked. See GERMINATION, and MALTING. Delectus (Lat., a selection'), the old name often applied to a selection of passages from Latin or Greek writers graduated in difficulty for the use of young learners. None is so famous as Valpy's. Delegation (Ital. delegazione), the term formerly applied in Lombardy, Venice, and the States of the Church, both to the governor and governing court of a province and to the province itself. The number of such provinces varied, but was at one time nineteen. The delegate was always a prelate, and directly appointed by the pope. If he was a cardinal, he was called a Legate, and his province a Legation. Delescluze, LOUIS CHARLES, French communist, was born at Dreux, 20th October 1809. His politics early drove him from France to journalism in Belgium, but the February revolution opened to him a career in Paris, where his clever and facile pen quickly made him popular with the rabble, but earned him from the authorities imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 francs. Again at Paris in 1853, he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and was next transported to Cayenne, where he remained till 1859. His experiences of his sufferings he gave in De Paris à Cayenne; Journal d'un Transporté (1867). After his return he was quiet for some years, until his journal, Réveil, started in 1868 to advocate the doctrines of the International, brought him anew into trouble. In the infamous history of the Paris Commune he played a prominent part, and upon his head rests in great part the guilt of its most execrable atrocities-the murder of the hostages, and the burning of the public buildings of the city. He died on the last barricade, 28th May 1871. Delfshaven, an old town in South Holland on the Maas, 1 mile W. of Rotterdam, with shipping and some manufactures. Pop. (1880) 11,425. Delft, one of the most ancient towns of South Holland, is situated on the Schie, 8 miles NW. of Rotterdam by rail, and is intersected by numerous canals. Delft was noted from the 16th to the 18th century for its delft-ware (see POTTERY), but has now entirely lost its high reputation for this manufacture, and not more than a few dozen persons are engaged in making earthenware. Of several interesting buildings, one, the town-hall (1618), is a picturesque and richly adorned edifice. The New Church (1476) contains a monument, more ornate than tasteful, to the memory of William I. of Orange, who was assassinated here, 10th July 1584. burial-vaults of the present royal family of HolIt also contains the tomb of Grotius, and the land. The Old Church, a building of some note, contains the tomb of the naturalist, Leeuwenhoek, and of the great admiral, Van Tromp. Delft has also a state arsenal, an East Indian college, a polytechnic, and several hospitals. There are some manufactures of fine carpets, casks, baskets. Pop. (1876) 23,804; (1888) 27,591. Delhi (Dehli), an imperial city of Northern India, and the chief commercial and industrial centre of the Punjab, on the right bank of the Jumna, 13 miles from the railway junction of Ghaziabad, 113 NNW. of Agra, and 954 NW. of Calcutta. It is walled on three sides, has ten gates, and stands on high ground, the grand series of buildings forming the famous palace of Shah Jehan, now the Fort, looking out over the river and a wide stretch of wooded and cultivated country. To the north, about a mile distant, rises the historic ridge,' crowned with view of the city, the domes and minarets of memorials of the Mutiny, and commanding a fine which overtop the encircling groves. The gardens in the city, the suburbs, and the neighbouring country, are all richly wooded. Delhi is the terminus of the East Indian and Rajputana railways, the former crossing the Jumna by a fine iron bridge. Fergusson describes in detail the palace buildings, which are the splendid heritage of Mogul sovereignty. Briefly, they comprise the cathedral-like entrance hall, the diwan-i-khas, or audience hall, the diwan-i-am, the rang mahal (now a mess-room), and several lesser pavilions, covering in all an area of 1600 feet by 3200, exclusive of gateways. The beautiful inlaid work and carving of these buildings are the admiration of the world, and the diwan-i-khas is worthy of its famous inscription: If there is a heaven on earth, it is this-it is this!' In the heart of the city stands the Jama Masjid ('great mosque'), one of the largest and finest structures of the kind in India, which also owes its origin to Shah Jehan. Among the notable monuments in the neighbourhood are the imperial tombs, including that of Hamayun, second of the Mogul dynasty; the old Kala Masjid, or black mosque; and the famous Kutab Minar, 10 miles to the south. The Minar, erected by Kutab-ud-din, founder of a dynasty, early in the 13th century, is 238 feet high, and tapers gracefully from a diameter of 47 feet at the base to 9 feet at the summit. It incloses a winding staircase, and is garlanded with inscriptions from the Koran. Modern Delhi is noted for its broad main streets, the chief being the Chandni Chauk, or Silver Street, with its high clock-tower, and the institute and museum. The Delhi College, once a famous oriental school, has been abolished, government having withdrawn the collegiate staff of teachers to concentrate the grant upon the central institution at Lahore. Delhi has a large trade in wheat and other produce, and its bazaars are noted for gold and silver work, precious stones, shawls, and costly fabrics. It is a great native banking centre. Across the river is the ruined fort of Salimgarh, and traces of an ancient city. Pop. (1891) 193,580. more than half Hindus. The name Dilli or Dillipur first appears in 1st century B.C., and is connected with the famous iron pillar of Raja Dhava, a solid shaft of metal, set up in the 3d or 4th century, which is 16 inches in diameter, and 50 feet long, and which is so firmly planted that only half of it is above ground. This indisputable relic bears a Sanskrit inscription, in which the name of the city is mentioned. Delhi was the capital of the Afghan or Pathan, and afterwards of the Mogul, empire. It was taken by a British army under Lord Lake, September 8, 1803, and has ever since-if we except the brief period when it was held by the mutineers in 1857 continued under British rule. In our own time, Delhi has been rendered memorable by the events of 1857. The march on the city of the mutineers from Meerut; the terrible 11th of May; the explosion of the powder-magazine by Willoughby and his heroic band; the assault, when the city was won (September 20) gate by gate and quarter by quarter a success saddened by the death of the gallant Nicholson; the subsequent daring capture of the king of Delhi by Hodson of Hodson's Horse; and the capture and shooting of his miscreant sons by the same officer, are memorable events in Indian history. A memorial to Willoughby was erected by government in 1888. In 1877 Delhi was the scene of the famous Durbar at which the Queen was proclaimed Empress of India. Delhi is now the most Europeanised of all the cities in the interior of India, and the removal of some of the old gates was among the improvements contemplated in 1888.-The district has an area of 1277 sq. m., and a pop. of 643,515. The trade and manufactures of the district centre in the town of Delhi. There is a branch of the East Indian Railway, and the Rajputana State Railway traverses the district for about 13 miles. Of about 820 sq. m. under cultivation, over a sixth are irrigated from government canals, and a smaller part by private enterprise. To the south, the district is rocky and barren. The soil along the alluvial margin of the Jumna is fertile, but better crops are produced in the tract artificially irrigated by the Western Jumna Canal.-The division of Delhi DELIRIUM comprises the three districts of Delhi, Gurgaon, and Karnal, with an area of 5610 sq. m., and a pop. (1881) of 1,907,984, 72 per cent. of whom were Hindus. Delibes, LÉON, a French composer, born in 1836 at St Germain du Val, in the Sarthe, entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1848, and in 1855 produced an operetta, Deux Sacs de Charbon. At the Grand Opéra, where he became second director in 1865, his music for the ballet La Source (1866) met with great success, and his ballet-music for Coppélia (1870), his finest work, secured his position as a composer. He has written music for a third ballet and for three comic operas, one of which, Le Roi l'a dit (1873), became very popular. In 1880 Delibes was appointed professor of Composition in the Conservatoire. Delilah (signifying, according to Bertheau, the Philistine woman who betrayed Samson (q.v.). 'the delicate;' according to Ewald, the traitress'), Delille, JACQUES, a writer extravagantly overrated in his lifetime, was born near Aigues-Perse in Auvergne, on June 22, 1738. He was an illegitimate child, and was brought up by charity. Educated at the Collège de Lisieux in Paris, he distinguished himself as a scholar, and obtained a professorship in Amiens. His verse translation of the Georgics, published in 1769, had an extraordinary vogue, and was extolled far beyond its merits by Voltaire and other critics. Its author ing a canonry at Moissac, was presented by the was made an academician in 1774, and, after holdComte d'Artois with the abbacy of Saint-Severin, the income of which amounted to 30,000 livres a year. Les Jardins, a didactic poem which Delille published in 1782, found a vast body of readers, and was generally accepted as a masterpiece. The leave France, he travelled in Switzerland and outbreak of the Revolution compelling Delille to Germany, and then removed to London, where he occupied himself for eighteen months in translating the Paradise Lost. After his return to France in 1802, he produced a translation of the Eneid (1804) and several didactic and descriptive works in verse-L'Imagination (1806), Les Trois Règnes He became (1809), and La Conversation (1812). blind in his old age, and died on May 1, 1813. During his life he was not only regarded by his countrymen as the greatest French poet of the day, but was even declared to be the equal of Virgil and Homer. His fame, however, suffered a rapid eclipse, and his lack of poetic genius is now generally admitted. He was merely a fluent versifier, whose knack of turning out ingenious paraphrases exactly suited the taste of his conSee Sainte-Beuve's Portraits Littétemporaries. raires, vol. ii. Deliquescence is the term applied to the property which certain substances have of absorbing moisture from the air, and becoming damp, and even running into liquid. Caustic potash, and the chlorides of calcium and magnesium, are examples of substances which undergo this change. Delirium is a condition in which there is perversion of the mental processes. In its essential nature this symptom is analogous to insanity; insanity is, in short, a similar state, unaccompanied by the obvious conditions which are the causes of delirium. In health the mental processes correspond to present sensory impressions or to the memory of those which are past, but in delirium this correspondence ceases, and the results of cerebral activity bear no true relation to reality. Delirium has three well-known mental phenomena, any or all of which may be present in any indi DELIRIUM TREMENS vidual instance. The mind may be possessed by false ideas or delusions; sensory impressions may produce false perceptions or illusions; or there may be fictitious perceptions or hallucinations, without the presence of any sensory impressions. The more common causes of delirium are four. (1) Local diseases of the brain or its envelopes, as in the case of inflammation of the lining membranes. (2) Toxic substances circulating in the blood, which may have their origin within the system, as in the retention of waste products during the final stages of kidney disease, or may be introduced from without, such as the specific poisons of the acute infectious diseases, or active substances like alcohol. (3) High body temperatures, which may occur apart from any bloodpoison in a local inflammation of some distant organ. (4) Inanition, which may often be seen in the concluding periods of wasting diseases. Delirium Tremens is the term employed to denote one of the acute phases arising in the course of chronic Alcoholism (q.v.). It is as a rule precipitated by a period of indulgence in excessive drinking, and shows itself at first in the form of general uneasiness and restlessness during the day, followed by sleeplessness, or disturbed sleep with distressing dreams, at night. These initial symptoms usher in the stage of delirium, always accompanied by constant muscular tremors. The delirium almost invariably presents the three main varieties of mental disturbance-illusions, hallucinations, and delusions-to which reference has been made in the preceding article. An attack generally lasts about three days, but it may exist for a period of six or seven days, and, so far as is at present known, there is no means of shortening its duration. The chief danger lies in the great tendency to exhaustion which the disease shows. One attack appears to have a power of predisposing the individual who has suffered from it to subsequent recurrence. The affection frequently induces some degree of mental weakness, and this is more likely to be the case in those who belong to families which have a hereditary tendency to insanity. As above mentioned, no means is known of cutting short an attack, and the employment of drugs in this disease is of at least doubtful utility. The only rational treatment consists in the use of every expedient which can tend to sustain the patient, and avert the great tendency to exhaustion of the vital centres. De Lisle. See ROUGET DE LISLE. Delitzsch, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Löbber, 12 miles N. of Leipzig by rail, with manufactures of cigars, straw, leather, ivory, and wooden goods. Pop. 8342. works are his System der biblischen Psychologie (1855), System der christ. Apologetik (1869), Jesus und Hillel (1867), Jüd. Handwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu (1868), &c. His commentary on Genesis (1887) marked a large concession to the modern critical theory of the Pentateuch. Died March 4, 1890.His son, FRIEDRICH DELITZSCH, born 3d September 1850, has already made a great reputation as an Assyriologist by his Assyr. Studien (1874), his translation of George Smith's Chaldean Account of Genesis (1876), his Assyr. Lesestücke (1878), Wo lag das Paradies? (1881), and his great Assyr. Wörterbuch (1887 et seq.). Delius, NIKOLAUS, a distinguished German Shakespearian critic, was born at Bremen, 19th September 1813, and studied philology at Bonn and Berlin, and in England and France. He finally settled in 1846 at Bonn, where he became extraordinary professor in 1855, and professor in 1863, and where he died 18th November 1888. His early lectures were on Sanskrit and the Romance tongues, but he afterwards devoted himself to the English language and literature, and as a student of Shakespeare took a place that, in the opinion of most scholars, was second to none. Apart from excursions of lesser importance in other fields of literature, he published Abhandlungen zu Shakspeare (1878), &c. and his edition of Shakespeare's works (Elberfeld, 7 vols. 1854-61; 5th ed. 2 vols. 1882) is an acknowledged masterpiece, its notes a marvel of terse sagacity. Delivery in Sale. See SALE OF GOODS. Della Cruscan School. About the year 1785, a number of English residents at Florence endeavoured to amuse their lagging hours by writing verses, which they published under the title of The Florence Miscellany. The insipidity, affectation, and fantastic silliness of these productions transcend belief; yet such was the poetic poverty of the time, that they soon found a crowd of admirers and imitators. Taking the name of a Florentine Academy (q.v.), the Della Cruscans now began to print their precious lucubrations in England, chiefly in two daily newspapers called the World and the Oracle. While the epidemic malady was spreading from fool to fool,' as Gifford pungently says, one of the brotherhood, a Mr Robert Merry, came over from Florence, and 'immediately announced himself by a sonnet to Love.' It was answered by one, 'Anna Matilda' Mrs Cowley), who (as was the custom) praised it immoderately in language even more absurd frenzy: Laura, Maria, Carlos, Orlando, Adelaide, than Merry's own. 'The fever now turned to a and a thousand other nameless names, caught Delitzsch, FRANZ, a learned theologian and the infection; and from one end of the kingdom Hebraist, born at Leipzig, February 23, 1813, to the other all was nonsense and Della Crusca." studied theology and orientalia at the university But retribution followed, for Nemesis watches the there, and became professor of Theology at Rostock course of poetry as sharply as that of politics. In in 1846, whence he was called to Erlangen in 1850, 1794 Gifford produced his Baviad, and in 1796 and to Leipzig in 1867. Delitzsch's vast learnhis Mæviad. Rarely has literature witnessed such ing and exegetical sagacity combined to give him a scalping. It completely killed the school, and, a foremost place among the more conservative indeed, it is only in these two poems that the German theologians, while his great personal influmemory of most of the unhappy Della Cruscan ence over a generation of Leipzig students, and a an immortality long series of profoundly learned books, contrib-songsters has been preserved uted enormously to extend a sound knowledge the Newgate Calendar. which may be compared with that conferred by of Old Testament exegesis not only in Germany, but in England and America. His earliest works were in the field of the post-biblical Jewish literature, followed by his commentaries on Habakkuk, Song of Solomon, Genesis, the Psalms; and to the complete commentary on the Old Testament, edited jointly with Keil, Delitzsch himself contributed the volumes devoted to Isaiah, Job, Solomon's Proverbs, Canticles, and Ecclesiastes. Later Dellys, a port of Algeria, 50 miles E. of Algiers, with a French garrison. Pop. 3564. De Lolme, JOHN LOUIS, born at Geneva in 1740, was originally an advocate in his native town, but about 1769 came to England, where, in spite of his literary activity, he lived for several years in great poverty, always in debt and repeatedly in prison. Having inherited a small |