in Pestalozzi's career. The first embraces the time until the year 1798. During this period, relying solely on his own power, he lived entirely for the idea of improving the unhappy condition of the lower classes by means of education, by industrial training, and by instruction suitable to the natural unfolding of the faculties of the young. All which he did proceeded directly from himself, and belongs to him exclusively. The second period begins with his operations in Stanz, and extends to a few years before his death. The idea of his elementary manuals assumed a somewhat definite form at Stanz, became clearer at Burgdorf, and was carried into effect by his fellow-workers, Krüsi, Niederer, and Schmidt, but under those extraneous influences, passed into a different form from that in which it existed originally. Thus in a measure turned from his own purpose, he undertook to educate children of the higher classes, and placed his hope of social amelioration on educational publications which never could accomplish a purely personal and individual work. Raised unexpectedly to a high position of social respect and influence, he lost from sight the cancer which, engendered by others' discords, was eating into the life of his establishment. The third and last period contains only a few years. Disabused of the delusions which more or less had for twenty years prevailed with him, he, now an old man, was inwardly and outwardly himself again. With clear vision and with an excess of humility, he looked back upon the errors of his life, and judged his enterprises with a severity which will be shared by no one. He may have erred, but even in his writings he has left a store of precious thoughts which suffice to vindicate for him the love and the veneration of his kind. If he erred in his measures, he was right, and he was noble, too, in his aims. And his errors of fact were the result not of ordinary neglect, but of inborn and inbred infirmities, which deserve and excite pity rather than blame.

In those right and noble aims is the true and lasting source of Pestalozzi's influence. In Germany, where thought is as rapid in its flight as it is constant in its birth, improved methods of education have put educational philosophers in advance of Pestalozzianism. In England that system has been im

perfectly conceived of and still more incompletely carried into practice; but in Germany, as well as in England, Pestalozzi's aims have given rise to an educational impulse, not to say enthusiasm, from which good results have been, and far better and wider results will be, reaped. Even this imperfect sketch may do a little for its extension, should it succeed in convincing some that it is the spirit and not the form which makes an educational system efficacious and benign in its operation. Manuals more or less true to the Pestalozzian model are in very many hands; but, for power like that of Pestalozzi, we must wait until a second Pestalozzi

come.

An impulse was lately given to Pestalozzi's influence, which, to a large extent, was confined to Switzerland and Germany. The year 1846 was the hundredth anniversary of his birth. The epoch was made a season of personal and social rejoicing. An educational jubilee was proclaimed and observed, which, at least, served to do honour to the memory of one of the greatest benefactors of our species. Specially becoming and worthy were the proceedings of the Canton of Bern, in which his work was commenced. His tomb before the school in the village of Bier, to which Neuhof belonged, had, in the course of time, fallen down. A monument was erected there, which bore an inscription, the uncovering of which formed part of the general festivities. The inscription runs-" Here rests Henry Pestalozzi, born in Zürich, the 12th of Jan., 1746; died at Brugg, the 17th of Feb., 1827; the deliverer of the poor at Neuhof, at Stanz the orphans' father, at Burgdorf and Münchenbuchsee the founder of new schools for the people, at Yverdon the instructor of manhood; as a man, a Christian, a citizen, he was all for others, for himself nothing! Peace to his ashes!" At the foot of the memorial are carved the words,"Grateful Bern raised this monument, 1846." Not inappropriately might his fellow-countryman have added the following fable, taken from Pestalozzi's allegorical tales entitled, "Figures to my Spelling-book:"

"THE PAINTER OF MEN.

"He stood at his easel, and the people thronged round him; and one of

m said, 'So thou hast turned ainter ? Verily thou hadst done

better to mend our shoes.' And he answered, I would have mended shoes for you; I would have carried stones for you; I would have drawn water for you, but you would not have any of my services; and, therefore, in the compulsory idleness of my despised existence, what else could I do but to learn painting?""

The following, too, characterises the man in another aspect :

"THE BLUE SKY AND THE CLOUDS.

"A peasant boy took umbrage at the clouds, and said to his father 'I wish they would not again cover the beautiful sky!' And the father answered, 'Poor child! what do you get from the fine blue sky? It is the grey clouds that bring us blessings.""

THOMAS MOORE.

It is not the tear at this moment shed, When the cold turf has just been laid o'er him,

That can tell how belov'd was the friend that's fled,

Or how deep in our hearts we deplore him. 'Tis the tear, through many a long day wept; "Tis life's whole path o'ershaded; "Tis the one remembrance, fondly kept, When all lighter griefs have faded." Thus his memory, like some holy light,

Kept alive in our hearts, will improve them;

For worth shall look fairer, and truth moro bright,

When we think how he lived but to love them.

And as fresher flowers the sod perfume,
Where buried saints are lying;

So our hearts shall borrow a sweetening bloom

From the image he left there in dying. Irish Melodies. DEATH Seems never so terrible as when hurling his shafts into the ranks of genius. The death of a brother or a son may cause bitter anguish in one house; but when a poet dies, the world weeps. The man has his private circle, his own round of sympathies; genius is universal, and claims tears and smiles from every heart beneath the sun. The private heart enlarges the moment genius fires it with its holy impulse; and as the poet puts on his mantle of prophecy, the cloak of individual feeling falls from him. Not that he must abrogate friendship and personal regard for this higher service of the Muse, but that the individual must be

rendered subservient to the universal, and the pulses of his own joys and sorrows be regarded only as they awaken him to translate truly the sympathies of the whole human world. It is mutual genius reaches out into the experiences of all men ; and all men respond to it by a thrill of the heart, which tells how truly the deeps of their inner life have been sounded-how accurately their fears and aspirations have been linked together by one, who, feeling for himself, felt also for all; and from the phases of his own individual experience, deduced the cycles. of emotion which round in the existences of our common human nature.

Universal sympathy begets universal love mankind watch the career of genius, feel in themselves a kindred love for its beautiful life and aims, share in heart its trials, and seek to mitigate its many afflictions; receiving its many gifts with gratitude, and shedding tears of real sorrow on its Personal attachments may grave. have died out; personal links may have long been broken; yet the poet, having once been a benefactor to the souls of men, inherits their love for ever; and if hearts of flesh and blood are not clustered round his deathbed, there are many hearts that pray for him from afar; and, in thousands of homes, bright eyes, courting no public gaze, become dimmed when his knell sounds upon the ears. No less dear than any that have gone before, is he over whom the grave has just closedthe gifted and the amiable Thomas Moore.

Thomas Moore was born in Aungierstreet, Dublin, on the 30th of May, 1780.* His father was a respectable dealer in grocery and spirits; a Roman Catholic too, with a strong leaning towards the revolutionary party, which at that time was gathering force in Ireland. Born a Papist, young Moore began soon to feel the oppression under which the Catholics of Ireland suffered, and from that oppression his mind drew its carliest and most impressive lessons. the motto, "Pocta nascitur non fit " be a truism, Moore, in common with Cowley, Pope, and Chatterton, may be adduced as an example, for he liter

If

The inscription on the lid of Moore's coffin says 28th of May, 1779,

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ally began his teens and his verses together, if he did not actually lisp in numbers." In 1793, he, with fear and trembling, dropped into the letter-box of a Dublin magazine-the "Anthologia,"-two of his earliest production in verse, prefaced by a note to the editor, requesting the insertion of the "following attempts of a youthful muse; " and was agreeably surprised, not only by their appearance, but by finding himself hailed, a few months after, as our esteemed correspondent, T. M." Thus hurried into the problematic occupation of verse-making, he wrote, at fourteen, a sonnet to his schoolmaster, Mr. Samuel Whyte, which also appeared in the "Anthologia; " and circumstances incidental to his early training under this master gave still further occasion for the exercise of the rhyming faculty. Mr. Whyte was a kind though somewhat vain man, and, as a teacher of elocution, had long enjoyed considerable reputation. Private theatricals were then in high favour among the higher ranks of society in Ireland; and Mr. Whyte, who had a secret love for this pastime, independent of his elocutionary fame and practice, lost no opportunity of encouraging theatrical tendencies among his pupils. Many years previously this taste had sprung up; and at Carton, the seat of the Duke of Leinster, at Castletown, Marley, and other great houses, private plays were got up, and in most instances the superintendence of these was entrusted to Mr. Whyte, who usually contributed the prologue and epilogue. At Marley, the seat of the Latouches, where the masque of "Comus was performed in the year 1776, Mr. White supplied the prologue, and a no less distinguished hand than that of Grattan furnished the epilogue. Sanctioned by such high precedent; paint, and powder, and bad acting held their sway in Dublin, and afforded young Moore new opportunities for practice in his favourite pastime, and for the acquisition of the stage strut in addition. He became, in fact, a show-scholar, to the no small shame of pious and "proper" parents, and to encourage a taste for acting among Mr. Whyte's pupils. Among

the playbills prepared by Mr. Whyte to illustrate the occasions of his own prologues and epilogues, there is one of A play got up in 1790, at Lady Bor

rowes's private theatre in Dublin, where, among the items of the evening's entertainment, is "An Epilogue, A Squeeze to St. Paul's-Master Moore."

Acting and verse-making thus came to alleviate the torments of Horace, Virgil, and the pons asinorum; and the young Apollo combined with the music of the lyre the equally diverting gifts of Roscius. Following his own narrative, which, as written by an Irishman, cannot be expected to begin at the beginning, we go back to a period anterior to 1790,-previous, indeed, to his tenth year, and find him, in company with many other young people, enjoying the summer holidays at a bathing-place near Dublin, and concocting a theatrical performance, consisting of the "Poor Soldier" and a Harlequin Pantomime, the parts of Patrick and Morley falling to the possessor of the "two gifts." For this performance he wrote and recited an epilogue, of which the following four lines remain as a sample :

Our Pantaloon, who did so aged look, Must now resume his youth, his task, his book;

Our Harlequin, who skipped, laughed, danced, and died,

Must now stand trembling by his master's side.

Still pushing the inquiry in those delightful prefaces which Moore prefixed to the collected edition of his works, in order to ascertain how early he first showed an aptitude for the craft of verse-making, he says, "So far back in childhood lies the epoch that I am really unable to say at what age I first began to act, sing, and rhyme; which leaves us to conjecture that, doubtless, he surpassed that person whom the song describes as

solving problems

In Euclid, before he could speak, and improvised odes and Iliads in the intervals between pap and bed-time.

Not to be jocular, however, with the memory of one into the mould of whose grave the grass has not yet struck its roots, although the temptations of Irish subjects-as in the case of Mrs. Hall's "Ireland," the dedication of which to Prince Albert was printed at the end as well as the beginning-are numerous enough, it is cheering to turn to the testimony of his love for home at this period, and note how that was one of the elements in forming a genius

which, in its maturity, was one of the happiest and most genial of any that have blessed the world. "To these

different talents," he says, "such as they were, the gay and social habits prevailing in Dublin afforded frequent opportunities of display; while at home, a most amiable father, and a mother such as in heart and head has rarely been equalled, furnished me with that purest stimulus to exertion-the desire to please those whom we at once most love and most respect. It was, I think, a year or two after my entrance into college that a masque written by myself, and of which I had adapted one of the songs to the air of Haydn's "Spiritsong," was acted, under our own humble roof in Aungier-street,by my eldest sister, myself, and one or two other young persons. The little drawing-room over the shop was our grand place of representation, and young

now an

eminent professor of music in Dublin, enacted for us the part of orchestra at the piano-forte." Who knows how much of the healthiness, not to say brilliancy, of his genius is to be attributed to the fostering care of this "amiable father, and mother such as in heart and head has been rarely equalled?" while there are so many who, like Margaret Fuller, are compelled to say, even in referring to parents whom they deeply love, that the follies of those parents have entailed upon them mental and bodily sufferings, and given a morbid tone to intellect that else had been of the healthiest.

This gay, social circle no doubt afforded young Moore an education, if not higher, at least more congenial to his nature than that which he obtained within the walls of Trinity College, Dublin, whither he was sent in 1793. Indeed, so early had he entered upon the field of authorship, that it was only a wonder that he did not cut his teeth and read the proof-sheets of his first work together. The stormy period of his infancy, too, had much to do with the tendency of his early inspiration. A mighty change was then working in the political aspect of Europe. Ireland was groaning under the yoke of English oppression, and her Catholic population was treated with indignities, and shut out from the municipal and political rights of citizens. Born of Catholic parents, Moore came into the world with this yoke round his neck ;

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then, that the "

and it was in vain that a fond mother looked forward to the Bar as opening for him a career that might lead to honour and affluence; for not only were such avenues to distinction closed, but even the University, the professed source of public education, was to him a fountain sealed." Who can wonder, then, that the "conquered nation," wronged and trampled on, should hail with joy the first outbreak of the French Revolution, as a signal to the slave, wherever suffering, that the day of his deliverance was near at hand. When the news of that event reached Ireland, popular sympathy manifested itself in every possible form of Irish enthusiasm; and at a dinner given in honour of the event, to which young Moore was taken by his father, the boy sat on the chairman's knee, while the toast went round, "May the breezes from France fan our Irish oak into verdure." This occurred in 1792. Soon after was passed the memorable Act of 1793, sweeping away some of the most monstrous of the remaining sanctions of the penal code; and young Moore was amongst the first of the young Helots of the land who hastened to avail himself of the new privilege of being educated in their country's University though still excluded from all share in those college honours and emoluments by which the ambition of the youths of the ascendant class was stimulated and rewarded. Anxious to deserve, where the law would not allow him to attain, distinction, he entered as candidate for a scholarship, and, as far as the result of the examination went, successfully, though, of course, the mere barren credit of the effort was all he enjoyed for his pains.

The period of his entering college was one of storm and violence. France was torn by convulsions. Louis XVI. had just been beheaded, and the reign of terror had commenced. In October of the same year, the unhappy queen was led to the scaffold. Toulon was taken from the English by Napoleon. At home, riots had been frequent, and plots were fomenting in every town of the realm. Ireland, after her long night of serfdom, could not be expected to remain quiescent; and it was only the natural gaiety and happy.disposition of the people which prevented the commotion from taking one of the

favourite art should be left untilled, and forthwith the young poet wrote a satirical Ode to His Majesty-the first of those political satires for which he afterwards acquired so much renown,—in which he contrasted the happy secu

humouredly, the forms and pomps of royalty. With this view, they established a sort of mock kingdom, of which the island of Dalkey, near Dublin, was made the seat; and an eminent pawnbroker, named Stephen Armitage, much renowned for his agreeable singing, was the chosen and popular monarch. Before public affairs had become too serious for such pastime, it was usual to celebrate, yearly, at Dalkey, the day of the mock sovereign's accession; and, as related by Moore, one of these anniversaries, celebrated one fine Sunday in summer, held a prominent place and freshness in his memory. The picturesque sea views, the gay crowds along the shores of the island,—the innumerable boats, full of life, floating about,-and, above all, that true spirit of mirth which the Irish temperament never fails to lend to such meetings, rendered the scene one not easily forgotten. The state ceremonies were performed, and the order of knighthood bestowed on certain favoured personages; among others, upon Incledon, the singer, who arose from under the touch of the royal sword with the appropriate title of Sir Charles Melody. A lady, too, Mrs. Battier, of no ordinary poetic talent, had, on the same day, been appointed his majesty's poetess laureate, under the title of Henrietta, Countess of Laurels. Here was a scene which would have inspired a heart even less sensitive than young Moore's, though blood of less than Irish warmth might be circulating through it. The climax, however, was still more suggestive, when, the day after the commemoration, there appeared in the Dalkey State Gazette a proclamation from the king himself, offering a reward of numerous cronebanes (Irish halfpence) to the finder or finders of his crown; which, owing to his "having measured both sides of the road" in his pedestrian progress on the preceding night, had unluckily fallen from his royal brow.

It is not to be wondered at that so fertile a field for the exercise of his

the insecurity of his royal brother of England, who was then in daily danger of mob-violence, and national insurrection. In college, too, his predilections for verse led him to present a theme in English verse, at one of the quarterly examinations, in opposition to the established rule of writing in Latin prose; and equally startling and gratifying was it, when the reverend inquisitor, into whose hand the essay fell, bent his steps towards him, and suspiciously asked if the verses were his own, and adding, when assured they were, "They do you great credit; and I shall not fail to recommend them to the notice of the board." Before the board the verses were sent, and the student was rewarded with a wellbound copy of the "Travels of Anacharsis."

If the presentation of a theme in verse was a departure from college rule, what must we say of his devotion within the same walls, to the study of Anacreon, and his attempts, so early in life, to effect a complete version of those elegant and amatory odes? There is something very suggestive in this choice of Anacreon, as a first study, by a youth of fourteen; and looking at the gay character and sparkling brilliancy of his mature life and works, we see in this first choice of a series of Bacchanalian and amatory songs, the key of his temperament and character. Specimens of his first ventures in this work appeared in the February number of his favourite journal, the "Anthologia," in the year 1784. Bolder still, and as if flushed by the Bacchalian essence of these warm rosy odes, he laid before the sober board of the college a select number of his translations, in the hope that they might be considered as deserving of some honour and reward. Into the hands of Doctor Kearney, one of the senior Fellows, he thrust his manuscript; and the Doctor, as may be supposed, at once objected to recognise, by any public reward, writings so convivial as they were known to be. Not that Anacreon was proscribed by the sedate heads of