Obs. B. When the second noun is used to determine the first more precisely, it is preceded by au or à la for the singular, and aux for the plural. Ex.

The rabbit-man.
The oyster-woman.

L'homme aux lapins.

La femme aux huîtres.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPER NAMES OF PERSONS TAKEN FROM THE LATIN AND GREEK.1

Obs. C. Proper names of men ending in English in a are the same in both languages; but those of women and goddesses having that ending become French by changing the final a into e mute. Ex.

Obs. D. Most proper names ending in English in as or es become French by changing these finals into e mute. Ex.

Obs. E. Proper names ending in o change it in French into on. Ex.

Obs. F. Most proper names ending in us are the same in both languages when they have but two syllables; but when they are composed of three or more syllables, they become French by changing it into e mute.

All those which deviate from these rules are separately noted.

Ex.

Obs. G. Most of those ending in al or is are the same in both languages. Ex.

Obs H. Those ending in English in ander change it in French into andre. Ex.

REMARK.-The proper names of kingdoms, provinces, and towns, ending in English in a, become French by changing the ending a into e mute, and those of towns ending in burg, change it into bourg.

Ex.

Has your sister been out to-day ?-She has been out to buy several things.—What has she bought ?—She has bought (s'est acheté) a silk gown, a velvet bonnet, and a lace veil, (un voile de dentelle.) -What have you done with (de) my silver tankard?—It is on the kitchen-table together with (avec) the oil-bottle, the milk-pot, the pitcher, the mustard-pot, and the coffee-mill:-Do you ask for a wine-bottle ?-No, I ask for a bottle of wine, and not for a winebottle. If you will have the goodness to give me the key of the wine-cellar (la cave au vın) I shall go for one.—What does that man want of me?—He exacts nothing; but he will accept what you will give him, for he is in want of every thing.—I will tell you that

2 Such proper names as deviate from this rule are either separately noted, or are the same in both languages.

I am not fond of him, for his behavior raises suspicions in my mind. He exaggerates all that he says and does.—You are wrong in having such a bad opinion (une opinion) of him, for he has been a father to you. I know what I say. He has cheated me on a small and on a large scale, and whenever he calls he asks me for something. In this manner he has alternately asked me for all I had : my fowling-piece, my fishing-line, my repeater, and my golden candlesticks.—Do not give yourself up so much to grief, else (sinon) you will make me melt in tears.

Democritus and Heraclitus were two philosophers of a very different character, (d'un caractère bien différent :) the first laughed at the follies (la folie) of men, and the other wept at them.—They were both right, for the follies of men deserve to be laughed and wept at.

235.

Have you seen your niece?—Yes; she is a very good girl, who writes well, and speaks French still better; therefore she is loved and honored by everybody.—And her brother, what is he doing?— Do not speak to me of him; he is a naughty boy, who writes always badly, and speaks French still worse; he is therefore (aussi n'est-il) loved by nobody. He is very fond of dainties, but he does not like books. Sometimes he goes to bed at broad daylight, and pretends to be ill; but when we sit down to dinner he is generally better again, (rétabli.) He is to study physic, (la médecine,) but he has not the slightest inclination for it, (aucune envie.)—He is almost always talking of his dogs, which he loves passionately, (passionnément.) His father is extremely sorry for it. The young simpleton (un imbécile) said lately to his sister, "I shall enlist as soon as a peace (la paix) is proclaimed, (publier.")

My dear father and my dear mother dined yesterday with some friends at the King of Spain, (l'Espagne.)—Why do you always speak English and never French ?—Because I am too bashful, (timide.)—You are joking: is an Englishman ever bashful ?—I have a keen appetite, (grand appétit :) give me something good to eat.— Have you any money?—No, Sir.—Then I have nothing to eat for you.-Will you not let me have some (ne me donnez-vous pas) on credit? I pledge (engager) my honor.-That is too little.-What, (comment,) Sir!

SEVENTY-EIGHTH LESSON.-Soixante-dix-huitième Leçon. PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

THE formation of the subjunctive in French presents no difficulty, as all verbs of this mood end alike. The present, with a few exceptions, which we shall presently give, is formed from the present participle, by changing ant into e mute for the first and third persons singular, into es for the second person singular, and into ent for the third person plural. The first and second persons plural are exactly like the imperfect. Ex.

SPEAKING That I may speak, that thou mayest speak, that he or she may speak.

That we may speak, that you may

speak, that they may speak. FINISHING-That I may finish, that thou mayest finish, that he or she may finish.

That we may finish, that you may

finish, that they may finish. KNOWING-That I may know, that thou mayest know, that he or she may know.

That we may know, that you may

know, that they may know. RENDERING That I may render, that thou mayest render, that he or she may render.

That we may render, that you may render, that they may render.

PARLANT-Que je parle, que tu parles, qu'il ou qu'elle parle.

Que nous parlions, que vous parliez, qu'ils ou qu'elles parlent. FINISSANT-Que je finisse, que tu finisses, qu'il ou qu'elle finisse.

Que nous finissions, que vous finissiez, qu'ils ou qu'elles finissent. SACHANT-Que je sache, que tu saches, qu'il ou qu'elle sache.

Que nous sachions, que vous sachiez, qu'ils ou qu'elles sachent. RENDANT-Que je rende, que tu rendes, qu'il ou qu'elle rende.

Que nous rendions, que vous rendiez, qu'ils ou qu'elles rendent.

Obs. A. The third person singular of the imperative, and the third person singular of the present of the subjunctive, are always alike. (See Obs. A. Lesson LXX.)

EXCEPTIONS.

ALLANT, going-que j'aille, que tu ailles, qu'il aille, que nous allions, que vous alliez, qu'ils aillent.

TENANT, holding-que je tienne, que tu tiennes, qu'il tienne, que nous tenions, que vous teniez, qu'ils tiennent.

And all compounds of tenir *, such as: obtenir *, to obtain; contenir, to contain, &c.

VENANT, coming—que je vienne, que tu viennes, qu'il vienne, que nous venions, que vous veniez, qu'ils viennent.

And all compounds of venir *, such as: revenir*, to come back; devenir *, to become, &c.

ACQUÉRANT, acquiring que j'acquière, que tu acquières, qu'il acquière, que nous acquérions, que vous acquériez, qu'ils acquièrent. MOURANT, dying-que je meure, que tu meures, qu'il meure, que nous mourions, que vous mouriez, qu'ils meurent.

RECEVANT, receiving-que je reçoive, que tu reçoives, qu'il reçoive, que nous recevions, que vous receviez, qu'ils reçoivent.

And all those ending in evoir, such as: apercevoir, to perceive; concevoir, to conceive; devoir, to owe, &c.

POUVANT, being able-que je puisse, que tu puisses, qu'il puisse, que nous puissions, que vous puissiez, qu'ils puissent.

VALANT, being worth-que je vaille, que tu vailles, qu'il vaille, que nous valions, que vous valiez, qu'ils vaillent.1

MOUVANT, moving-que je meuve, que tu meuves, qu'il meuve, que nous mouvions, que vous mouviez, qu'ils meuvent.

AYANT, having-que j'aie, que tu aies, qu'il ait, que nous ayons, que vous ayez, qu'ils aient.

VOULANT, wishing—que je veuille, que tu veuilles, qu'il veuille, que nous voulions, que vous vouliez, qu'ils veuillent.

ÉTANT, being-que je sois, que tu sois, qu'il soit, que nous soyons, que vous soyez, qu'ils soient.

BUVANT, drinking—que je boive, que tu boives, qu'il boive, que nous buvions, que vous buviez, qu'ils boivent.

FAISANT, doing-que je fasse, que tu fasses, qu'il fasse, que nous fassions, que vous fassiez, qu'ils fassent.

PRENANT, taking-que je prenne, que tu prennes, qu'il prenne, que nous prenions, que vous preniez, qu'ils prennent.

And all compounds of prendre *, such as: apprendre *, to learn; comprendre *, to understand; entreprendre *, to undertake; se méprendre *, to mistake; reprendre *, to retake, &c.

Obs. B. In the above list of exceptions it will be perceived that all those persons which really deviate from our rule on the present of the subjunctive are printed in italics: the verbs aller, tenir, venir, acquérir, mourir, recevoir, valoir, mouvoir, vouloir, boire, and prendre, do not deviate from it in the first and second persons plural, and avoir does not deviate from it in the first and second persons singular.

1

1 Prévaloir, to prevail, is regular in the present of the subjunctive, thus: que je prévale, que tu prévales, qu'il prévale, que nous prévalions, que vous prévaliez, qu'ils prévalent.