ing, long, rather grassy leaves, usually spinous or serrated on the margin; and terminal, solitary, or clustered spadices of unisexual flowers. The K. is found in the northern part of New Zealand. It climbs the loftiest trees, branching copiously. The leaves are two or three feet long. The spadices are clustered. The fruit is a mass of fleshy berries. The jelly made of it tastes like preserved strawberries.

The causes of inflammation of the kidney are various. It may be due to mechanical violence, exposure to cold and wet, and to the ingestion of substances which have the property of irritating the kidneys, as cantharides, oil of turpentine, &c. A gouty diathesis and the presence of concretions may also be noticed as causes. Any affection capable of producing retention of urine, may, by distending the pelvis of the kidney, occasion inflammation, as, for example, stricture of the urethra and affections of the spinal cord producing paralysis of the urinary organs. KIEL, capital city of the Prussian province of Slesvig-Holstein, The treatment must, on the whole, be antiphlogistic (or lower-lying on a deep fjord or bay of the Baltic, which admits large ing) in the early stage of the disease, but must be considerably ships to anchor close to the town, is the station of the greatest modified in accordance with the origin of the disease. portion of the German navy. Pop. (1864) 20,738; (1880) 43,594. Nephralgia, or Pain in the Kidney without Inflammation, which The commerce of K. has increased very rapidly since it became a usually but not invariably depends upon the passage of a concre- naval station; numerous naval courts, establishments, and schools tion through the ureter, is one of the most painful affections to are quartered here. K. is the seat of the Court of Appeal for the which the human frame is subject. It usually comes on when the province. The university, with from 250 to 300 students, posconcretion makes its way from the pelvis of the kidney into the sesses a library of about 150,000 volumes. In connection with it ureter, and does not cease till it has passed into the bladder. Dur- are a hospital, an observatory, a botanic garden, a natural history ing an ordinary fit of gravel (see CALCULUS), or even in apparent museum, and a good collection of northern antiquities. There The most health, a severe pain is suddenly felt in the loins, extending to the are numerous schools and benevolent institutions. groin, thigh, or abdomen, and sometimes simulating colic. The ancient of its five churches is St. Nicholai, which dates from the pain comes on in paroxysms, with intervening periods of com- 13th century. The castle has a good sculpture-gallery, containparative ease. The paroxysm is usually accompanied by vomiting, among other copies of the best works of art, casts of the ing, a small and feeble pulse, and a profuse sweat. There is a Elgin marbles, and of Thorwaldsen's best productions. The frequent desire to pass urine, but the effort is usually futile. At public gardens and the wooded shores of the fjord, together with length, usually after some hours, or even one or two days, the the woods of Düsternbrook (where a bathing establishment has concretion escapes into the bladder, and the pain suddenly ceases. existed since 1822), afford numerous pleasant walks. K., which This affection may be readily distinguished from inflammation became a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th c., was by the sudden access and paroxysmal character of the pain and formerly the chief mart for the farm and dairy produce of the by the absence of fever. Danish islands; and the very ancient annual fair, which was held As the disease is one which is very liable to return, the patient for four weeks after Epiphany, was attended by buyers of all should know what steps to take before advice can be obtained. classes from every part of the duchies. K. has manufactures of Opium is our sheet-anchor in this affection. The patient (assuming tobacco, oil-colors, sugar, machinery, ironmongery, &c. Butter that he is an adult) may take two grains of opium, or an equivalent is extensively exported. It is an important link in the line of dose (35 or 40 minims) of laudanum or solution of muriate of communication between Germany and the Baltic islands and morphia, when the attack comes on, and may repeat the medicine ports; and steam-packets daily convey passengers and mails to in half-doses every hour or two hours, until the pain is somewhat and from the ports of the Baltic and North Sea. alleviated, or signs of the narcotic influence of the drug begin to manifest themselves. Should the stomach be so irritable as to re- KIEV, a government of Little Russia, lies immediately north ject the medicine, a drachm of laudanum in a little thin starch of the government of Kherson, and is bounded on the northmay be injected into the rectum. Hot fomentations to the abdo-east by the river Dnieper. Area, 19,546 square miles, more than men and loins also give partial relief. Chloroform may be in-one-half of which is arable, and one-fifth under wood. Pop. haled with great benefit during the paroxysms, but only under

the superintendence of a physician.

Suppression of Urine, or Ischuria renalis, is an affection in which there is either a complete cessation of the secreting action of the kidney, or so considerable a diminution as to be clearly morbid. It is undoubtedly, in most cases, a mere symptom of some other disease, but occasionally no other disorder is obvious, and it must be regarded as an independent or idiopathic affection. If no urine be separated from the blood, coma (intense stupefaction) and death rapidly supervene from the retention of urea (or of carbonate of ammonia, into which it readily breaks up) in the blood, which thus becomes impure, and acts as a poison on the brain. The treatment, which is seldom successful, is too purely professional

for notice in these pages.

For further information on diseases of the kidneys and allied affections, see the articles BRIGHT'S DISEASE, DIABETES, DROPSY, and CALCULUS.

KIDRON, or KEDRON. See GEHENNA.

(1880) 2,530,204. In the northern portions, the surface is flat and marshy; the south is covered with ranges of hills, branches of the Carpathian Mountains, running from north-west to south-east. The chief river is the Dnieper, with its tributaries, the Pripet and the Teterev. The soil, chiefly loam, and partly clay and sand, is very fertile; so that, although agriculture is backward, the returns are considerable. The climate is exceedingly mild; everything is in blossom in April, and frosts do not set in till NovemAgriculture and horticulture are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. Wheat is extensively exported to Odessa. There are numerous distilleries, and beet-root sugar, tobacco, cloth, china, and delft are manufactured. Large cargoes of timber and fire-wood are floated down the Dnieper to the ports of the Black Sea annually.

ber.

KIKI'NDA, NAGY-KIKINDA, or GROSS - KIKINDA, a town of the Austrian Empire, in the Temeser Banat, 134 miles south-east from Pesth. It is situated in a level fertile country. Pop. (1880) 19,845.

KIEF, or KIEV, the chief town of the government of that ame, on the west bank of the Dnieper, is one of the oldest of the land, in lat. 57° 49' 20" N., fifty miles west of the peninsula of KI'LDA, ST., a small island, lying off the west coast of ScotRussian towns, and was formerly the capital. In 864 it was taken 'rom the Khazars by two Norman chiefs, companions of Ruric, Harris, to the parish of which it is reckoned as belonging. It preand conquered from them by Oleg, Ruric's successor, who made sents bold and lofty precipices to the sea, except at two points, t his capital. In 1240 (when it ceased to be the capital), it was At each of these points there is a bay with a low shore. Besides one on the south-east, the other on the west side of the island. early destroyed by Batû, Khan of Kiptchak. Christianity was irst proclaimed in Russia at K. in 988. In the 14th c., it was the main island, there are several small islets, and the whole eized by Gedimin, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and annexed to Po-group has an area from 3000 to 4000 square acres. Pop. (1881) and in 1569, but in 1686 was restored to Russia. The K. of the 7. Situated in the midst of the Gulf Stream, St. K. enjoys a resent time is one of the largest towns in the empire, possessing main island, there are eighty or ninety head of black cattle, and mild climate, although the weather is often boisterous. On the 1877) 127,251 inhabitants, one-third of whom are Poles. It is strongly fortified, has a remarkable suspension-bridge over the nearly 2000 sheep (among which is a Spanish breed, whose wool Dnieper, one of the best universities in Russia, a military and an Immense numbers of wild-fowl are killed annually, the flesh of is highly prized) are grazed on it and on the surrounding islets. cclesiastical school. In its neighborhood is the convent of Kievo- which is very generally eaten and the feathers sold. The sea Petchersk, a celebrated Russian sanctuary, which annually attracts housands of pilgrims from the most remote corners of the abounds in delicious fish, easily caught from the rocky shore empire. K. is not an industrial, but a commercial center; large airs take place here annually, the most celebrated of which is durng the winter. The Jewish quarter of K. was burned during the anti-Jewish riots in 1881. The trade is chiefly with Odessa,

Poltava, and Austria.

KIEKIE (Freycinetia Banksii), a shrub of the natural order Pandanacea, yielding an edible, aggregated fruit, said to be the finest indigenous fruit of New Zealand. The species of this genus are tropical Asiatic, or Polynesian climbing shrubs, with sheath

without the use of boats. The inhabitants formerly were able to export more or less grain annually; but although the population has decreased within late years, they now consume all cereal produce of the island, besides an additional quantity, which they import. The present inhabitants habitually consume much more farinaceous food than their forefathers did. They do not receive any gratuitous assistance from the proprietor. The principal exports are kelt or rough woollen cloth, blankets, feathers, fulmaroil, salted ling, young cattle, cheese, and tallow. See Seton's St. Kilda, 1877.