3

were a turbulent and worthless part of its population. And the Piraus under the Romans was not without some remains of the same disorderly class, as it doubtless retained many of the outward features of its earlier appearance the landing-places and covered porticos; the warehouses where the corn from the Black Sea used to be laid up; the stores of fish brought in daily from the Saronic Gulf and the Egean; the gardens in the watery ground at the edge of the plain; the theatres into which the sailors used to flock to hear the comedies of Menander; and the temples where they were spectators of a worship which had no beneficial effect on their characters.

7

8

Had St. Paul come to this spot four hundred years before, he would have been in Athens from the moment of his landing at the Piræus. At that time the two cities were united together by the double line of fortification, which is famous under the name of the "Long Walls." The space included between these two arms of stone might be considered (as, indeed, it was sometimes called) a third city; for the street of five miles in length thus formed across the plain, was crowded with people, whose habitations were shut out from all view of the country by the vast wall on either side. Some of the most pathetic passages of Athenian history are associ

1 The ναυτικὸς ὄχλος of Aristophanes.

9

We read especially of the Maxpà Σroά, which was also used as a market. Leake, pp. 367 and 382. See the allusions on the latter page to the meal-bazaar (σroà ảλøıTожλ) and the exchange (dɛiyua); an armoury also (p. 365) and naval arsenals (p. 374), are mentioned. Some of these had been destroyed by Sulla.

3 That part of the Peiraic harbour to which the corn-vessels came was called Zea. See Leake, pp. 373-376. Thucydides (viii. 90) mentions the building of some cornwarehouses. Leake, p. 378.

6 This theatre was on the hill of Phalerum. Leake, p. 386–388. Compare pp. 391, 392 and notes. It is mentioned by Xenophon (Hell. ii. 4, 32) in connection with the affair of Thrasybulus, during which some of the troops were driven into the theatre, like the crowd at Ephesus (Acts xix. 29). There was another theatre in Munychia, mentioned by Lysias and Thucydides; and there too we have the mention of a great meeting during the Peloponnesian war. Leake, p. 394.

7 See Pausanias. It is here that he mentions the altars to the unknown gods (Bwpol θεῶν τε ὀνομαζομένων ἀγνώστων καὶ ἡρώων). Clemens Alexandrinus mentions some of the statues that were seen here in his time. Leake, p. 369, n. 3, also p. 384. One of the most conspicuous temples was that dedicated to Jupiter and Minerva. Strabo and Liv. xxxi. 30, and Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8.

8 "These brachia longa viæ," as they are called by Propertius (iii. 20, 24); and again by Livy," Murus qui brachiis duobus Peiræum Athenis jungit" (xxxi. 26). But the name by which they were usually known at Athens, was "the Long legs,"―rd μακρὰ σκέλη.

9 Andocides distinguishes the three garrisons of Athens as-ol Iv dσrei oikoüvtes, ol Ev μakp Teixeι, and oi v Пeipaiei. De Myst. p. 22, Reiske. So Polyænus speaks of οἱ φύλακες τοῦ ἄστεος καὶ τοῦ Πειραιέως καὶ τῶν Σκελῶν. i 40, 1 That the Longo mural space was thickly inhabited is evident from the passages of Thucydides and Xenophon referred to below.

92

THR LONG WALLS.

1

351 ated with this longomural enclosure: as when, in the beginning of the Pe loponnesian war, the plague broke out in the autumn weather among the miserable inhabitants, who were crowded here to suffocation; or, at the end of the same war, when the news came of the defeat on the Asiatic shore, and one long wail went up from the Piræus, "and no one slept in Athens that night." The result of that victory was, that these long walls were rendered useless by being partially destroyed; and though another Athenian admiral and statesman 3 restored what Pericles had first completed, this intermediate fortification remained effective only for a time. In the incessant changes which fell on Athens in the Macedonian period, they were injured and became unimportant. In the Roman siege under Sulla, the stones were used as materials for other military works. So that when Augustus was on the throne, and Athens had reached its ultimate position as a free city of the province of Achaia, Strabo, in his description of the place, speaks of the Long Walls as matters of past history; and Pausanias, a century later, says simply that "you see the ruins of the walls as you go up from the Piræus." 8 Thus we can easily imagine the aspect of these defences in the time of St. Paul, which is intermediate to these two writers. On each side of the road were the broken fragments of the rectangular masonry 10 put together in the proudest days of Athens; more conspicuous than they are at present (for now 11 1 Thucyd. ii. 17. 2 Xen. Hell. ii. 2, 3.

5

Leake. (p. 428) thinks that the Phaleric wall may have supplied the materials for Conon's restoration. "At least no further notice of the Phaleric wall occurs in history, nor have any vestiges of it been yet discovered."

For the progress of the work from its first commencement, see Grote's Greece, vol. v.

See what Livy says of their state after the death of Demetrius Poliorcetes. "Inter angustias semiruti muri, qui brachiis duobus Piræum Athenis jungit." xxxi. 26. Yet he afterwards speaks of their being objects of admiration in the time of Em. Paulus. "Athenas plenas quidem et ipsas vetustate famæ, multa tamen visenda habentes; arcem, portus, muros Piræum urbi jungentes." xlv. 27.

Appian says that Sulla made use of the timber of the Academy and the stones from the Long Walls for his military works. Υλην τῆς ̓Ακαδημίας ἔκοπτε καὶ μηχανὰς εἰργάζετο μεγίστας· τά τε μακρὰ σκέλη καθῄρει, λίθους καὶ ξύλα καὶ γῆν ἐς τὸ χῶμα utraßúhhov. De Bello Mith. 30.

Τῷ τείχει τούτῳ (the Peiraic fortification) συνῆπται τὰ καθειλκυσμένα ἐκ τοῦ ἄστεος σκέλη· ταῦτα δ ̓ ἦν μακρὰ τείχη, τετταράκοντα σταδίων τὸ μῆκος, συνάπτοντα τὸ ἄστυ TПeipauel. Strabo, ix. 1. He goes on to say that a succession of wars had had the effect of destroying the defences of the Piræus.

8 'Ανιόντων ἐκ Πειραιῶς, ἐρείπια τῶν τειχῶν ἐστιν, ἃ Κόνων, ὕστερον τῆς πρὸς Κνίδῳ ναυμαχίας, ἀνέστησε. Paus. Att. ii. 2.

9 Leake thinks that the Hamaxitus or carriage-way went on the outside of the northern wall (p. 384); but Forchammer has shown that this was not the case, p. 24. 10 Leake, p. 417.

11 See Leake, Wordsworth, and other modern travellers. It seems, from what Spon and Wheler say, that in 1676 the remains were larger and more continuous than at prosent.

only the foundations can be traced here and there across the plain), but still very different from what they were when two walls of sixty feet high, with a long succession of towers,' stood to bid defiance to every invader of Attica.

The consideration of the Long Walls leads us to that of the city walls themselves. Here many questions might be raised concerning the extent of the enclosure, and the positions of the gates, when Athens was under the Roman dominion. But all such enquiries must be entirely dismissed. We will assume that St. Paul entered the city by the gate which led from the Piræus, that this gate was identical with that by which Pausanias entered. and that its position was in the hollow between the outer slopes of the Pnyx and Museum." It is no ordinary advantage that we possess a description of Athens under the Romans, by the traveller and antiquarian whose name has just been mentioned. The work of Pausanias will be our

"There is no direct evidence of the height of the Long Walls; but, as Appian (De B. Mith. 30) informs us that the walls of the Peiraic city were forty cubits high, we may presume those of the Long Walls were not less. Towers were absolutely neces sary to such a work; and the inscription relating to the Long Walls leaves no question as to their having existed." Leake, p. 424, n. 1. The inscription, to which allusion is made, was published by K. O. Müller, in his work "De Munimentis Athenarum" (Gött. 1836); it is given in Leake's Appendix.

3 Our plan of Athens is taken from that of Kiepert, which is based on the arguments contained in Forchammer's Topographie von Athen. (Kiel. 1841.) It differs materially from that of Leake, especially in giving a larger area to the city on the east and south, and thus bringing the Acropolis in the centre. Forchammer thinks that the traces of ancient walls, which are found on the Pnyx, &c., do not belong to the fortifications of Themistocles, but to some later defences erected by Valerian.

For various discussions on the gates, see Leake, Wordsworth, and Forchammer. Pausanias does not mention the Peiraic gate by that name. See Leake, Words worth, and Forchammer. The first of these authorities places it where the modern road from the Piræus enters Athens, beyond all the high ground to the north of the Payx; the second places it in the hollow between the Pnyx and the Museum; the third in the same direction, but more remote from the Acropolis, in conformity with his view concerning the larger circumference of the walls.

• Pausanias visited Athens about fifty years after St. Paul. It is probable that very