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Agreement. 1. My friend and I shall start to-morrow. 2. You or Henry will come with us. 3. The people were complaining of the conduct of the troops. 4. A band of soldiers kept the door of the palace. 5. A great many soldiers were killed in the last battle. 6. They are our friends, who invited us. 7. It is you, gentlemen, who refused to come. Use of the Tenses. 8. How long have you been here? 9. I have been here since Saturday. 10. I have been waiting two hours for my brother. 11. I have lost my grammar. 12. Yesterday I found it among the books which you returned to me. 13. Last winter we were in Paris. 14. One day.I received a letter which called me back to New York; my father was sick. 15. As soon as I had learned this news, I came back to the United States. 16. I shall start when my brother comes. 17. I will start to-day, if he comes. 18. I do not know whether he will come. Conditional Mode. 19. He would come, if he could. 20. He would have come yesterday, if it had not rained. 21. I would render you that service, if it (ce) were in (en) my power. 22. I would have done so already.

Imperative Mode. 23. Do not keep me waiting long. 24. Let us render ourselves agreeable to those of whom we have need.

Subjunctive Mode. 25. I am glad that you have come. 26. I am sorry that your brother is sick. 27. I wonder that he has not written

to me. 28. I doubt whether (que) he knows that you are here. 29. I do not think that he knows it. 30. It is time for us to go (away). 31. I must first finish what I am doing. 32. The professor wished me to write my exercise before I left.

Government. 33. Do you doubt that? 34. I do not doubt it. 35. You enjoy great advantages; do not abuse them. 36. Try to please your teachers: they wish you well. 37. I owe you for these boots; I will pay you for them as soon as I receive my money. 38. Whose penknife is this? 39. It is mine. 40. That store belongs to my uncle. 41. He is long in coming. 42. I long to see him. 43. He has just arrived. 44. I knew that it was he, because he resembles your father.

FIFTY-SECOND LESSON.

THE PARTICIPLE.

The principal uses of the participles, present and past, have been explained in the Twenty-first Lesson.

The present participle may be used without en:

1. To state a determinative or explanatory circumstance, with reference to the subject or object of the verb.

Un jeune homme connaissant ses intérêts, ne négligera pas ses études.

A young man knowing his own interest, will not neglect his studies.

J'ai vu cet homme tenant un I have seen that man holding livre à la main.

book in his hand.

2. To state a conclusive circumstance, in an absolute manner. La paix étant conclue, les armées Peace being concluded, the armies se retirèrent.

withdrew.

THE ADVERB.

Davantage, plus, more.

Davantage can have no dependent words following it; but is preferable to plus at the end of a sentence.

Si, so; tant, so much, denote extension; aussi, as, so; autant, as much, so much, denote comparison.

REM. Si may be used for aussi, and tant for autant, in negative sentences.

Plutôt, plus tôt. Plutôt means rather; and plus tôt, sooner.

Tout à coup, means suddenly; and tout d'un coup, all in one stroke. De suite means in succession; and tout de suite, immediately. Adverbs are generally placed immediately after the verb. When the verb is in a compound tense, the adverb is placed between the auxiliary verb and the past participle. Adverbs of several syllables and adverbial phrases are placed after the participle. Adverbs denoting time absolute, as: hier, aujourd'hui, demain, etc, may be placed before the subject; but no adverb can be placed between the subject and the verb. Adverbs of comparison are repeated with each word which they modify. Adverbs of quantity need not be repeated; but the preposition de must precede each noun which the adverb limits.

THE NEGATIVE PARTICLE NE.

The particle ne is required before a verb in the subjunctive mode : 1. After verbs that express fear or apprehension, when they are used affirmatively.

2. After the verbs empêcher, to prevent, to hinder, and prendre garde, to beware; to take care (not).

3. After désespérer, to despair; disconvenir, to disown, to deny; douter, to doubt; nier, to deny, when they are used negatively.

4. After the conjunctions à moins que, unless; de crainte que, de peur que, for fear that.

5. Ne is also required before the verb in the second member of a comparative sentence, when the first member is affirmative.

Il est plus riche qu'on ne le pense.
Il parle autrement qu'il ne pense.

He is richer than people think.
He speaks otherwise than he

thinks.

THE PREPOSITION.

À, dans, en, in. À directs the mind to the locality; dans, points to the inside of it; en and the noun which it precedes, form a kind of adverbial phrase. Il est au magasin, he is at the store. Il est dans le magasin, he is in the store. Le café est en magasin, the coffee is stored.

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En, à, to or in. The preposition en is used before the names of countries of the feminine gender; and the preposition à and the article, before the names of countries of the masculine gender. En France, to or in France. Au Mexique, to or in Mexico.

When dans and en are used with reference to time, dans precedes the epoch at which, and en the period in which, anything is to be, or can be, done. Je pars dans deux heures, I start in two hours. Je peux finir cet ouvrage en deux heures, I can finish that work in two hours.

De, avec, chez, with. De expresses result or consequence; avec has the meaning of together with, by means of; chez has reference to one's country, one's home. Qu'avez-vous fait de mon canif? What have you done with my penknife? (Where is it?) Qu'avez-vous fait avec mon canif? What have you done with my penknife? (What use have you made of it?) Chez les Romains c'était la coutume. Among the Romans it was the custom.

De, than. After plus and moins, de is used before a numeral adjective, and not que: plus de vingt, more than twenty; moins de dix, less than ten.

Avant, devant, before. Avant denotes priority, devant, position. Il est venu avant moi. Il s'est placé devant moi.

Entre, parmi, among. Entre is used distributively; parmi means in the middle of. Entre nous, among us. Parmi le peuple, among the people.

Vers, envers, towards. Vers is used to express physical direction, and envers to express moral direction. Vers le nord, towards the north. Poli envers tout le monde, polite towards everybody.

The prepositions à, de, en, sans, are repeated before each word,

THE CONJUNCTION.

Certain conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive mode. The following are some of them, which are of frequent use.

Afin que, in order that.

À moins que, (Rem.) unless.

Avant que, before.

Bien que, although.

De crainte que, for fear; lest

De peur que,

(Rem.)

Au cas or en cas que, in case,

Pour que, in order that.

Pourvu que, provided.

Quoique, although.

Sans que, without.
Supposé que, suppose.

REM. À moins que, de crainte que, de peur que, require ne before

the verb.

After the conjunction que, the verb is put in the indicative or the subjunctive, according as the preceding proposition may require.

The conjunction cannot be omitted; but instead of repeating any of the compound conjunctions, que is used in their place, and governs the verb in the same manner as the conjunction for which it stands.

Que, used to avoid the conjunction si, if, governs the subjunctive mode, although si requires the verb in the indicative. Si vous venez et que je ne sois pas au logis, attendez-moi. If you come and (if) I am not in, wait for me.

Que, in exclamatory sentences, is used for comme and for combien.

Que c'est beau!

Que vous êtes bon!

Que de bonté vous avez!

How beautiful that is!

How good you are!

How much kindness you have!

Et is used to join similar parts of an affirmative proposition; ni to join similar parts of a negative proposition.

Il ressemble à son frère, et de visage et de caractère.

Il ne ressemble pas à son frère, ni de visage ni de caractère.

He resembles his brother, both in face and disposition.

He does not resemble his brother, either in face or disposition.

Ni is used in connection with non plus (either, in a negative sense).

Il ne veut pas le faire, ni moi non plus. Mon frère ne veut pas le faire non plus. either.

La parole, the word.

He will not do it, nor I either.

Vocabulary 52.

La difficulté, the difficulty.

Un principe, a principle.

Le Canada, Canada.

En voiture, in a carriage.

Dans l'embarras, in difficulty.

My brother will not do it

Inviter, to invite.

*Secourir quelqu'un, to come to

one's assistance.
*Offrir (de), to offer (for).
Renoncer (à), to renounce.
Je vous en prie, pray.

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